近红外线吲哚氰绿荧光显像法在cN0口腔癌前哨淋巴结活检中的应用

目的 评价近红外线吲哚氰绿(ICG)荧光显像法在临床淋巴结阴性(cN0)口腔癌术中前哨淋巴结活检中的可行性和有效性.方法 符合条件且知情同意的cT1-3 N0 M0口腔(或口咽)癌患者30例入组.切开皮肤前用1 ml注射器抽取ICG(25 mg/5 ml)1 ml行瘤周四象限和基底注射;随后行常规颈清扫切口翻瓣游离胸锁乳突肌并将其向后牵拉,显露术野,用近红外线荧光成像系统扫描术区直至捕获荧光热点,切除热点淋巴结;离体淋巴结经再次扫描确认为荧光热点者定义为前哨淋巴结.完成颈清扫后将前哨淋巴结和非前哨淋巴结分别送病理检查.结果 全组30例均成功地获取前哨淋巴结,每例前哨淋巴结数目1～9枚,平均3.4枚.常规病理证实30例中5例(16.67％)有隐匿性转移,转移淋巴结全部为前哨淋巴结.全组未发生ICG相关的不良反应.结论 近红外线ICG荧光显像法对cN0口腔癌行术中前哨淋巴结活检成功率高,前哨淋巴结能准确评价颈淋巴结转移状况.该方法简单可行,有发展前景,值得进一步研究.     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术新型示踪剂的动物模型研究

背景与目的：前哨淋巴结活检已成为临床腋淋巴结阴性早期乳腺癌患者的标准处理模式,并对疾病的分期和治疗方案的选择至关重要。该研究将吲哚菁绿和利妥昔单抗进行偶联作为新型示踪剂,采用小鼠后肢引流作为动物模型,模拟乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术,探索其定位效应。方法：小鼠后肢脚背皮下注射不同剂量的示踪剂,应用荧光脉管系统成像仪连续观测腘窝淋巴结(作为前哨淋巴结)至3 h,探索最佳注射剂量和显像时间。注射最佳剂量的示踪剂,观察至24 h,探索其持续定位效应。结果：随着注射剂量的增加,前哨淋巴结开始显像与达到最佳显像的时间均逐渐缩短,次级及第3级淋巴结显像率逐渐升高。新型示踪剂的最佳注射剂量为0.12μg(吲哚菁绿的含量),达最佳显像时间约为34 min。观察至24 h,前哨淋巴结显像率维持在100%,次级及第3级淋巴结显像率由6 h的0%和0%上升至20%和10%。结论：吲哚菁绿-利妥昔单抗能清晰定位前哨淋巴结且6 h内无次级淋巴结显像,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Performance of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence for Detecting Lymph Node Metastasis in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Purpose: The use of sentinel lymph node dissection in several cancers has been gaining attention with the emergence of indocyanine green fluorescence. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic performance of indocyanine green fluorescence in detecting lymph node metastasis in prostate cancer patients.Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS on November 30, 2020, to identify eligible studies. Studies were eligible if they investigated the diagnostic performance of indocyanine green fluorescence before pelvic lymph node dissection in prostate cancer patients and reported the number of true positives, false positives, false negatives, and true negatives on lymph node–based analysis in comparison to histopathologic findings in the dissected specimen.Results: Our systematic review covered 11 studies published between 2011 and 2020, with 519 patients, and our meta-analysis included 9 studies with 479 patients. Based on lymph node analysis of indocyanine green fluorescence, the results showed pooled sensitivity and specificity at 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49 to 0.90) and 0.66 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.70), respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio was 6.0 (95%CI 2 to 21). Several lymphatic drainage routes also showed sentinel lymph nodes localized outside the ordinal pelvic lymph node template.Conclusions: We noted relatively low diagnostic performance for lymph node metastasis, suggesting that indocyanine fluorescence may not currently be a viable alternative to pelvic lymph node dissection in prostate cancer patients. However, this technique shows novel lymphatic drainage routes and underscores the importance of lymph nodes not removed in ordinary dissection.     

Initial experience with sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer at the National Cancer Center Hospital East

BACKGROUND: Axillary lymph node dissection is an important procedure in the surgical treatment of breast cancer. Axillary lymph node dissection is still performed in over half of breast cancer patients having histologically negative nodes, regardless of the morbidity in terms of axillary pain, numbness and lymphedema. The first regional lymph nodes draining a primary tumor are the sentinel lymph nodes. Sentinel node biopsy is a promising surgical technique for predicting histological findings in the remaining axillary lymph nodes, especially in patients with clinically node-negative breast cancer, and a worldwide feasibility study is currently in progress. METHODS: Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy were performed in the axilla by subcutaneous injection of blue dye (indigocarmine) in 88 cases of stage 0-IIIB breast cancer. Sentinel lymph nodes were identified by detecting blue-staining lymph nodes or dye-filled lymphatic tracts after total or partial mastectomy. Finally, axillary lymph node dissection was performed up to Levels I and II or more. RESULTS: Sentinel lymph nodes were successfully identified in 65 of the 88 cases (74%). In the final histological examination, the sentinel lymph nodes in 40 cases were negative, including four cases with non-sentinel-node-positive breast cancer (specificity, 100%; sensitivity, 86%). In nine (31%) of the 29 cases with histologically node-positive breast cancer, the sentinel lymph nodes were the only lymph nodes affected. Axillary lymph node status was accurately predicted in 61 (94%) of the 65 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Although it was the initial experience at the National Cancer Center Hospital East, sentinel node biopsy proved feasible and successful. This method may be a reasonable alternative to the standard axillary lymph node dissection in patients with early breast cancer.     

Sentinel node biopsy guided by indocyanine green dye in breast cancer patients

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate whether dye-guided sentinel node biopsy is a useful indicator of axillary node involvement in breast cancer patients and whether clinicopathological features affect its success in identifying sentinel nodes. METHODS: Sentinel node biopsy was performed in patients with stage I or II breast cancer using an indocyanin green dye-guided method. RESULTS: We could identify sentinel nodes in 127 (73.8%) of 172 patients. The mean number of sentinel nodes per patient was 1.7 (range, 1-8) and the mean node size was 9.3 mm (range, 3.0-28.0 mm). Of the 127 patients, 40 (31.5%) also had axillary node involvement. In 16 (40.0%) of these, the sentinel node was the only node involved. There was concordance between sentinel node and axillary node status in 122 (96.1%) of the 127 patients. Success in identifying sentinel nodes was not affected by tumor size, operative procedure, histological type of tumor or tumor location; however, the success rate was significantly lower in patients with axillary node involvement (65.7 vs 79.0% in axillary node-negative patients, p = 0.039) and the presence or absence of lymphatic or vascular invasion in the tumor (63.8 vs 78.9% in patients without lymphatic or vascular invasion, p = 0.043). Sentinel nodes could also be identified significantly more frequently in patients under 50 years old (83.3%) than in those over 50 years old (64.8%, p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel node biopsy guided by indocyanin green dye is an easy technique with an acceptable success rate in detecting sentinel nodes and predicting axillary nodal status. Axillary node status, the presence or absence of lymphatic or vascular invasion in the tumor and patient age affect its success in identifying sentinel nodes.     

Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of primary cutaneous melanoma: report of a single-centre experience

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy provide important prognostic data in patients with early stage melanoma and are crucial in guiding the management of the tumor. We report our experience with lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in a group of patients with primary cutaneous melanoma and discuss recent concepts and controversies on its use. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 111 patients with stage I-II AJCC primary cutaneous melanoma underwent lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy from December 1999 through December 2004 using a standardized technique of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and biopsy guided by blue dye injection in addition to a hand-held gamma probe. After removal, sentinel lymph nodes were submitted to serial sectioning and permanent preparations for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Complete lymph node dissection was performed only in patients with tumor-positive sentinel lymph nodes. RESULTS: Sentinel lymph nodes were identified and removed in all patients (detection rate of 100%), and metastases were found in 17 cases (15.3%).The incidence of metastasis in sentinel lymph nodes was 2.1%, 15.9%, 35.2%, and 41.6% for melanomas < or 1.0, 1.01-2.0, 2.01-4.0, and > 4.0 mm in thickness, respectively. Complete lymph node dissection was performed in 15 of 17 patients with positive sentinel lymph nodes, and metastases in non-sentinel lymph nodes were detected in only 2 cases (11.7%). Recurrences were more frequently observed in patients with a positive than in those with negative sentinel lymph node (41.1% vs. 5.3% at a median follow-up of 31.5 months, P < 0.001). The false-negative rate was 2.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy allow accurate staging and yield relevant prognostic information in patients with early stage melanoma.     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检示踪剂研究进展

传统的示踪剂核素和蓝染料存在一定缺点。近年来国内外学者试图研发一款功能优化的新型示踪剂，有助于前哨淋巴结活检术（sentinel lymph node biopsy，SLNB）的推广。吲哚菁绿价格较低，使用安全，但穿透力有限（1 cm）且缺乏靶向性。超声造影剂可实时动态地观察显影淋巴管和淋巴结，但成功率和准确性相对较低。超顺磁氧化铁作为前哨淋巴结示踪剂，操作方便，可避免医源性核素污染，具有良好的应用前景。     

Evaluation of lymphatic flow pattern using indocyanine green fluorescence imaging in a highly metastatic mouse model

Recently, the feasibility of real‐time indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging–guided complete mesocolic excision in colon cancer surgery has been demonstrated; however, its application to the evaluation of lymphatic flow in widespread lymph node metastasis is uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate lymphatic flow using the real‐time ICG fluorescence imaging. A mouse model of subcutaneous inoculation of BJMC3879Luc2 cells, which have been demonstrated to highly metastasize to the lymph nodes, was used as an evaluation model. Tumor growth and lymphatic flow were monitored weekly by bioluminescent imaging and near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging, respectively. After sacrificing the mice, lymph node metastases were evaluated by bioluminescent imaging and histopathology. Lymphatic flows in a model of high lymph node metastasis were evaluated using NIR fluorescence imaging. Pathological metastases of bilateral axillary, femoral, and para‐aortic lymph nodes were detected in all inoculated mice (100%: 5/5). Real‐time NIR fluorescence imaging showed the primary lymphatic vessels staining through the metastatic lymph nodes as before the inoculation of the cancer cells. Hitherto, it has been considered that lymphatic flow was changed using the bypass pathway due to occlusion of the primary lymphatic vessels. In this presented study, real‐time ICG fluorescence imaging showed no changes in lymphatic flow after lymph node metastasis. Our results suggest that real‐time ICG fluorescence imaging may have potential for the guidance of colon cancer surgery in cases of widespread lymph node metastasis.     

Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip.

AIMS: The risk of metastases to the submandibular and submental lymph nodes in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lower lip is closely related to the primary tumour size and the differentiation of the tumour. In order to determine the feasibility of the technique and the possible metastatic lymph nodes in SCC of the lower lip, intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed in patients with tumour size greater than 2 cm (T2) and clinically non-palpable regional lymph nodes (N0). METHODS: Intraoperative lymphatic mapping with patent blue dye was performed in 20 patients with SCC of the lower lip. The stained lymph node (sentinel) was identified in each patient and sent for frozen section analysis in order to verify tumour metastasis. All patients had undergone bilateral suprahyoid neck dissection at the same stage. RESULTS: Three of the patients were female and 17 were male. The median age was 66. Sentinel lymph nodes were identified in 18 of the patients (90%). Intraoperative or post-operative histopathologic examination of the sentinel lymph node showed tumour metastasis in three of the patients (16.6%). The histopathologic examination of the remaining 15 patients whose sentinel lymph nodes were free of metastasis, showed no metastasis in the non-sentinel lymph nodes. In two of the three patients with metastatic sentinel lymph nodes, non-sentinel lymph nodes were free of metastases. There were no false negative results and no local or systemic complications of the technique were seen among the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy is feasible in patients with SCC of the lower lip who have large tumour size and non-palpable regional lymph nodes. The technique may help to avoid neck dissection when the patient has negative sentinel lymph node and when positive provides useful information for more effective radical treatment.     

cN0舌癌前哨淋巴结定位方法研究

背景与目的：由于没有任何临床检查方法或生化标志能准确的评价临床NO（clinically negative neck,cNO)舌癌颈部淋巴结转移的状况。因而,目前对cNO舌癌的颈部治疗存在一定的盲目性。前哨淋巴结（sentinel node,SN)活检的应用为指导cNO舌癌患者颈部的个体化治疗提供了依据。本研究旨在探讨SN活检能否准确评价cNO舌癌的颈部淋巴结转移状况,寻找舌癌前哨淋巴结定位的最佳方法。方法：使用术前核素扫描法和术中亚甲蓝示踪法对24例cNO舌癌患者进行SN示踪,研究SN活检在评价cNO舌癌颈部淋巴结转移状况中的作用。对比核素扫描法,亚甲蓝示踪法,两法结合示踪法的优缺点。结果：3种方法全组SN检出率均为100%,24例中有4例手术标本发现有颈淋巴结转移（即隐匿性颈淋巴结转移,cNOpN^ ),SN活检对全组病例颈部淋巴结转移状况评价的准确率为100%。无假阴性;平均检出SN数目;核素扫描法3.5枚/例,亚甲蓝示踪法2.7枚/例,两法结合示踪法2.2枚/例。结论：核素扫描法和亚甲蓝示踪法均能有效地对cNO舌癌进行SN定位并准确地评价颈部淋巴结转移状况,两法结合SN示踪法最为准确。并且具有可操作性和实用性。     

实时荧光造影成像技术在胸外科的应用

胸部外科临床工作中，肺结节、肺段及亚肺段的准确解剖定位、前哨淋巴结定位、吻合口瘘等问题始终困扰着医生。应用造影剂吲哚菁绿的实时荧光造影技术是一种安全的显影技术，已被运用到多个临床领域，可用来判断组织血流灌注、淋巴回流情况，但并未被胸外科医生完全认识。本文就胸外科医生在临床中遇到的常见问题，回顾了近年来此技术在动物模型和临床试验中的研究成果，介绍了吲哚菁绿实时荧光技术来判断血运、淋巴结示踪、胸导管显影、肺段界限判断等的优势和可靠性，展示出此技术在胸外科广泛应用的良好前景。     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer surgery--a review of the literature

Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer is reviewed herein. It has been recently investigated at many hospitals and institutes, mainly in Europe and the USA. Two lymphatic mapping methods using radiolabeled colloids and dyes are the most popular for detecting the target nodes, and seem to become a standard method of sentinel biopsy. A learning curve for identifying sentinel lymph nodes is important in improving the accuracy of detection. However, it should also be noted that a certain number of false negative cases are usually found. Furthermore, a highly reliable and suitable method to examine lymphatic metastasis has not yet been established. Large clinical trials need to be performed to confirm the optimum method for this new treatment for breast cancer.     

新型前哨淋巴结示踪剂的制备及动物实验研究

背景与目的：前哨淋巴结活检是临床腋窝淋巴结阴性早期乳腺癌患者治疗的标准。准确定位前哨淋巴结对分期、预后及治疗至关重要。该研究将利妥昔单抗与荧光示踪剂吲哚菁绿偶联,制备新型前哨淋巴结示踪剂,确定最佳偶联比例,并对其生物学特性、安全限度及定位性能进行研究。方法：直接偶联法制备新型前哨淋巴结吲哚菁绿-利妥昔单抗,双层析快速薄层层析-硅胶层析纸法测定标记率,非还原型SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法和双抗体夹心间接酶联免疫测定法检测新型示踪剂中单抗分子完整性和免疫活性,按中华药典要求检测新型示踪剂的安全限度及在小鼠体内前哨淋巴结的定位性能。结果：新型示踪剂中利妥昔单抗分子完整且保持了单抗的免疫活性,利妥昔单抗大分子上吲哚菁绿的标记率为100%,新型示踪剂为无菌、无致热原的溶液且局部注射不会产生危害。利妥昔单抗与吲哚菁绿质量比例为4∶1、6∶1偶联形成的新型示踪剂,前哨淋巴结显像效果最佳。前哨淋巴结定位与核素法一致。结论：吲哚菁绿-利妥昔单抗偶联的新型前哨淋巴结示踪剂的制备工艺简单且无放射性危害,其中单抗的分子完整性和免疫活性无破坏,为无菌、无致热原、无急性毒性的示踪剂,能够用于前哨淋巴结显像。     

Lymphatic mapping with intralesional tracer administration in breast carcinoma patients

BACKGROUND: The objectives of the study were to determine how often a sentinel lymph node is visualized by lymphoscintigraphy in breast carcinoma patients, how often the sentinel lymph node is identified during surgery, and the sensitivity of these procedures to identify the presence of axillary lymph node metastasis. METHODS: A total of 136 patients were enrolled in 2 hospitals. Preoperative dynamic and static lymphoscintigraphy were performed; in addition, both a vital dye and a gamma detection probe were used intraoperatively. The tracers were injected into the primary lesion. Sentinel lymph node biopsy was followed by completion axillary lymph node dissection. The sentinel lymph nodes and other axillary lymph nodes were examined routinely and by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: A sentinel lymph node was visualized by lymphoscintigraphy in 118 patients (87%). During the operation a sentinel lymph node was localized in 126 patients (93%). A total of 224 sentinel lymph nodes were harvested (average of 1.7 and range of 1-4 sentinel lymph nodes per patient). Of all the sentinel lymph nodes, 37 were blue (17%), 68 were radioactive (30%), and 119 were both blue and radioactive (53%). The sentinel lymph nodes contained metastatic disease in 56 patients (44%). Three sentinel lymph node biopsies were false-negative (sensitivity 95%). CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node biopsy with preoperative lymphoscintigraphy after intralesional tracer administration and intraoperative use of both a gamma detection probe and a vital dye is a reliable technique for staging the axilla of breast carcinoma patients.     

乳腺癌淋巴引流途径的临床研究

目的探讨乳腺癌时乳腺淋巴引流的特点。方法以2004年11月至2006年5月期间住院的206例乳腺癌患者为研究对象，其中191例术前行淋巴闪烁显像。用前哨淋巴结活检和腋窝溶脂后腔镜观察联合验证淋巴闪烁显像所见的乳腺淋巴引流途径和前哨淋巴结。结果肿瘤周围腺体实质和肿瘤被覆皮下联合注射示踪剂内乳前哨淋巴结显示率为46．8％。淋巴显像、前哨淋巴结活检和腋窝溶脂后腔镜3种方法联合观察发现乳腺淋巴经不同输入淋巴管直接引流到腋窝或内乳区；腋窝前哨淋巴结位于第2肋骨与胸大肌外缘交界处周围，少数患者有浅、深两组腋窝前哨淋巴结。内乳淋巴结转移率为26．2％，腋窝淋巴结转移≥4枚时内乳转移率为50．7％。第2肋间隙是内乳淋巴结最常见的转移部位。内乳淋巴结转移与肿瘤部位或大小无显著相关性。结论乳腺实质及皮肤的淋巴沿各自的集合淋巴管不经乳晕淋巴丛而直接汇人腋窝或内乳淋巴结；多数患者不同的淋巴管在腋窝汇人同一前哨淋巴结，少数汇人深浅不同组前哨淋巴结。有选择地行内乳淋巴结活检有助于乳腺癌的精确分期、治疗和预后判断。     

Prognosis of breast cancer patients treated with sentinel node biopsy in Japan

BACKGROUND: Sentinel node biopsy predicts accurate pathological nodal staging. The survival of node-negative breast cancer patients should be evaluated between the patients treated with sentinel node biopsy alone and those treated with axillary lymph node dissection. METHODS: Ninety-seven patients with negative axillary nodes underwent sentinel node biopsy immediately followed by axillary lymph node dissection between January 1998 and June 1999 (the ALND group). Since then, if sentinel lymph nodes were negative on the frozen-section diagnosis, 112 patients underwent sentinel node biopsy alone without axillary lymph node dissection between July 1999 and December 2000 (the SNB group). We retrospectively observed the outcome of the two study groups. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 52 months in all patients. Relapse-free survival rates at 3 years in the ALND and SNB groups were 94% and 93%, respectively. Five of the 112 patients in the SNB group had overt axillary metastases. Three of them with axillary metastases alone were treated with delayed axillary lymph node dissection. These three patients have been free of other events for 3 years after local salvage treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel node biopsy will emerge as a standard method to diagnose axillary nodal staging for clinically node-negative breast cancer patients.     

The use of indocyanine green and near-infrared fluorescence imaging to assist sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous melanoma: A systematic review

Background and objectivesDespite the use of blue dye and radioisotopes, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is still associated with a high false-negative rate (FNR). The off-label use of indocyanine green (ICG) and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging has been introduced with the objective of assisting SLNB and thereby improving regional control in melanoma. The objective of this study was to review and summarize the general experience, protocols and outcomes of the use of ICG and NIRF to assist SLNB in melanoma.MethodsA systematic literature review was performed in December 2019 as per the PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were articles written in English describing the applications of ICG in patients with melanoma. Systematic reviews, animal studies, case reports and letters to editors were excluded.ResultsOf the 585 studies retrieved, 13 articles met the inclusion criteria. The reported sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection rate using ICG was between 86 and 100% of nodes identified by lymphoscintigraphy. The average number of nodes per patient detected using ICG was 2. ICG fluorescence imaging contributed to the identification of 2.0% of the total number of SLNs harvested.ConclusionsICG fluorescence may be a useful adjunct to lymphoscintigraphy, although high-level comparative data is lacking. It was found to be superior to blue dye at detecting sentinel lymph nodes.     

Internal mammary chain sentinel lymph node identification in breast cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is not usually performed with respect to the internal mammary lymph node chain. However, the SLN may be located in the internal mammary chain, particularly with medial lesions. We carried out this study to investigate whether lymphatic mapping and SLN biopsy can detect internal mammary involvement in patients with breast cancer. METHODS: A dye- and gamma probe-guided SLN biopsy was performed in a consecutive series of 41 patients with tumor in situ or clinical stage I or II breast cancer. After the biopsy, these patients underwent either a modified radical mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery including axillary lymph node dissection. Biopsy of internal mammary lymph nodes was performed in 19 of these patients. RESULTS: No involvement of internal mammary lymph nodes was found histologically in 5 patients in whom lymphatic flow or a "hot nodule" in the internal mammary chain was found using lymphoscintigraphy. Nodal involvement was demonstrated histologically in only 1 of 5 cases where lymphatic vessels showed dye staining or faintly stained nodes. Internal mammary lymph node biopsy also was performed in 14 of 36 patients with neither stained lymphatic vessels or nodes, nor with lymphatic flow or a hot nodule by lymphoscintigraphy. Nodal involvement was found histologically in 1 of these patients. CONCLUSION: SLN biopsy guided by lymphatic mapping is unreliable for identifying metastases to internal mammary lymph nodes.     

示踪剂的不同注射方法对乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的影响

目的:在吲哚菁绿（ICG）和美蓝联合法前哨淋巴结活检术（SLNB）中,比较皮内注射和皮下注射示踪剂两种不同方法对乳腺癌SLNB的影响。方法:收集2014年5月至2017年5月期间行SLNB的289 例乳腺癌患者,采用ICG联合亚甲蓝作为淋巴示踪剂,其中 141 例患者在乳晕皮内注射示踪剂,148 例患者于乳晕皮下注射示踪剂,两组患者基本临床资料差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。所有患者均行腋窝淋巴结清扫,比较两种注射方法在乳腺癌SLNB中的差别。结果:乳晕皮内注射组共141例,检出前哨淋巴结（SLN）136例,检出率为96.5%;乳晕皮下注射组共148例,检出SLN 144例,检出率为97.3%,两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.959)。皮内注射组平均检出SLN数目少于皮下注射组［（2.80±0.83）枚 vs （4.07±1.13）枚,P＜0.001］;假阴性率低于皮下注射组（5.6% vs 10.5%）,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.470)。结论:在ICG和美蓝联合示踪法中,皮内注射方式相对于皮下注射方式可能使SLNB手术更精准。     

Sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer patients with clinically negative lymph-nodes

Background  The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the usefulness of dye-guided sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer patients with clinically negative nodes and to clarify the anatomic distribution of sentinel nodes in the axilla. Methods  Sentinel node biopsy was performed in patients with T1 or T2 breast cancer who had clinically negative nodes, using an indocyanin green dye-guided method. Thereafter, complete axillary dissection was performed. Sentinel node and complete axillary lymph-node dissection specimens were examined separately, and the incidence of metastases was compared. Results  We identified sentinel nodes in 115 (76.7%) of 150 patients with clinically negative nodes. The mean number of sentinel nodes was 1.7 (range, one to eight nodes). The mean size of sentinel nodes was 9.0 mm (range, 2.0 to 28.0 mm). Of the 31 patients who had a tumor-positive sentinel node, 14 (45.2%) patients had only the sentinel node involved. There was concordance on histological examination between sentinel node and axillary node status in 111 (96.5%) of 115 cases. Of the sentinel nodes 89.1% were located cranially to the intercostobrachial nerve and within 2 cm of the lateral edge of the pectoralis minor muscle. Conclusions  Sentinel node biopsy guided by indocyanin green dye is an easy technique with an acceptable detection rate of sentinel nodes for breast cancer patients with clinically negative nodes. Most of the sentinel nodes were located near the lateral edge of the pectoralis minor muscle and cranial to the intercostobrachial nerve.