毛细管柱气相色谱法同时测定白酒中12种有机物质

目的：建立毛细管柱气相色谱法同时测定白酒中醇类、酯类、醛类12种有机物质的方法。方法：用AT酒柱分离，FID检测器检测，同时测定白酒中多种成分。结果：该法分离效果好，检出限在0．5—1．5mg／100ml之间，相关系数0．9999，回收率为90．4％～107．9％，RSD在0．90％～1．68％之间。结论：方法操作简便、灵敏、快速、准确。     

气相色谱内标(环己烷)法测定蒸馏酒中甲醇、杂醇油含量

目的：采用环己烷作内标，测定蒸馏酒中甲醇、杂醇油含量的方法探索。方法：用气相色谱法，玻璃填充柱进行分离，氢火焰离子化检测器检测，以保留时间定性，环己烷作内标定量。结果：7种醇类组分加标回收率在91．7％-108.3％之间，相对标准偏差在3．5％-9．1％之间。结论：该方法操作简单，分离效果好，灵敏度高，不受进样误差对结果的影响，适合蒸馏酒中甲醇、杂醇油含量测定。     

固相萃取气相色谱法测定中药中痕量六六六和滴滴涕

目的：建立一种测定中药中六六六、滴滴涕的方法。方法：采用固相萃取气相色谱法。结果：α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、ρ，ρ’-DDE、O，ρ’-DDT、ρ，ρ’-DDD、ρ，ρ’-DDT的检测限范围为0．357—1．267μg／kg，回收率在82．1％-94．3％之间，相对标准偏差均小于15％。结论：方法快速简便，回收率、精密度较好，符合检测要求，适合于中药中痕量六六六和滴滴涕的测定。     

HPLC下罗红霉素及其制剂含量测定的研究

本文的目的是建立测定罗红霉素及其制剂含量的方法，应用HPLC（high performance liquid chromatography，高效液相色谱法，下同）法代替抗生素微生物检定法测定罗红霉素分散片含量；方法是以乙腈-甲醇-0．5％三乙胺（100：80：60）为流动相。采用高效液相色谱法测定；结果是精密度好，RSD=0．17％。结论是采用HPLC法测定罗红霉素分散片含量，干扰因素少，结论该法分离好，快速简便，可作为该产品的质量控制方法。     

80例中药致药物性肝损伤分析

目的：探讨中药致药物性肝损伤（ DILI）的临床特点。方法选择2008年1月---2013年1月我院住院患者中由中药及其制剂引起的 DILI患者80例，分析其临床表现及治疗转归等情况。结果中药致肝损伤患者的基础疾病涉及心血管（21．25％）、消化（18．75％）、皮肤病（13．75％）等；所用中药及其制剂中大多含有川楝子、防已、苍术、小柴胡汤、消银片、壮骨关节丸、排毒养颜胶囊和肠清茶等；肝细胞型44例（55．00％），淤胆型15例（24．38％），混合型17例（21．25％）。轻度肝损害30例（36．59％），中度肝损害48例（60．00％），重度肝损害3例（5．00％）；通过治疗后，80例患者中痊愈18例（22．5％），好转54例（67．5％），自动出院7例（8．75％），死亡1例（1．25％）。结论临床医师应充分重视中药致药物性肝损伤的问题。在中医药理论指导下，严格遵循中医辨证施治的治疗原则，科学、规范应用中药，是提高用药安全性、减少中药所致药物性肝损伤的重要措施。     

气相色谱法测定红核妇洁凝胶中的糠醛、愈创木酚

目的：建立红核妇洁凝胶中糠醛、愈创木酚的含量测定方法。方法：以气相色谱法采用程序升温同时测定糠醛、愈创木酚的含量。结果：糠醛、愈创木酚的平均回收率为分别为102％、99．6％，相对偏差RSD分别为0．75％、3．6％（n=5）。结论：该法操作简便准确，重现性好，可作为该制剂的定量分析方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定肉禽、乳制品中合成色素的研究

目的：探讨高效液相色谱恒流测定肉禽、乳制品中合成色素的应用。方法：进行高效液相色谱分离条件及样品前处理试验，得出最佳色谱条件。结果：在选定的分离条件下5种色素在测定范围内线性关系良好，相关系数均大于0.9995；柠檬黄、苋菜红、胭脂红、日落黄、靛蓝最小检出浓度分别为0．20，0．15，0．15，0．20，0．18mg／kg；5种色素相对标准偏差均小于3％，回收率在92．5％～98．8％之间。结论：方法快速简便，灵敏度较高，克服梯度洗脱时造成的基线漂移，提高定量准确性，适用于高脂肪、高蛋白样品的测定。     

保健食品中γ—亚麻酸含量的气相色谱测定法

目的 探索操作简单、快速、准确性高的测定保健食品中γ—亚麻酸的方法。方法 建立了气相色谱法测定γ—亚麻酸的方法。结果 方法线性范围：0．05～1．05(mg/ml)，平均回收率：80．05％～110％。结论 该法灵敏度高、简便、分离良好，可用于保健食品中γ—亚麻酸的测定。     

废水中六价铬的电感耦合等离子体发射光谱测定法

目的：探讨测定废水中Cr^6 的新方法。方法：采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法，样品经离子交换法分离，浓缩。结果：精密度为2．05％，平均回收率为99．7％，最低检出限为0．018μg/ml，结论：用本方法测定工业废水中Cr^6 ，可能对排除水样中干扰物质的影响。     

中药制剂的不良反应分析

目的：分析并研究中药制剂的不良反应。方法：选取2013年2月-2014年4月收治的59例中药制剂使用后出现不良反应的患者进行全面研究。结果：49例患者为注射制剂,所占比例为78．0％,皮肤和附件出现的不良反应最为显著,所占比例为50．8％,女性人数较多,且50岁以上患者人数较多。30例患者为配伍不合理,所占比例为50．8％。结论：中药制剂的不良反应患者中老年人和女性较多,而且主要为附件和皮肤反应,主要原因是药物的不合理使用,在用药时采用合理药物可减少不良反应的出现。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.