创伤性连枷胸的诊治

目的探讨创伤性连枷胸的临床特征及治疗。方法回顾分析1995年1月～2005年3月我科收治的45例连枷胸患者的临床特点及诊治。行肋骨牵引10例,手术内固定16例,呼吸机治疗8例,非固定治疗11例。结果治愈41例(91.1%),死亡4例(8.9%)。结论在创伤性连枷胸中,肺挫伤和反常呼吸运动是引起呼吸功能障碍的重要原因。在控制胸壁浮动时应选择合适的方法。机械通气的应用应有一定的适应症。     

Surgical stabilization of traumatic flail chest.

Since 1970 we have stabilized the ribs to correct paradoxical movement of the chest wall in chest injuries, using an original technique, in order to avoid as far as possible the need for long-term chest wall stabilization by intermittent positive pressure respiration (IPPR). The technical details of surgical stabilization are described, and the different types of stainless steel struts are shown. Type I was originally used either as an intramedullary nail or as an external brace. Types II and III were designed for external fixation of the strut to the rib. Treatment of 29 patients with severe flail chest, classified into four groups is shown: group I was treated by IPPR, group II by IPPR plus surgical stabilization, group III by surgical stabilization only, and group IV by surgical stabilization after exploratory thoracotomy. The clinical results are discussed. We conclude that surgical stabilization of the paradoxial movement of the chest wall can avoid the use of the respirator or at least reduce the interval of IPPR to a short period during the initial recovery from trauma. Using type III struts, we have obtained stabilization of the flail chest in all cases even in patients with severe anterior paradoxical movement. The patients'' tolerance of surgical stainless steel struts was good.     

The natural history of flail chest injuries

Purpose: Flail chest (FC) injuries represent a significant burden on trauma services because of its high morbidity and mortality. Current gold standard conservative management strategies for FC, are now being challenged by renewed interest in surgical rib fixation. This retrospective epidemiological study sets out to evaluate FC patients, and quantify the natural history of this injury by studying the injury patterns, epidemiology and mortality of patients sustaining FC injuries admitted to a major trauma centre (MTC).Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis has been conducted at an MTC with full trauma service. All patients (age > 16 years) sustaining FC were included. Patient demographics, injury characteristics and inpatient stay information were extracted.Results: Two hundred and ninety-three patients were identified, with a mean injury severity score (ISS) of 28.9 (range 9-75), average age of 56.1 years (range of 16-100), and a male predominance (78%). Road traffic accidents accounted for 45% (n = 132) of injuries, whilst 44% were fall or jump from height (n = 129). Associated lung contusion was present in 133 patients (45%) while 76% of patients were found to have 5 or more ribs involved in the flail segment (n = 223) with 96% (n = 281) having a unilateral FC. Inpatient treatment was required 19.9 days (range 0e150 days) with 59% of patients (n = 173) requiring intensivecare unit (ICU) level care for 8.4 days (range 1e63) with 61.8% requiring mechanical ventilation (n = 107) for 10.5 days (range 1-54), and 7.8% underwent rib fixation with rib plates (n = 23). The mortality rate was found to be 14% (n = 42). A non-significant trend towards improved outcomes in the conservative group was found when compared with the fixation group; ventilation days (6.94 vs 10.06, p = 0.18) intensive treatment unit (ITU) length of stay (LOS) (12.56 vs 15.53, p = 0.28) and hospital LOS (32.62 vs 35.24, p = 0.69).Conclusion: This study has successfully described the natural history of flail chest injuries, and has found a nonsignificant trend towards better outcomes with conservative management. With the cohort and management challenges now defined, work on outcome improvement can be targeted. In addition the comparability of results to other studies makes collaboration with other MTCs a realistic proposal.     

Surgical fixation of the ribs for flail chest injuries

The record of 20 patients presenting with flail chest injury from 1998 to 2005 was reviewed to determine surgical indication and timing. There were 4 groups with each indication as followed: 1) 8 patients with surgical indication for injury regions other than fractured ribs, 2) 5 without improvement of flail chest after internal pneumatic stabilization for more than 10 days, 3) 4 performed surgical fixation positively for flail chest with respiratory failure, 4) 3 with strong deformation of the thorax without respiratory failure. Eight patients (40%) required artificial respiration for more than 6 days after surgical stabilization. The reasons of prolonged artificial respiration included unconsciousness in 4 patients, pneumonia in 2, and others in 2. In the group consisting of 8 patients taking more than 6 days to be extubated after surgical fixation, the injury severity score (ISS) was significantly higher (p = 0.006) than that of the other group. In patients with no improvement of flail chest after internal pneumatic stabilization for more than 10 days, surgical fixation reduces the period of internal pneumatic stabilization and the risk of pneumonia. For the elderly who can develop complications easily, early indication of surgical fixation should be considered. In patients with unconsciousness or ISS > or = 25, the extubation delays frequently after surgical fixations.     

创伤性连枷胸的临床特征与救治

目的　探讨创伤致连枷胸的损伤特征及救治。方法　回顾性分析 1997年 1月～2 0 0 2年 12月我科收治的 5 3例连枷胸患者的临床特点及诊治体会。行气管切开 12例 ,肋骨牵引 8例 ,手术内固定 18例 ,呼吸机治疗 10例 ,非固定治疗 5例。结果　治愈 49例 ( 92 .4% ) ,45例肺功能恢复正常 ;死亡 4例 ( 8.6% )。结论　在创伤性连枷胸患者中 ,肺挫伤和反常呼吸运动是引起呼吸和循环功能障碍的重要原因。保持呼吸道通畅 ,恢复胸壁的稳定性 ,治疗肺挫伤 ,积极救治复合伤是治疗的关键措施。     

The unchanged mortality of flail chest injuries.

Six hundred eighty-five patients with major blunt thoracic injuries from 1968 through 1977 were retrospectively studied. This series was compared to a similar series from 1959 through 1964. Between 1964 and 1968 a vastly improved hospital was built, laboratory support improved, pressure-controlled ventilators replaced by volume-controlled ventilators and the trauma service was reorganized. The treatment regimen for flail chest injuries during the last decade evolved from the previous early tracheostomy and prolonged ventilator support to an avoidance of tracheostomy and brief ventilator support. The overall mortality in the present series was 20% compared to 35% for the 1959--1964 series; however, improved mortality occurred only among patients with hemothorax who had one or more major concomitant extrathoracic injuries. The mortality for flail chest injuries did not improve (29.5 vs 35.0%). Mortality was unchanged for isolated flail chest injuries, isolated pneumothorax, isolated hemothorax, and for flail chest injuries, and pneumothorax in patients with concomitant major extrathoracic injuries. In both series deaths from isolated thoracic injuries were rare. It is evident that the continued high mortality for blunt thoracic trauma principally relates to concomitant extrathoracic injuries and that recent treatment innovations have not reduced the mortality of flail chest injuries.     

Blood gas analysis in management of flail chest injuries

Six cases of flail chest injury were studied for changes in blood gases and acid-base status before and during respiratory management. Metabolic acidosis and mild to severe hypoxemia were found in most patients with flail chest at the time of admission, and there was a relationship between manifestation of paradoxical respiration and hypercarbia. Serial blood gas determinations are extremely important in assessment of the adequacy of the therapy, particularly in management of flail chest with continuous IPPB therapy.     

Treatment of flail chest injuries with a piston respirator

A series of seventeen patients with flail chest injuries, in which the piston respirator was utilized, have been compared with a similar series of sixteen patients in whom this respirator was not used. The comparison shows that “wet lung syndrome,” a major cause of death, can be prevented or reversed by the use of the piston respirator, with a significant reduction in mortality.These findings indicate that piston respirator therapy should be instituted immediately on all major flail chest injuries.     

An original technique for surgical stabilisation of traumatic flail chest.

The treatment of chest wall injuries with severe paradoxical movement remains controversial. Intermittent positive-pressure respiration may be appropriate, but in some, especially those requiring exploratory thoracotomy for a visceral lesion, surgical fixation is desirable. We present a simple method using two or three stainless Kirschner wires placed in the chest wall. Results in five cases have been good.     

定容型激励式呼吸训练在创伤性连枷胸患者中的应用研究

目的探讨通过定容型激励式呼吸训练促进创伤性连枷胸患者肺功能早期快速康复的方法,减少肺部感染并发症的发生率。方法将92例创伤性连枷胸患者,随机分为观察组和对照组各46例。对照组实施传统呼吸训练方式,观察组在传统呼吸训练模式的基础上增加定容型激励式呼吸训练,对比分析两组患者训练前后肺功能及满意度。结果观察组肺功能各项指标显著优于对照组(均P0.01),满意度显著优于对照组(P0.01)。结论定容型激励式呼吸训练能有效提高创伤性连枷胸患者肺功能,提高患者满意度。     

创伤性连枷胸伴肺挫伤的诊疗进展

创伤性连枷胸伴肺挫伤(FC-PC)是胸部急诊创伤中最常见的疾病,病情严重,早期容易出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)、急性呼吸衰竭等症状,后期容易出现肺部感染、脓胸形成等,治疗效果慢、住院时间长、费用高,若不能及时诊断及有效治疗,预后差。该文就近年来国内外在FC-PC的诊断、治疗和临床应用方面做一简要综述。     

记忆合金肋骨环抱接骨板内固定术治疗创伤性连枷胸

目的探讨应用记忆合金肋骨环抱接骨板内固定术治疗创伤性连枷胸的方法和疗效。方法对本院收治的经临床及影像学检查诊断为连枷胸17例患者患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。通过本组病例的疗效、并发症、住院时间及疼痛情况等观察,综合评价记忆合金肋骨环抱接骨板内固定术的优、缺点。结果本组病例术后胸壁软化、纵隔移位或摆动消失,胸廓完整性好,呼吸状况明显改善,呼吸疼痛明显缓解,无肺部感染、肺不张等并发症发生,骨折处固定满意,无再次移位,术后住院10.31±3.14天痊愈出院。出院随访无明显异物感,接骨板无松动、脱落,骨性愈合恢复良好。结论记忆合金肋骨环抱接骨板内固定术治疗创伤性连枷胸安全可行,并有疗效好、疼痛轻、并发症少、住院时间短等优点。     

Functional outcomes of traumatic midfoot injuries

IntroductionMidfoot injuries are rare injuries, often the result of high-energy trauma and occurring in the context of multiple trauma. This study aimed to evaluate functional outcomes and health-related quality of life after open reduction and internal fixation for midfoot injuries at a level 1 trauma center treating complex foot injuries.MethodsRetrospective single level 1 center study with follow-up by questionnaire. All adult patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) for Lisfranc and/or Chopart injuries between 2000 and 2016 were included and invited to complete the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Midfoot Score, the EuroQOL Visual Analog Scale (EQ-VAS), and the EuroQOL five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). Chart reviews were performed to collect demographic, injury, and treatment characteristics.ResultsForty patients with 45 midfoot injuries were included. Follow-up was available for 29 patients (31 feet), leading to a response rate of 83%. The majority of patients suffered high-energy trauma and nearly all patients had a concomitant injury. Secondary arthrodesis was performed in 7/45 injuries. Median AOFAS score was 64 (IQR 47–78). Higher injury severity score (ISS) was associated with poorer functionality as measured with the AOFAS Midfoot Score (p = 0.046), concomitant injuries were associated with lower quality of life (p = 0.01). EQ-5D scores were significantly lower when compared to the Dutch reference population (p< 0.001).ConclusionsInjuries of the midfoot have negative effects on mid- to long-term quality of life after trauma, with considerable potential for long-term impaired functionality. When counseling patients with these rare injuries after high-energy trauma mechanisms or in the context of multiple trauma, realistic expectations on postoperative recovery should be given.     

Experimental pendulum air in the flail chest

Conditions for occurrence of pendulum airflow under spontaneous ventilation were studied in adult dogs with flail chest experimentally constructed by removing three ribs and the chest wall. Pendulum air flow was recorded pneumotachometrically from outside the body by intubation to the bronchi. Despite objections to the occurrence of pendulum air by many investigators, we found that pendulum airflow occurs under various conditions. The main factors facilitating the occurrence included 1) Significant differences in airway pressure and ventilatory volume between the lungs on the injured and the opposite side. 2) A high frequency of respiration. 3) Increased resistance in the upper airway. The pendulum airflow occurred not only at the area of tracheal bifurcation but also in the peripheral bronchial airway in the ipsi-lateral thorax of the flail chest. However, pendulum airflow was observed only transiently coinciding with the time of change from one phase of respiration to the other, and volume of pendulum airflow was considered to be so minimal that it had no significant deleterious influence on the alveolar ventilation. In cases of marked dysfunction of the chest wall or with increasing upper airway resistance, pendulum airflow may disturb alveolar ventilation to a considerable extent.     

The management of flail chest

Flail chest is an uncommon consequence of blunt trauma. It usually occurs in the setting of a high-speed motor vehicle crash and can carry a high morbidity and mortality. The outcome of flail chest injury is a function of associated injuries. Isolated flail chest may be successfully managed with aggressive pulmonary toilet including facemask oxygen, CPAP, and chest physiotherapy. Adequate analgesia is of paramount importance in patient recovery and may contribute to the return of normal respiratory mechanics. Early intubation and mechanical ventilation is paramount in patients with refractory respiratory failure or other serious traumatic injuries. Prolonged mechanical ventilation is associated with the development of pneumonia and a poor outcome. Tracheotomy and frequent flexible bronchoscopy should be considered to provide effective pulmonary toilet. Surgical stabilization is associated with a faster ventilator wean, shorter ICU time, less hospital cost, and recovery of pulmonary function in a select group of patients with flail chest. Open fixation is appropriate in patients who are unable to be weaned from the ventilator secondary to the mechanics of flail chest. Persistent pain, severe chest wall instability, and a progressive decline in pulmonary function testing in a patient with flail chest are also indications for surgical stabilization. Open fixation is also indicated for flail chest when thoracotomy is performed for other concomitant injuries. There is no role for surgical stabilization for patients with severe pulmonary contusion. The underlying lung injury and respiratory failure preclude early ventilator weaning. Supportive therapy and pneumatic stabilization is the recommended approach for this patient subset.     

Surgical fixation for flail chest

Flail chest occurs by blunt chest trauma and is associated with pulmonary contusion, atelectasis, pneumothorax, hemothorax, and respiratory failure. Because of its severity, it may need internal pneumatic stabilization or surgical fixation. Some patients do not need the internal stabilization and are observed conservatively. Some of these patients, however, increase the flail after palliating the pain and getting up. These patients show inefficient ventilation and surgical fixation is needed. The operation should be performed after the improvement of pulmonary contusion. In this paper, we presented 2 patients who showed such course and clarified the surgical methodology.