MDR1 and MDR3 Genes and Drug Resistance to Cisplatin of Ovarian Cancer Cells

To investigate the relationship between MDR1 and MDR3 gene and drug resistance to cisplatin of ovarian cancer cells. Two siRNAs (MDR1, MDR3) which specifically targeted MDR1 and MDR3 genes were transfered into A2780/DDP cells. Then double staining with Annexin- V-FITC/PI was used to detect cell apoptosis by the flow cytometry (FCM). A2780/DDP cell viability was determined by MTT. MDR1 and MDR3 mRNA were assessed by RT-PCR. Caspase-3 protein was detected by Western blotting. Transfection of MDR1 and MDR3 siRNA into A2780/DDP cells failed to reverse the drug-resistance of A2780/DDP cells to cisplatin (P>0.05). No significant differ- ence in the apoptosis efficiency was observed between the MDR1 and MDR3 siRNA, pSuppressor- Neo vector transfection cells and untreated cells (P>0.05). In the presence of cisplatin of different concentrations, the viability of A2780/DDP cells was not significantly decreased after the transfection. No changes in MDR1 and MDR3 mRNA were found in MDR1 and MDR3 siRNA-transfected A2780/DDP cells. As compared with pSuppressorNeo and untreated groups, no significant difference existed in the expression of MDR1 and MDR3 mRNA (P>0.05). The expression of caspase-3 protein in MDR1 and MDR3 siRNA transfected A2780/DDP cells was not significantly increased. It is con- cluded that multidrug resistance induced by cisplatin in ovarian carcinoma cell lines is not due to overexpression of MDR1 and MDR3 gene. The drug resistance of ovarian carcinoma cells to cisplatin is not mediated by P-glycoprotein.     

Establishment of multidrug-resistance cell line C6/adr and reversal of drug-resistance

Objective To investigate the mechanism of multidrug resistance (MDR) in a human glioma cell and methods for overcoming multi-drug resistance.Methods MDR cell line C［6］/adr was established. The expression of the mdr-1 gene and its P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in the C［6］/adr cell line was observed by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. The reversal of MDR by verapamil, erythromycin, dihydropyridine, P-gp monoclonal antibody and Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) was studied by microtiter tetrazolium (MTT) assay or by high performance liquid chromatographic assay.Results The mdr-1 gene of the C［6］/adr cell line was positive, over-expressing P-gp. The drug-resistance of the C［6］/adr cell lines could be partly reversed by 2-6μg/ml of verapamil, 50-100μg/ml of erythromycin, or 5μg/ml of dihydropyridine. As concentration increased, they had a better effect. Among these drugs, 100μg/ml of erythromycin had the best result of reversal. Dihydropyridine 1μg/ml, P-gp monoclonal antibody and SM had no effect.Conclusion The mdr-1 gene and its expression might be associated with the MDR of glioma cells. Verapamil, erythromycin and dihydropyridine could reverse the MDR of glioma cells.     

Antiepileptic drug-induced multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein overexpression in astrocytes cultured from rat brains

Background Intractable epilepsy may be due to multidrug resistance induced by conventional antiepileptic drugs. The phenomenon is sometimes associated with an overexpression of multidrug resistance gene 1 ( MDR1 ). The purpose of this study was to determine if the overexpression of MDR1 could be induced in astrocytes from rat brains in vitro using antiepileptic drugs.Methods Astrocyte cell cultures from postnatal Wistar rats (within 24 hours of birth ) were established. Different concentrations of the antiepileptic drugs phenytoin, phenobarbital,carbamazepine, and valproic acid were added to the cultures for 10, 20, or 30 days. The expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), the protein product of MDR1, was investigated with immunocytochemistry.Results Less than 5% of normal, untreated astrocytes had detectable Pgp staining at any time point. Phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and valproic acid induced the overexpression of Pgpin astrocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Significantly higher levels of Pgp staining were detected at therapeutic concentrations of certain antiepileptic drugs (20 μg/ml phenobarbital, 40μg/mlphenobarbital, and 20μg/ml phenytoin) on day 30. Upregulation of Pgp was detected when using higher concentrations of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and valproic acid on day 20 and when using higher concentrations of any of the four antiepileptic drugs on day 30.Conclusions Treatment with antiepileptic drugs may contribute to the overexpression in astrocytes of MDR1 and its protein product, Pgp. The mechanism leading to MDR must be considered in patients under qoinq lonq-term treatment with antiepileptic drugs.     

Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in SGC7901/VCR cells by PPARγ activation by troglitazone

Over-expression of P-glycoprotein(P-gp),an ATP-dependent drug efflux pump,represents one of the major mechanisms that contribute to multidrug resistance(MDR) in cancer cells.This study examined the effects of troglitazone,a ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ),on P-gp-mediated MDR in SGC7901/VCR cells(a vincristine-resistant human gastric cancer cell line).The expression of P-gp was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting,respectively.The SGC7901/VCR cells were treated with 0.1 ...     

The Roles of Four Multi-drug Resistance Proteins in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Multidrug Resistance

The roles of multi-drug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), multi-drug resistance related pro- tein 1 (MRP1), lung resistance protein (LRP) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in the multi-drug resistance (MDR) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were studied. By exposing HepG2 cell line to progressively increased concentrations of adriamycin (ADM), HepG2 multi-drug resistant subline (HepG2/ADM) was induced. The MDR index of HepG2/ADM was detected by using MTT. The expressions of the four MDR proteins in the three cell lines (L02, HepG2, HepG2/ADM) were investigated at mRNA and protein levels by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot respectively. Our re- sults showed that when the ADM concentration was under 100 μg/L, HepG2 could easily be induced to be drug-resistant. The IC50 of the HepG2/ADM to ADM was 282 times that of HepG2. The expres- sion of MDR1 and BCRP mRNA in HepG2/ADM cells were 400 and 9 times that of HepG2 cells re- spectively while there was no difference in the mRNA expressions of MRP1 and LRP. There was no difference between HepG2 and L02 cells in the mRNA expressions of the four genes. At the protein level, the expressions of MDR1, BCRP and LRP but MRP1 in HepG2/ADM were significantly higher than those of HepG2 and L02. Between HepG2 and L02, there was no difference in the ex- pressions of four genes at the protein level. HepG2/ADM is a good model for the study of MDR. The four genes are probably the normally expressed gene in liver. The expressions of MDR1 and BCRP could be up-regulated by anti-cancer agents in vitro. The MDR of HCC was mainly due to the up-regulation of MDR1 and BCRP but MRP1 and LRP. These findings suggest they may serve as targets for the reversal of MDR of HCC.     

Chitosan/pshRNA plasmid nanoparticles targeting MDR1 gene reverse paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer cells

In order to investigate the effect of chitosan/pshRNA plasmid nanoparticles targeting MDR1 genes on the resistance of A2780/TS cells to paclitaxel, chitosan/pshRNA plasmid nanoparti- cles were synthesized by means of a complex coacervation technique and transfected into A2780/TS cells. The cells transfected with MDRl-targeted chitosan/pshRNA plasmid nanoparticles were experimental cells and the cells transfected with chitosan/pGPU6/GFP/Neo no-load plasmid nanoparticles served as negative control cells. Morphological features of the nanoparticles were observed under transmission electron microscope （TEM）. MDR1 mRNA expression was assessed by RT-PCR. Half-inhibitory concentration （IC50） ofpaclitaxel for A2780/TS cells was determined by MTT method. TEM showed that the nanoparticles were round-shaped, smooth in surface and the diameters varied from 80 to 120 nm. The MDR1 mRNA in the transfected cells was significantly decreased by 17.6%, 27.8% and 52.6% on the post-transfection day 2, 4 and 7 when compared with that in A2780/TS cells control （P〈0.05）. MTT assay revealed that the relative reversal efficiency was increased over time and was 29.6%, 51.2% and 61.3% respectively in the transfected cells 2, 4, 7 days after transfection and IC_50 （0.197±0.003, 0.144±0.001, 0.120±0.004） were decreased with difference being significant when compared with that in A2780/TS （0.269±0.003） cells control （P〈0.05）. It was concluded that chitosan/pshRNA plasmid nanoparticles targeting MDR1 can effectively reverse the paclitaxel resistance in A2780/TS cells in a time-dependent manner.     

Co-transfection of MRP and bcl-2 antisense S-oligodeoxynucleotides reduces drug resistance in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells

Objective To detect the influence of antisense s-oligodeoxynucleotides](S-ODNs) of bd-2 and multidrug resistamce-associated protein (MRP) genes multidrug resistance-associated protein gene and bcl-2 antisense S-oligodeoxynucleotides on cisplatin-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cell line A(549)(DDP)which overexpresses both bcl-2 and MRP.Methods A(549)(DDP)cells were treated with sense and antisense S-ODN mediated by lipofection. Expression of MRP and bcl-2 mRNA and protein in the treated cells was measured by RT-PCR and flow cytometry (FCM), respectively. Apoptosis was identified by DNA electrophoresis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated biotin dUTP nick end-labeling(TUNEL). The degree of drug resistance of the treated cells was detected by a cell viability 3’-［4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl］-2,5-diphenyl-tefrazolium bromide thiazolylblue (MTT) assay. Results Expression of bcl-2 and MRP significantly decreased in the cells treated with bcl-2 or/and MRP antisense S-ODN for 48h as compared to the cells untreated and sense-treated (P<0.05). Resistance to cisplatin in the cells treated with bcl-2 or/and MRP antisense S-ODN decreased by 60.6% (6.5 times), 56.4% (7.2 times) and 71.0% (4.8 times), respectively, which paralleled the decrease of bcl-2 and MRP expression. Similarly, the resistance to etoposide and epirubicin in antisense-treated cells also reduced in parallel to decreases of the two gene expressions. The drug resistance in sense-treated cells was similar to that in untreated cells. Statistically significant dose-and concentration-dependent increases of apoptotic cells were observed in the groups exposed to 100 μmol/L cisplatin for 48 h after treatment by bcl-2 or/and MRP antisense.Conclusion Bcl-2 and MRP were at least additive and possibly synergistic in conferring drug resistance in a cisplatin-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Antisense S-ODN could attenuate drug resistance by promoting cells apoptosis, which might lead to a new treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) who are refractory to conventional chemotherapy.     

Expression of histone H2AX phosphorylation and its potential to modulate adriamycin resistance in K562/A02 cell line

DNA repair processes play a role in the development of drug resistance which represents a huge obstacle to leukemia chemotherapy. Histone H2AX phosphorylation (ser139) (γH2AX) occurs rapidly at the onset of DNA double strand break (DSB) and is critical to the regulation of DSB repair. If DNA repair is successful, cells exposed to anti-neoplastic drugs will keep entering the cycle and develop resistance to the drugs. In this study, we investigated whether γH2AX can be used as an indicator of tumor chemosensitivity and a potential target for enhancing chemotherapy. K562 and multi-drug resistant cell line K562/A02 were exposed to adriamycin (ADR) and γH2AX formed. Flow cytometry revealed that percentage of cells expressing γH2AX was increased in a dose-dependent manner and the percentage of K562/A02 cells was lower than that of K562 cells when treated with the same concentration of ADR. In order to test the potential of γH2AX to reverse drug resistance, K562/A02 cells were treated with PI3K inhibitor LY294002. It was found that LY249002 decreased ADR-induced γH2AX expression and increased the sensitivity of K562/A02 cells to ADR. Additionally, the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay and the Western blotting showed that LY249002 enhanced DSBs and decreased the expression of repair factor BRCA1. These results illustrate chemosensitivity can partly be measured by detecting γH2AX and drug resistance can be reversed by inhibiting γH2AX.     

Reversal of HCC Drug Resistance by Using Hammerhead Ribozymes against Multidrug Resistance 1 Gene

To reverse multidrug resistance（MDR） of HepG2 by anti-MDR1 hammerhead ribozyme, an anti-MDR1 hammerhead ribozyme was developed and delivered to P-gp-overproducing human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 by a retroviral vector containing RNA polymerase Ⅲ promoter. The expression of mdrl/Pgp and Rz was detected in HepG2, HepG2 muhidrug-resistant cell line and HepG2 Rz-transfected cells by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot methods. Moreover, MTT assay was employed to detect the sensitivity of these ribozyme-transfected cells, and Rhodamine123 （Rh123） was used to test the function of Pgp. The Rz- transfected HepG2 cells became doxorubicin-sensitive, which was concomitant with the decreased MDR1 expression. The study showed that the retrovirus vector encoding the anti-MDR1 ribozyme may be applicable to the treatment of MDR cells.     

Synergistic effect of hyperthermia and neferine on reverse multidrug resistance in adriamycin-resistant SGC7901/ADM gastric cancer cells

Multidrug resistance(MDR) plays a major obstacle to successful gastric cancer chemotherapy.The purpose of this study was to investigate the MDR reversal effect and mechanisms of hyperthermia in combination with neferine(Nef) in adriamycin(ADM) resistant human SGC7901/ADM gastric cancer cells.The MDR cells were heated at 42℃ and 45℃ for 30 min alone or combined with 10 μg/mL Nef.The cytotoxic effect of ADM was evaluated by MTT assay.Cellular plasma membrane lipid fluidity was detected by fluorescence polarization technique.Intracellular accumulation of ADM was monitored with high performance liquid chromatography.Mdr-1 mRNA,P-glycoprotein(P-gp),γH2AX expression and γH2AX foci formation were determined by real-time PCR,Western blot and immunocytochemical staining respectively.It was found that different heating methods induced different cytotoxic effects.Water submerged hyperthermia had the strongest cytotoxicity of ADM and Nef combined with hyperthermia had a synergistic cytotoxicity of ADM in the MDR cells.The water submerged hyperthermia increased the cell membrane fluidity.Both water submerged hyperthermia and Nef increased the intracellular accumulation of ADM.The water submerged hyperthermia and Nef down-regulated the expression of mdr-1 mRNA and P-gp.The water submerged hyperthermia could damage DNA and increase the γH2AX expression of SGC7901/ADM cells.The higher temperature was,the worse effect was.Our results show that combined treatment of hyperthermia with Nef can synergistically reverse MDR in human SGC7901/ADM gastric cancer cells.     

Comparative proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins between K562 and K562/ADM cells

Background Multidrug resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is an important clinical problem during the treatment of leukemia. The resistance process is multifactorial. To realize the total factors involved in multidrug resistance, we analyzed the differentially expressed proteins of K562 and K562/ADM cells and we investigated one of the up-regulated proteins （CRKL） using siRNA to determine its role in K562/ADM cells. Methods Altered protein expressions between K562/S （K562 ADM-sensitive cell line） and K562/ADM （K562 multidrug resistant cell line induced by adriamycin） were identified by 2D-DIGE coupled with mass spectrometry. Meanwhile, we confirmed the differential expression of CRKL and Stathmin in both K562 and K562/ADM cells by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, we used RNA interference to silence the CRKL gene expression. Results Among the 9 differentially expressed proteins, 3 were up-regulated in K562/ADM cells, while 6 were down-regulated in the K562/ADM cells compared with its parent cell line. The expression of CRKL was up-regulated significantly in K562/ADM cells, and it can be decreased by recombinant lentivirus. Moreover, the multidrug resistance of K562/ADM cells was efficiently reversed by silence of CRKL gene expression. Conclusions The data provided the differentially expressed proteins in K562 and its resistant cell line and highlights the power of 2D-DIGE for the discovery of resistance markers in cancer. We found CRKL may be a new protein involved in the multidrug resistanse of leukaemia cells.     

Genistein reverses free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 hepatocytes through targeting JNK

This study investigated the effects and molecular mechanisms of genistein in improving insulin resistance induced by free fatty acids (FFAs) in HepG2 hepatocytes. A model of insulin resistance in HepG2 cells was established by adding palmitic acid (0.5 mmol/L) to the culture medium and the cells were treated by genistein. Glucose consumption of HepG2 cells was determined by glucose oxidase method. The levels of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) Ser307 phosphorylation, JNK, IRS-1, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase p85 (PI-3K p85) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) proteins were detected by Western blotting. The results showed that after the treatment with palmitic acid for 24 h, the insulin-stimulated glucose transport in HepG2 cells was inhibited, and the glucose consumption was substantially reduced. Meanwhile, the expressions of IRS-1, PI-3K p85 protein and GLUT1 were obviously reduced, while the levels of JNK phosphorylation and IRS-1 Ser307 phosphorylation and the expression of JNK protein were significantly increased, as compared with cells of normal control. However, the aforementioned indices, which indicated the existence of insulin resistance, were reversed by genistein at 1-4 μmol/L in a dose-dependent manner. It was concluded that insulin resistance induced by FFAs in HepG2 hepatocytes could be improved by genistein. Genistein might reverse FFAs-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells by targeting JNK.     

靛玉红、苦参碱逆转多药耐药细胞系NCI-H520/TAX25对TAX的耐药性及其机制

Background Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a main reason for paclitaxel treatment failure. Indirubin-3’- monoxime (IRO) and Matrine are traditional Chinese medicines which may reverse the resistance of tumor cells to some chemotherapy drugs, but the relationship between paclitaxel resistance and Matrine is still unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the potential molecular mechanism of IRO or Matrine involved in reversing of paclitaxel (TAX) resistance. Methods In this study, MTT assay was used to measure the non-cytotoxic dosage of IRO and Matrine on NCI-H520/TAX25 cells and determined the extent of TAX resistance reversal under non-toxic doses. In addition, RT-PCR and Western blotting methods were used to evaluate the mRNA expression and the protein level of survivin, Oct-4 and Sox-2 in NCI-H520/TAX25 cells using semi-quantitative Results: There was no obvious inhibition on sensitive cell strains and drug-resistant strains, when the final concentration of IRO was ≤4μmol/L, or Matrine was ≤100μmol/L. We considered 4μmol/L of IRO and 100μmol/L of Matrine as the reversal dosage. When 4μmol/L of IRO or 100μmol/L of Matrine were used together with TAX, NCI-H520/TAX2 cells had an evident increase of sensitivity of TAX; the reversal rate was about 1.92 (43.56nM/22.6nM) and 1.74 (43.56nM/25.0nM) respectively. The mRNA expression and the protein level of survivin, Oct-4 and Sox-2 in NCI-H520/TAX25 decreased after adding IRO or Matrine with TAX treatment, compared to adding of TAX alone, and the decrease was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion These date suggest the decrease in both mRNA expression and protein level of survivin, Oct-4 and Sox-2 might be the molecular mechanism by which IRO or Matrine mediate the reversal of TAX resistance.     

Reversal of Multidrug Resistance and Inhibition of Phosphorylation of AKT in Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Line by Wild-type PTEN Gene

The reversing effect of wild-type PTEN gene on resistance of C13K cells to cisplatin and its inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) were studied. The expression of PTEN mRNA and protein in OV2008 cells and C13K cells were semi-quantitatively detected by using RT-PCR and Western blotting. Recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid containing human wild-type PTEN gene was transfected into C13K cells by lipofectamine2000. The expression of PTEN mRNA was monitored by RT-PCR and the expression of PTEN, Akt, p-Akt protein were ana- lyzed by Western blotting in PTEN-transfected and non-transfected C13K cells. Proliferation and chemosensitivity of cells to DDP were measured by MTT, and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry after treatment with cisplatin. The expression of PTEN mRNA and protein in OV2008 cells were significantly higher than those in C13K cells. After transfection with PTEN gene for 48 h, the expression of PTEN mRNA and protein in C13K cells were 2.04±0.10, 0.94±0.04 respectively and the expression of p-Akt protein ( 0.94±0.07) was lower than those in control groups (1.68±0.14, 1.66±0.10) (P< 0.05). The IC50 of DDP to C13K cells transfected with PTEN (7.2±0.3 μmol/L) was obviously lower than those of empty-vector transfected cells and non-transfected cells (12.7±0.4 μmol/l, 13.0±0.3 μmol/L) (P<0.05). The apopototis ratio of wild-type PTEN-transfected, empty vector transfected and non-transfected C13K cells were (41.65±0.87)%, (18.61±0.70)% and (15.28 ±0.80)% respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). PTEN gene plays an important role in ovarian cancer multidrug resistance. Transfection of PTEN could increase the ex- pression of PTEN and restore drug sensitivity to cisplatin in human ovarian cancer cell line C13K with multidrug-resistance by decreasing the expression of p-Akt.