广州、香港两地大学生性观念调查—性态度、性知识、行为发生可能性及双重标准

目的本研究通过对香港和广州两地大学生的性态度、性知识和性双重标准的调查,找出两地大学生性观念上的地区差异。方法以问卷调查的方式,对85位香港大二学生及65位广州大二学生在性态度、性知识、相关行为发生可能性方面进行调查。结果调查发现,广州大学生在性态度上更开放,在相关性行为发生的可能性上更高。男性的性态度、性知识、相关性行为得分也高于女性。在性的双重标准方面,两地都存在双重标准,而广州大学生性的双重标准程度更高。结论开明的性教育对正确树立大学生性观念和消除性双重标准具有重要的意义     

“90后”在校大学生性行为及性观念的调查研究

了解当今大学生性观念和性行为的现状,帮助大学生对自己的性行为作出正确、客观的评价,树立一个正确的性观念,为学校开展性健康教育课程提供理论依据,避免其滑向性失范和性犯罪的道路。采用问卷调查方法共调查了410名在校大学生。结果显示:1男女生在性观念上差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),其中男生性观念较开放,女生相对保守;2婚前性行为态度在性别上差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),男生大多数持同意态度,女生却只占少部分,故女生比男生更加重视性行为问题。3大学生对性知识的了解相对匮乏,只是更关注一些肤浅的恋爱故事。"90后"大学生缺乏对性知识全面的理解,男生较女生在性行为与性观念上相对开放。     

16种个性因素问卷高分与低分军校大学生应对方式的比较研究

目的 研究军校大学生人格与应对方式的关系.方法 用卡特尔16PF问卷和应对方式问卷测量427名军校大学生,按照人格维度的分数将被试分为低分组(≤3)和高分组(≥8),检验两组应对方式的差异.结果 军校大学生乐群性6.32±1.64、恃强性6.26±1.76、兴奋性6.65±3.07、敢为性6.07±1.95得分较高,怀疑性4.60±1.87、忧虑性4.95±1.72得分偏低;除幻想性、世故性以外,16PF的其它14个因子的高、低分两组均在不同的应对方式上存在显著差异.结论 不良人格对应对方式的影响值得重视,要加强对军校大学生的健全人格教育,促进心理健康发展.     

某医科大学学生性知识态度行为现况及影响因素分析

了解某医科大学学生性知识、态度、行为现况及其影响因素,为学校开展有针对性的性健康教育提供参考依据.抽取1132名学生进行问卷调查,对其性知识、性态度以及性行为进行比较分析;采用二分类Logistic回归方法,分析影响学生性行为的因素.结果表明,被调查学生性知识水平偏低,均分为(17.1±4.3)分;性态度得分(4.3±...     

大学生宽恕心理的调查研究

目的 了解当代大学生宽恕心理的现状、特点及相关影响因素,为高校心理健康教育内容及形式的不断创新提供参考.方法 采取随机、分层抽样方法选择山西医科大学192名在校大学生为被试,Hearland宽恕量表测评.结果 大学生宽恕他人得分为（57.09±9.493）,宽恕自己得分为（51.57±7.993）;女生宽恕他人水平显著高于男生（t=-3.070,P=0.002）;在年级主效应上,LSD法多重比较结果为大二学生与大三学生在宽恕他人水平上存在显著差异（F=3.607,P=0.002）,同时大二学生宽恕水平最高,大三学生宽恕水平最低;得到他人道歉时宽恕他人的水平显著高于没有他人道歉时（t=2.974,P=0.003）.结论 大学生宽恕水平总体较高,但仍有小部分学生处于低宽恕水平,需要高校心理健康教育给予积极的干预;女生宽恕他人的水平高于男生;年级主效应上,宽恕水平呈现波动变化趋势.     

用症状自评量表（SCL-90）评估中国大学生心理健康状况的Meta分析

目的:了解我国当代大学生心理健康状况的真实水平,以便科学地对大学生进行心理健康教育工作.方法:检索了20世纪90年代初至今的有关大学生SCL-90状况的实证研究,共收集文章214篇,有效样本232个,被试263775人,包括华北、东北、华东、中南、西南、西北的24个省市,并收集了论文中最经常使用的5个常模作为参照群体,以症状自评量表(SCL-90)为工具,使用Meta-analysis 5.3进行统计分析.结果:大学生SCL-90得分状况的合并效应显示,大学生的整体心理健康水平低于金华等人制定的成人常模与青年常模(d=0.35,0.22;Ps<0.01),但高于大学生的3个常模 (d=-0.26,-0.22,-0.10;Ps<0.01);与各常模比较,大学生的心理健康状况的强迫、焦虑、恐怖与精神病性4因子效应值高于其他因子;根据263775名被试的得分进行合并,得到被试总体的SCL-90各因子均分与标准差,并与其他5个常模差异显著(P<0.05);结论:SCL-90常模需重新科学制订.大学生心理健康状况较常模差的结论有待商榷.     

当代大学生的人性观初探

目的 了解当代大学生的人性观,为大学生心理健康教育提供指导.方法 采用Wrightsman关于人性的可信性与利他性两个分量表对荆州市的500名大学生进行调查.结果 ①大学生在人性的利他性上得分显著高于可信性得分(P＜0.001);②不同性别、居住地等的大学生的人性观没有差异(P＞0.05);③大学生在人性观上具有年级边际效应,随年级升高呈"U"变化(P≤0.1).结论 当代大学生存在"高人性信念、低人际信任"矛盾.学校应结合学生特点进行心理健康教育.     

基于全国样本的性少数大学生心理健康状况的调查

目的:探查全国性少数大学生的整体心理健康状况。方法:在10个省级行政区域的26所高校中进行在线整群抽样,采用90项症状自评量表之抑郁及焦虑分量表、健全人格取向的大学生心理健康量表作为工具,对10590名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:①本研究的被试中,异性恋者占88.45%,同性恋者占2.05%,双性恋者占5.11%,其他性取向者占0.91%,另有3.48%的被试不愿意报告性取向。②性少数大学生在抑郁、焦虑和自杀意念上的得分显著高于异性恋大学生,而其健全人格取向的心理健康得分显著低于异性恋大学生。③性少数大学生健全人格取向的心理健康得分呈现出随受教育水平升高而升高的趋势(P=0.051)。④性少数大学生健全人格取向的心理健康得分随着生源地城市化水平的升高而升高,多重比较表明,大城市性少数大学生的健全人格取向心理健康得分显著高于农村性少数大学生。⑤家庭经济状况与性少数大学生的抑郁、焦虑、自杀意念显著负相关,与其健全人格取向的心理健康得分显著正相关。结论:性少数大学生的心理健康状况欠佳,需引起高校心理健康教育工作的重视。     

90后大学生性心理状况的调查研究

目的了解90后大学生的性心理健康状况。方法对某高校2980名90后二年级大学生进行在线问卷调查,内容包括性知识、性观念、性心理、性道德、性行为等方面。结果①仅22.9%的90后大学生对性知识有较好认知率;②69.2%的90后大学生很看重贞操,有较浓重的"处女情结"(χ2=29.75,P≤0.001);③仅19.7%的学生支持在大学期间发生性行为(χ2=244.28,P≤0.001);④仅有7.9%的90后大学生表示有过性交行为(χ2=722.64,P≤0.001)。结论①90后大学生对于性的问题比较坦然、宽容和理性,具有较健康的性心理,但缺乏系统科学的性教育和较强的性道德与责任意识;②90后大学生在校发生性行为的报告率不高,并不存在性泛滥现象。     

大学生心理暴力与心理健康的关系

目的探讨大学生心理暴力与心理健康的关系。方法运用自行设计的大学生心理暴力问卷和症状自评量表（SCL-90）对478名大学生进行施测,对大学生心理暴力和心理健康各因子进行描述统计、相关分析和逐步回归分析。结果①被试大学生心理健康各因子得分高于全国常模,其中强迫、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执和精神病性因子与全国常模相比有显著差异（P〈0.001）;②大学生心理暴力总分及各因子与心理健康总分及各因子之间存在一定程度的相关（r=0.117~0.491,P〈0.01）;③回归分析表明,心理暴力对心理健康各因子的回归效应均达到显著（β=0.166~0.485,P〈0.01）,是预测个体心理健康水平的良好指标。结论大学生心理暴力与心理健康密切联系。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.