广东省12～15岁人群恒牙龋病抽样调查报告(2015 — 2016年)

  目的  了解深圳市12～15岁人群恒牙龋病流行状况,为深圳市口腔卫生保健工作提供依据。  方法  采用多阶段分层等容随机抽样方法,于2018年9 — 10月,根据深圳市各区人均GDP高低水平抽取4个区12～15岁常住人口共5 509人,其中不同年龄组男女各半,经济水平高低区域各半,按照WHO口腔健康调查方法龋病检查标准,使用WHO推荐的社区牙周指数（CPI）探针检查全口恒牙冠龋患龋情况,计算患龋率、龋均、充填率等。  结果  12、13、14、15岁人群患龋率分别为39.98 %、43.44 %、44.77 %、49.91 %,龋均分别为1.03、1.26、1.39、1.62,充填率分别为30.97 %、33.52 %、35.45 %、31.5 %。患龋率和龋均2项指标均随着年龄增加而增加,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.001）;不同性别间比较,女性高于男性,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。深圳市12岁人群患龋率（39.98 %）和龋均（1.03）比1997年患龋率（56.72 %）和龋均（1.53）有明显下降,与1997年（7.60 %）相比,充填率（30.97 %）大幅度上升。与第四次全国口腔健康流行病学调查结果相比,深圳市12岁人群充填率（30.97 %）高于全国（16.5 %）及广东省（20.19 %）水平。  结论  深圳市12～15岁人群患龋率和龋均随着年龄增加而增加,女性高于男性,充填率明显高于全国和广东省水平。     

Development and content validation of a questionnaire measuring patient empowerment in cancer follow-up

Quality of Life Research - The aim of this study was to develop and ensure the content validity of a new patient-reported outcome measure, the Cancer Patient Empowerment Questionnaire (CPEQ), to...     

Talking the same language on patient empowerment: Development and content validation of a taxonomy of self‐management interventions for chronic conditions

ContextThe literature on self‐management interventions (SMIs) is growing exponentially, but it is characterized by heterogeneous reporting that limits comparability across studies and interventions. Building an SMI taxonomy is the first step towards creating a common language for stakeholders to drive research in this area and promote patient self‐management and empowerment.ObjectiveTo develop and validate the content of a comprehensive taxonomy of SMIs for long‐term conditions that will help identify key characteristics and facilitate design, reporting and comparisons of SMIs.MethodsWe employed a mixed‐methods approach incorporating a literature review, an iterative consultation process and mapping of key domains, concepts and elements to develop an initial SMI taxonomy that was subsequently reviewed in a two‐round online Delphi survey with a purposive sample of international experts.ResultsThe final SMI taxonomy has 132 components classified into four domains: intervention characteristics, expected patient/caregiver self‐management behaviours, outcomes for measuring SMIs and target population characteristics. The two‐round Delphi exercise involving 27 international experts demonstrated overall high agreement with the proposed items, with a mean score (on a scale of 1‐9) per component of 8.0 (range 6.1‐8.8) in round 1 and 8.1 (range 7.0‐8.9) in round 2.ConclusionsThe SMI taxonomy contributes to building a common framework for the patient self‐management field and can help implement and improve patient empowerment and facilitate comparative effectiveness research of SMIs.Patient or public contribution.Patients’ representatives contributed as experts in the Delphi process and as partners of the consortium.     

Breast self-examination pamphlets: a content analysis grounded in fear appeal research

In this study, we used the topic of breast self-examination (BSE) to illustrate how content analysis of promotional texts (already in existence, in the process of being created, or both) can provide supplementary data to that derived from audience analysis. Specifically, we used content analysis to isolate messages in BSE pamphlets that are consistent with the variables of severity, susceptibility, response efficacy, and self-efficacy, identified by existing fear appeal research and supported by other persuasion research as critical to the construction of effective health promotion messages. We then used statistical analyses to describe the relation among these 4 message variables. Our findings suggested that BSE pamphlets contain an unbalanced proportion of threat to efficacy arguments. Additionally, the efficacy messages were substantively weak. We contrasted these messages against the relatively strong mammography arguments contained in these pamphlets. We then provided recommendations for formulating stronger persuasive arguments in BSE promotional materials.     

Prostate cancer-specific anxiety in Dutch patients on active surveillance: validation of the memorial anxiety scale for prostate cancer

Purpose  

Men with prostate cancer (PC) may show specific disease-related anxiety. We evaluated the psychometric properties of the Dutch adaptation of the Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer (MAX-PC).     

社交焦虑大学生的评价恐惧研究

  目的  探讨社交焦虑大学生内隐评价恐惧的存在性及其与外显评价恐惧的关系,为改善大学生的社会焦虑提供参考。  方法  采取方便整群抽样的方法,从福州大学抽取490名大学生完成“交往焦虑量表(IAS)”的测验,筛选65名有效被试完成内隐联想测试。  结果  社交焦虑大学生的外显正面和负面评价恐惧均高于非社交焦虑大学生(t值分别为7.03,5.66,P值均 < 0.01);社交焦虑大学生的“自我”-“正面评价”任务(1 019.26±124.44)ms和“自我”-“中性评价”任务反应时(909.78±175.20)ms,差异有统计学意义(t=5.67,P < 0.01);非社交焦虑大学生在两类任务上的反应时差异无统计学意义(t=1.29,P > 0.05)。社会焦虑和非社会焦虑大学生的“自我”-“负面评价”任务和“自我”-“中性评价”任务反应时,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为9.17,12.33,P值均 < 0.01),即两组大学生均存在内隐负面评价恐惧;社交焦虑大学生和非社交焦虑大学生的外显和内隐评价恐惧相关无统计学意义(P值均 > 0.05);内隐和外显评价恐惧的性别差异无统计学意义(P值均 > 0.05)。  结论  社交焦虑大学生存在外显和内隐评价恐惧,且外显得分和内隐效应是相互独立的结构。     

Health anxiety and patient behavior

Economic models of patient decision-making emphasize the costs of getting medical attention and the improved physical health that results from it. This note builds a model of patient decision-making when fears or anxiety about the future-captured as beliefs about next period's state of health-also enter the patient's utility function. Anxiety can lead the patient to avoid doctor's visits or other easily available information about her health. However, this avoidance cannot take any form: she will never avoid the doctor with small problems, and under regularity conditions she will never go to a bad doctor to limit the information received.     

Latent variable mixture models: a promising approach for the validation of patient reported outcomes

Purpose

A fundamental assumption of patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measurement is that all individuals interpret questions about their health status in a consistent manner, such that a measurement model can be constructed that is equivalently applicable to all people in the target population. The related assumption of sample homogeneity has been assessed in various ways, including the many approaches to differential item functioning analysis.

Methods

This expository paper describes the use of latent variable mixture modeling (LVMM), in conjunction with item response theory (IRT), to examine: (a) whether a sample is homogeneous with respect to a unidimensional measurement model, (b) implications of sample heterogeneity with respect to model-predicted scores (theta), and (c) sources of sample heterogeneity. An example is provided using the 10 items of the Short-Form Health Status (SF-36^®) physical functioning subscale with data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (2003) (N = 7,030 adults in Manitoba).

Results

The sample was not homogeneous with respect to a unidimensional measurement structure. Specification of three latent classes, to account for sample heterogeneity, resulted in significantly improved model fit. The latent classes were partially explained by demographic and health-related variables.

Conclusion

The illustrative analyses demonstrate the value of LVMM in revealing the potential implications of sample heterogeneity in the measurement of PROs.

     

Mammography-related anxiety: effect of preprocedural patient education.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of preprocedural education on mammography-related anxiety. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 613 women undergoing mammography were surveyed regarding anxiety about the procedure and expected results. Half the study population watched an educational videotape and half watched an entertaining movie in the waiting room. RESULTS: Anxiety levels about results were significantly higher than anxiety levels about the procedure (P <.001). There was no difference in procedural or cancer anxiety levels among women shown the educational tape and those shown the entertaining movie. CONCLUSION: The fear of discovering breast cancer generates most of mammography-related anxiety. Preprocedural education did not affect procedural or cancer-related anxiety.     

Use of vitamin supplements for burned patients: a national survey

Vitamin losses and requirements of critically ill and burned patients remain undefined in the current research and clinical literature. A survey was conducted to determine the vitamin supplementations routinely prescribed for burned patients, dosages, and the criteria for administration. A questionnaire was sent to 271 health care providers (dietitians and physicians) who work in burn care facilities in the United States. Forty-seven percent of the questionnaires were completed and returned. They showed that 87% of the respondents routinely prescribed vitamin supplementation. Of those, 97% used some kind of multivitamin preparation. Fifty-eight percent of the multivitamin dosages exceeded 100% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Several respondents indicated that extra vitamins were given in addition to the multivitamin preparations. Most facilities used more than one specific criterion for prescribing vitamins when supplementation was not routine. Burn size, nutritional status prior to admission, and poor dietary intake were the criteria most commonly identified. Further research is needed to provide guidelines for the kind and amount of vitamin supplements needed for burned patients.     

消化性溃疡患者生命质量测定量表研制及评价

目的 研制和评价慢性病患者生命质量测定量表体系之消化性溃疡量表(QLICD-PU).方法 用QLICD-PU对120名消化性溃疡患者住院治疗前后的生命质量进行测评,对量表信度、效度和反应度进行评价.结果 量表各条目与所属亚领域或领域的相关均大于该条目与其他亚领域或领域的相关,相关系数(r)>0.6;量表可以测出患者治疗前后各领域的生命质量变化,其中特异模块领域的标准化反应均数(SRM)=1.21,总量表SRM=1.10.结论 消化性溃疡患者生命质量测定量表(QLICD-PU)具有较好的信度、效度、反应度和临床可行性.     

Scoring patient management problems: external validation of expert consensus

This study determined the extent to which medical faculty agreed when rating options in two written patient management problems in diabetes mellitus. Another purpose was to determine whether option weights (used for scoring) based on the consensus ratings of faculty actually predict the choices of well-qualified physicians. Experts showed better-than-chance agreement but with considerable variation from one part of a problem to another (31% to 73%). Nevertheless, consensus ratings were very accurate predictors of the decisions of endocrinology fellows (correlations from .60 to .97). When scoring weights are assigned to options in patient management problems, consensus (average) ratings of experts are likely to demonstrate high concurrent validity for well-qualified clinicans.