富营养化水体生物膜毒性评价

利用显微电泳技术，对上海郊区南翔公园湖水作了生物膜毒性作用评价。结果表明：该湖水有生物膜毒性作用，且Ｄ７酵母细胞对环境污染物比Ｅ．Ｃｏｌｉ细菌对环境污染物敏感。当富营养化水体有效提取物浓度分别为３．１３×１０（－３）、３．１３×１０（－４）、３．１３×１０（－５）和３．１３×１０（－６）ｍｇ／ｍｌ剂量时，Ｅ．Ｃｏｌｉ细菌电泳时间分别为８４．０±５．０、３８．４±５．３、４０．０±１．８和４１．２±３．７Ｓ，对照组为４０．４±１．４Ｓ；Ｄ７细胞电泳时间分别为４５．５±２．８、５２．６±４．２、１０３．７±１２．４和１０７．０±１２．７Ｓ，对照组为１００．６±５．２Ｓ。     

输血后丙型肝炎前瞻性研究

在开展筛查丙型肝炎抗体（抗－ＨＣＶ）之前，在河北省甲、乙两地前瞻性调查了输血后丙型肝炎（ＰＴＨＣ）。甲地献血员在献血前筛查ＨＢｓＡｇ和ＡＬＴ，观察了６４名受血者；乙地献血员献血前不筛查任何指标，观察了９０名受血者。ＰＴＨＣ发生率，甲地为２１．９％，乙地为４４．４％；输血后抗－ＨＣＶ阳转率分别为１８．８％和４５．６％；输入抗－ＨＣＶ阳性血发病率甲地为５５．６％，乙地为８３．３％；输入抗－ＨＣＶ阴性血发病率甲地为７．３％，乙地为４．２％。ＡＬＴ首次异常距输血时间甲地为５１．９±２０．９天，乙地为４８．２±１６．８天；抗－ＨＣＶ阳转距输血时间甲地为４２．４±１５． ９天，乙地为３８． ４±１１．８天。对ＰＴＨＣ病例随访 ５年，临床痊愈率，病后１、２、３、４、５年分别为４５．８％、５１．７％、５５．９％、６２．１％和７４．５％；ＡＬＴ异常率各为４０．７％、４４．８％、３２．２％、１５．５％和１２．８％；抗－ＨＣＶ阳性率各为９８．３％、９４．８％、７９．７％、７２．４％和７５．５％；ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ阳性率各为７３．９％、６９．６％、５８．８％、缺和４１．２％。这些结果表明抗－ＨＣＶ阳性血有强传染性．抗－ＨＣＶ和ＨＣＶＲＮＡ?     

丁苯橡胶作业女工自然流产与染色体异常

对丁苯橡胶作业１７２对夫妻的自然流产情况进行了观察和染色检查，并以包装工１５４对夫妻做对照组。自然流产率分别为９．３％和３．４％，Ｐ〈０．１；染色体异常率分别为５．８％和０．６％，Ｐ〈０．１；对接触组流产胚胎９例、对照组５例的绒毛进行检查，染色体异常率分别为６７％及未检出，Ｐ〈０．０１。另对橡胶车间空气中主要毒物苯、苯乙烯的浓度做了测定，苯浓度为１２．３－４２．４ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，苯乙烯为２９．４－７     

活性炭管苯、甲苯、邻二甲苯标准物质的研制

经均匀性和稳定性检验证明苯、甲苯、邻二甲苯含量均匀，量值稳定性大于一年，经多家实验室定值，取得了准确的特性量值（μｇ），低含量：苯３８．８±３．７，甲苯９８．６±４．４，邻二甲苯９７．１±１．９；高含量：苯８６．０±６．３，甲苯１９４±７，邻二甲苯１９５±５。此标准物质已被国家技术监督局批准为标准物质。     

甲基汞对大鼠脑突触体谷氨酸摄取的抑制作用

应用高亲和性摄取试验研究了甲基汞在体外对大鼠脑突触体谷氨酸摄取的影响。结果表明,１×１０－９～１×１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甲基汞可使大鼠大脑皮层、海马、纹状体和小脑突触体３Ｈ－Ｌ－谷氨酸摄取量分别下降０．７％～７４．４％、７．５％～９１．１％、１．４％～７６．６％和４．４％～７７．０％,其中在１×１０－６～１×１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内均有显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）,且均存在明显的剂量—效应关系,其抑制作用的ＩＣ５０分别为７．９、３．６、２．２和４．３×１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。本研究结果提示甲基汞可明显抑制大鼠脑突触体高亲和谷氨酸摄取功能。     

麻疹疫苗初免月龄及接种针次的探讨

１９９３年广西８４个麻疹暴发点的流行病学和血清学调查发现，暴露后１～３月龄、４－５月龄、６～７月龄、８－１１月龄的未接种麻疹疫苗（ＭＶ）儿童的发病率分别为２．５％．１３．０％．１６．３％、１９．７％。血凝抑制抗体阴性率分别为０％、７１．２％．７９．２％．８５．９％。而１一７岁未接种儿童ＭＶ暴露后的发病率为２４．４％。根据所得资料，作者建议ＭＶ免疫可采用两针法，第１针提前到４一６月龄，可降低婴幼儿麻疹发病率，第２针在１５－２３月龄，可弥补因第１针免疫不成功或漏种的易感儿。     

乙型肝炎病毒e系统状态与慢性乙型肝炎纤维化分期的关系

表１慢性乙型肝炎不同纤维化期与乙型肝炎病毒ｅ系统状态的关系　（％）状态Ｓ１Ｓ２Ｓ３Ｓ４ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性８５２（２３／２７）７２．７（２４／３３）６３．３（１９／３０）５０．０（１２／２４）抗－ＨＢｅ阳性１１．１（３／２７）２１．１（７／３３）２６．７（８／３０）３７．５（９／２４）△ＨＢｅＡｇ和抗－ＨＢｅ阴性３．７（１／２７）６．１（２／３３）１０（３／３０）１２．５（３／２４）　　注：Ｓ３、Ｓ４分别与Ｓ１ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性（率）比较χ２＝５２４９～７３０６,Ｐ＜００５,Ｐ＜００…     

小学生接种乙肝疫苗免疫效果持久性观察

将ＨＢＶ血清标志均阴性的健康学龄儿童按０个月、１个月、６个月程序接种乙型肝炎血源疫苗后１年、３年、７年、抗－ＨＢｓ应答率分别为：９６．３％,ＧＭＴ（谷氨酸转肽酶）为８７５．６～１３０３．４ｍＩＵ／ｍｌ之间;７７．８％～９７．１％,ＧＭＴ为１３７．８～２８５．２ｍＩＵ／ｍｌ之间;５５．６～７５．２％,ＧＭＴ维持在２１．１～６５．７ｍＩＵ／ｍｌ;全程后６个月抗－ＨＢｓ作为１００％,则２４个月、３６个月     

石榴皮：解毒止泻

石榴皮：解毒止泻文／刘金茂石榴皮为石榴的干燥果皮。秋季果实成熟后收集果皮，晒干备用。其含鞣质１０．４％～２１．３％、蜡０．８％、树脂４．５％、甘露醇１．８％、糖２．７％、树胶３．２％、葡粉１．０％、糖质０．６％、没食子酸４．０％及苹果酸，果胶，草醇钙...     

用Hantzsch反应光度法测定食品中蛋白质的研究

蛋白质经消化生成铵盐，在ｐＨ４．８乙酸盐介质中，铵与乙酰丙酮和甲醛反应生成黄色的３，５－二乙酰－２，６－二甲基－１，４－二氢化吡啶化合物，借此拟定了一种测定食品中蛋白质的光度分析新体系。在波长４００ｎｍ处，氮浓度在０～１０．０ｍｇ／Ｌ范围符合比尔定律，摩尔吸光系数（ε）为１．７×１０３，样品中加标回收率为９９．６％～１０１．２％，相对标准偏差＜３．７％。     

福建省建立健康促进学校两年效果观察

目的：评价以降低蠕虫感染为突破口,建立健康促进学校的效果。方法：选择福建省连江县４所中小学的全体师生,按“ＷＨＯ西太区发展健康促进学校区域行动纲要”要求的内容、方法进行,并选取２所中小学作对照。结果：采用驱虫与健康促进措施相结合的４所试点中小学,２年来学校和社区关系进一步融洽,学生肠道蠕虫感染率下降８５．６０％,卫生知识的及格率与卫生行为良好率分别比开展前上升８７．０３％和３０．８５％;而只驱虫未     

Anthelmintic treatment of rural Bangladeshi children: effect on host physiology, growth, and biochemical status

BACKGROUND: The effect of helminth infestation on the nutrition, growth, and physiology of the host is still poorly understood. Anthelmintic treatment of children in developing countries has had varying success in terms of growth improvements. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of regular deworming on child growth, physiology, and biochemical status. DESIGN: The study was a 12-mo longitudinal intervention in 123 Bangladeshi children aged 2-5 y. Treatment (mebendazole) or placebo tablets were administered every 2 mo for 8 mo and again at 12 mo. Weight, height, midupper arm circumference, intestinal permeability, plasma albumin, alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin, and total protein concentration were assessed every 2 mo. RESULTS: Treatment with mebendazole reduced the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides from 78% to 8%, of Trichuris trichiura from 65% to 9%, and of hookworm from 4% to 0%. There was no significant difference in the growth of treated children compared with those given placebo tablets. No changes in intestinal permeability or plasma albumin were observed after deworming. Significant decreases in total protein (P<0.001) and alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin (P<0.001) were observed in the treatment group, indicating possible reductions in inflammation and immunoglobulin concentration after deworming. A significant increase in the prevalence of Giardia intestinalis (from 4% to 49%) in the treatment group was associated with a short-term reduction in weight (P = 0.02) and higher intestinal permeability (P <0.001) in infected subjects. No long-term effects of G. intestinalis on growth were observed. CONCLUSION: Low-intensity helminth infections, predominantly of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura, do not contribute significantly to the poor growth and biochemical status of rural Bangladeshi children.     

A controlled evaluation of two school-based anthelminthic chemotherapy regimens on intensity of intestinal helminth infections.

BACKGROUND: School-based deworming programmes have been promoted as a cost-effective strategy for control of nematode infection in developing countries. While numerous efficacy studies have been conducted, there is little information on actual programme effectiveness in areas of intense transmission. METHODS: A randomized trial of a school-based deworming programme was conducted in 12 primary schools on Pemba Island, Zanzibar. Four schools each were randomized to control, twice a year deworming with single dose mebendazole or three times a year deworming. Baseline and 12-month follow-up data on helminth infection using the Kato-Katz technique, demographic information and nutritional status were collected on 3028 children from March 1994 to May 1995. RESULTS: Intensity of infection measured as eggs per gram of faeces (epg) declined significantly for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infections in both treatment groups. A. lumbricoides infection intensity declined 63.1% and 96.7% in the twice and three times per year treatment groups compared to the controls. T. trichiura infection intensity declined 40.4% and 75.9% respectively and hookworm intensity declined 35.3% and 57.2% respectively compared to control schools. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that school-based programmes can be a cost-effective approach for controlling the intensity of intestinal helminth infection even in environments where transmission is high.     

阳山县消灭丝虫病防治策略和技术措施的研究

为了消灭阳山县丝虫病 ,从 1 959年起对该县进行丝虫病流行病学摸底调查 ,发现共有 1 9个乡镇的 2 1 7个管理区有班氏丝虫病流行 ,平均人群微丝蚴率为 4 3 5%。据此提出以防治病原为主导的策略 ,制订出三项防治技术措施 :①在一个中度流行镇以海群生间歇双疗程法进行连续四年反复查治 ,微丝蚴率从查治前的 1 5 0 8%降至 0 4 5% ;②对连成一片且有固定食盐供应渠道的三个中度流行镇采用全民服食海群生掺拌食盐 ( 3g/kg)防治 6个月 ,微丝蚴率从 5 0 7%降至 0 4 3 % ;③查治结合重点村全民服药 ( 7岁以上人群全民用海群生 3g ,5天分服 ) ,共血检 1 3 2 58人 ,查出并治疗微丝蚴血症 1 5例 ,全民服药 1 8757人 ,巩固丝虫病防治效果。 1 980年经卫生部考核 ,微丝蚴率降至 0 0 0 %～ 0 2 5% ,达到基本消灭丝虫病标准。 1 988～ 1 992年进行纵向监测和 1 9个乡镇横向监测分别血检 60 85、2 80 1 2人次 ,均未发现微丝蚴血症者 ;分别解剖致倦库蚊 1 0 545、4 61 6只 ,均未发现有丝虫感染。 1 996年经省及卫生部考核达到消灭丝虫病部颁标准     

Monte Carlo方法在碘盐监测抽样方法中的应用

目的　探索既能反映省级水平的碘缺乏病状况 ,又能发现地区级水平的非碘盐问题地区的新监测方案。方法　对甘肃省与福建省碘缺乏病综合干预试点研究的基线调查结果 ,运用MonteCarlo方法进行模拟抽样试验 ,分县级与地级两个层次进行。结果　在县级模拟中 ,一个县随机抽取 7至 8个村或 4至 5个乡 ,可较为准确地判定出全省的非碘盐问题县 ,真阳性率在 80 %左右 ,而对于非问题县的误判率较低 ,假阳性率在 2 0 %左右。在地级模拟中 ,每个地区选取 3个县 ,可对全省的非碘盐问题地区较为准确地判定 ,真阳性率达到 10 0 %。结论　建议全国碘缺乏病流行病学调查中碘盐的抽样方案覆盖各省所有地区 ,每个地区随机抽取 3个县 ,每个县随机抽取 4个乡 ,每乡随机抽取 2个村 ,每村随机采取 10户盐样 ,所获得资料经人口加权计算省级水平的碘盐覆盖率     

Malabsorption syndrome in ascariasis

This group of researchers recently reported findings on the overall effect of Ascaris lumbricoides infection on human nutrition. On the basis of available data, it was suggested that intestinal malabsorption is a potential cause of nutritional impairment in children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides. The purpose of this discussion is to present additional data on the effect of Ascaris infection on small bowel function and structure in children. 5 children with heavy Ascaris infection without any evidence of clinical malnutrition were admitted to a metabolic unit. On admission, each child was placed on a constant diet consisting of 82-95 kcal and approximately 1 g protein/kg body weight/day. The amount of dietary fat varied from 55-60 g; the levels of vitamins and minerals in the diet were adjusted to meet the recommended dietary allowances. After an adjustment period of 4-6 days, fecal samples were collected during 2 periods of 4 days each for nitrogen and fat analysis. Peroral jejunal biopsies were obtained using an 8 mm Crosby-Kugler biopsy capsule. The samples were processed and stained according to standard techniques. The children then received deworming treatment consisting of 75 mg piperazine/kg body weight daily for 5 consecutive days. In 4 of 5 children there was reduced fecal nitrogen excretion; the mean reduction represented 6.5% of dietary nitrogen. Steatorrhea was present in 4 children; deworming resulted in a reduction of fecal fat from 9.9-2.3% of dietary fat. 3 children demonstrated an impairment in D-xylose excretion. It returned to normal following deworming in only 1 child. The jejunal morphology was found to be abnormal in all children. In each case a significant improvement was noted soon after deworming. The study results strongly suggest that there is a cause and effect relationship between Ascaris infection and intestinal lesions in children.     

Coverage and costs of a school deworming programme in 2007 targeting all primary schools in Lao PDR

Infections with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are among the commonest infections in Lao PDR. Recent investigation in this country showed that intestinal helminths currently infect the majority of school-aged children. The Lao Government has addressed the problem by organizing regular anthelminthic chemotherapy with mebendazole 500mg for school and pre-school children in conjunction with health education activities incorporated into the national school curriculum. The school deworming campaign in Lao PDR reached a national coverage rate of 95% at a cost of US$0.124/head for two rounds of deworming per year. The programme operates under the umbrella of the national school health programme. After 1 year (two rounds of deworming) the intervention reduced the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides from 60% to 20% and of Trichuris trichiura from 42% to 31%. Although infection was not eliminated by the deworming interventions, over 90% of those children who remain infected had a 'light' infection. The virtual absence of high and moderate intensity infection demonstrates the effectiveness of periodical deworming in reducing morbidity due to STHs. We expect that additional rounds of deworming will further reduce the STH prevalence in Lao PDR.     

Stunting and helminth infection in early preschool-age children in a resource-poor community in the Amazon lowlands of Peru

The World Health Organization recommends deworming of children aged 12-24 months in highly endemic areas. Our research objectives were to: 1) examine prevalence patterns of helminth infection in early childhood; 2) assess the association between helminth infection and socio-demographic characteristics; and 3) examine the effect of the intensity of helminth infection on stunting and anemia. A survey of children (7-9 and 12-14 months) living in Belén (Peru) was undertaken between July 2007 and February 2008. A questionnaire was administered to obtain socio-demographic characteristics, blood and stool samples were collected, and length-for-age Z scores were calculated. The Kato-Katz method was used to determine the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris, Trichuris, and hookworm infections. Of 370 participating children, 349 had parasitological results. Infections first appeared in children at 8 months of age. The prevalence of any helminth infection increased linearly to approximately 37.0% (95%CI: 24.3-51.3%) by 14 months of age. Multivariate analysis showed that age, female sex, and residing in the floodplain were significant determinants of helminth infection. Among infected children, moderate-to-heavy infection of any helminth was associated with stunting (β_adjusted = −0.84; 95%CI: −1.48, −0.20). These results support the implementation of deworming programs aimed at young children in highly endemic areas.     

Palmar pallor as an indicator for anthelminthic treatment among ill children aged 2-4 years--Western Kenya, 1998

Infections with the soil-transmitted intestinal helminths (i.e., Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm), estimated to affect approximately 1 billion persons, are among the most common and widespread human infections. Among children aged <5 years, intestinal helminth infections cause malnutrition and anemia, two important causes of mortality. Anthelminthic treatment (deworming) improves nutritional status of school-aged children. The World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) have developed guidelines that include interventions for anemia and malnutrition in the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) for children aged <5 years seen at first-level health-care facilities in developing countries. Under the IMCI guidelines, in geographic areas where hookworm or Trichuris infections are endemic, children aged 2-4 years with palmar pallor are treated with an anthelminthic drug. This report summarizes an investigation of the use of palmar pallor as an indication for anthelminthic treatment among ill children aged 2-4 years seen at first-level health-care facilities in rural western Kenya; the investigation found that palmar pallor was associated with anemia but not with intestinal helminth infection.     

学龄前儿童肠道蠕虫感染现状分析

目的:了解杭州市学龄前儿童肠道常见蠕虫感染现状,为进一步防治提供参考依据。方法:选择杭州市不同区域、不同等级的14所幼儿园和一家医院儿科门诊就诊的1 932例3~6岁学龄前儿童作为调查对象,对每个被调查的幼儿采用生理盐水直接涂片法和饱和盐水浮聚法粪检蛔虫卵、钩虫卵、鞭虫卵;用透明胶纸肛拭法检查蛲虫卵。结果:1 932例受检者中,寄生虫感染249例,总感染率12.89%,其中蛲虫占4.35%,蛔虫8.07%,鞭虫0.62%,钩虫0.31%,感染两种虫种者占总感染人数的3.61%;不同级别幼儿园儿童肠道常见蠕虫感染率分别为甲级幼儿园7.31%、乙级12.60%、丙级21.47%,差异有显著性(P<0.001)。结论:杭州市学龄前儿童肠道常见蠕虫感染率为12.89%,寄生虫感染率高低与幼儿园环境卫生、教学设施等因素密切相关。