白黎芦醇对GH3细胞生长和泌乳素合成分泌的抑制作用及其与雌激素受体的关系

目的探讨白黎芦醇（RE）对垂体腺瘤GH3细胞增殖和泌乳素（PRL）合成分泌的影响，及其与雌激素受体（ERs）的关系。方法RE作用于GH3细胞．用免疫荧光法和Western印迹法测定ERs的表达情况．分别用ELISA法和Western印迹法测定培养基内和细胞内PRL水平，用MTT法测定细胞增殖，同时观察了雌二醇（E2）和特异性雌激素受体激动剂对RE的拮抗作用。结果RE改变ERs表达水平，减少PRL合成分泌，抑制GH3细胞增殖，E2和特异性雌激素受体激动剂对RE有拮抗作用。结论RE通过ERs抑制PRL合成、分泌及细胞增殖，从而发挥抗肿瘤作用，两种效应的信号转导途径不尽相同。     

4-羟基他莫昔芬对泌乳素腺瘤GH3细胞增殖和分泌的影响

目的探讨雌激素受体拮抗剂4-羟基他莫昔芬（OHTam）对泌乳素腺瘤GH3细胞增殖和分泌泌乳素的影响。方法用逆转录多聚酶链反应（RT—PCR）的方法测定泌乳素腺瘤GH3细胞中雌激素受体-mRNA（ER—mRNA）的表达,并观察在去激素培养条件下以及不同浓度的OHTam和雌二醇（E2）对GH3细胞生长速度、生长抑制率、雌激素受体-mRNA（ER—mRNA）及泌乳素分泌水平的影响。结果在E2（10^-8mol／L）组细胞吸光度为0．561±0．018,抑制率为-0．06,细胞计数、生长抑制率、ER—mRNA及泌乳素分泌水平与去激素培养组差异显著（P〈0．05）;E2（10^-6mol／L）＋OHTam（10^-6mol／L）组吸光度为0．504±0．014,抑制率为0．08,细胞计数、ER—mRNA及泌乳素分泌水平与E2（10^-8mol／L）组差异显著（P〈0．05）。结论泌乳素腺瘤GH3细胞有雌激素受体表达,E2可以促进GH3细胞的增殖和泌乳素的分泌,而雌激素受体拮抗剂OHTam能够有效抑制雌激素的作用。     

雌激素受体基因ERβ与小鼠成骨细胞的增殖和分化

背景：雌激素受体ERs表达于所有关系到骨形成和骨吸收的细胞成分中。 目的：观察雌激素受体ERβ对成骨细胞增殖、分化能力的调控作用。 方法：以小鼠成骨细胞株MC3T3-E1为对象,设立3组：实验组转染雌激素受体ERβ RNAi载体、阴性对照组转染ERL RNAi载体、空白对照组不进行转染,3组在相同条件下培养。采用MTT法绘制各组细胞的生长曲线;流式细胞仪分析各组细胞的细胞周期。 结果与结论：实验组成骨细胞的增殖能力明显高于空白对照组和阴性对照组,G1期细胞百分率明显少于空白对照组和阴性对照组,而S期和G2期细胞百分率明显高于空白对照组和阴性对照组(P均< 0.05)。根据雌激素受体ERβ沉默后检测的结果可以反向推断,ERβ的表达对成骨细胞的增殖、分化具有抑制作用。     

阿尔茨海默病患者海马雌激素受体α和β共表达减少

目的　探测雌激素受体在阿尔茨海默病 (AD)患者海马中的变化。方法　运用免疫荧光细胞化学双标和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜 ,对 10例AD患者和 10例对照组海马进行观察 ,并进行统计分析。结果　在老年对照组和AD患者组中 ,雌激素受体α(ERα)和雌激素受体β(ERβ)均主要在锥体层神经元中表达 ,而放射层和始层中稀少 ;且多分布于胞质 ,胞核较少。ERα和ERβ免疫荧光双标细胞可分为三种类型 :(1)胞质双标细胞 ;(2 )胞核双标细胞 ;(3)ERα核染色而ERβ质染色细胞。海马CA1区胞核双标神经元与ERα阳性神经元的比率或与ERβ阳性神经元的比率 ,AD组分别为2 6 %± 0 5 %和 1 7%± 0 3% ,均低于对照组 (分别为 5 0 %± 0 7%和 3 9%± 0 6 % ) ,均 (P <0 0 0 1)。结论　雌激素受体α和 β核双标细胞的减少可能在AD发病机制中起重要作用。     

雌激素受体拮抗剂氟维司群对MMQ细胞系的抗肿瘤作用及机制

目的探讨雌激素受体拮抗剂氟维司群对大鼠泌乳素瘤MMQ细胞系的作用及机制。方法体外培养MMQ细胞系并分为实验组和对照组。实验组分别加入浓度为0.04、1、25、625 nmol/L氟维司群,对照组加入等量DMSO。MTS法检测各组MMQ细胞增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,ELISA检测泌乳素水平,RT-PCR和Western blot分别检测雌激素受体α(estrogen receptorα,ERα)、β-catenin和WIF-1的mRNA及蛋白表达水平。采用Wnt-β-catenin通路抑制剂SB 216763和Decitabine,观察其对细胞增殖以及β-catenin和WIF-1表达的影响。结果氟维司群可抑制细胞增殖和泌乳素的分泌,促进细胞凋亡,均呈剂量依赖性(P0.05),IC50=32.4 nmol/L;并诱导细胞ERα和β-catenin的mRNA及蛋白的低表达,WIF-1的mRNA及蛋白的高表达(P0.05)。与氟维司群组比较,SB 216763+氟维司群组细胞增殖明显,β-catenin的mRNA及蛋白表达升高(P0.05)。Decitabine处理后细胞WIF-1的mRNA及蛋白表达升高,细胞增殖受到明显抑制(P0.001)。结论氟维司群能够抑制MMQ细胞系的增殖和泌乳素的分泌,促进细胞凋亡,可能与抑制ERα的表达和抑制Wnt-β-catenin通路的激活有关。     

雌激素受体在垂体催乳素腺瘤中的研究进展

1936年，Cramer和Horning等首次报告，长期服用雌激素可诱发鼠垂体前叶肿瘤的形成。后来的研究证实，雌激素诱发的垂体腺瘤动物模型在许多方面与人类相似。雌激素主要通过其受体介导而发挥作用，因此有关雌激素受体(estrogen receptor，ER)与垂体催乳素(prolactin．PRL)腺瘤之间的关系日益受到关注，现将此方面的研究进展综述如下。     

垂体腺瘤中雌激素受体基因的表达

目的　研究人垂体腺瘤中雌激素受体基因 (estrogenreceptorgene ,ER)mRNA与蛋白水平的表达及其与垂体腺瘤生物学特性的关系。方法　用免疫组化法和逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR法 ) ,检测 6 0例各种类型垂体腺瘤标本中ER蛋白的表达 ,比较不同类型垂体腺瘤ER蛋白表达的差异及ER蛋白表达与mRNA表达的差异。结果　泌乳素腺瘤、促性腺激素细胞瘤中均有ER蛋白表达 ,其表达与mRNA表达一致 ;无功能腺瘤中 2例有ER蛋白表达 ,其蛋白表达与mRNA表达不一致 ;其它类型垂体腺瘤未发现ER基因表达。结论　ER基因表达的检测可有助于评价PRL腺瘤的增殖活性及筛选抗雌激素治疗对象。ER基因的表达异常可能与PRL腺瘤及促性腺激素细胞瘤的发生、发展有关     

4-羟基他莫昔芬对泌乳素腺瘤GH3细胞PTTG表达的影响

目的 探讨雌激素受体拮抗剂4-羟基他莫昔芬(OHTam)对泌乳素腺瘤GH3细胞中垂体瘤转化基因(PTTG)表达的影响. 方法采用逆转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和Westernblot法,测定GH3细胞中PTTG mRNA和PTTG蛋白表达.在去激素培养条件下观察不同浓度的4-羟基他莫昔芬(OHTam)和雌二醇(E2)对细胞生长速度、PTTG mRNA和PTTG蛋白表达水平的影响.结果 GH3细胞在去激素环境下细胞生长明显减慢,低浓度E2(1×10<'-8>mol/L)可促进其生长,OHTam(1×10<'-6>mol/L)可抑制E2(1×10<'-8>mol/L)的生长刺激作用;GH3细胞中存在PTTGmRNA和PTTG蛋白的表达,且OHTam(1×10<'-6>mol/L)可抑制它们的表达水平.结论泌乳素腺瘤GH3细胞的生长具有雌激素依赖性,应用雌激素受体拮抗剂OHTam能抑制GH3细胞生长和PTTG原癌基因的表达水平.     

雌激素对海人藻酸致大鼠皮层和海马雌激素β受体表达的影响

目的观察添加雌激素后海人藻酸(Kainicacid,KA)致癎大鼠皮层和海马的雌激素β受体(ER-β)的变化。方法用荧光免疫组化法。结果ER-β免疫阳性细胞广泛分布于大鼠的皮层、海马、下丘脑以及杏仁核区域,主要位于细胞核。单纯添力加雌激素(17-βestradiol,E2)组、海人藻酸致癎(KA)组、添加雌激素后海人藻酸致癎(E2加KA)组海马的ER—β免疫阳性细胞数较对照组(OIL组)明显减少(P<0．05),以DG(齿状回DentateGyrus)区的变化最明显；皮层(Conex)的ER—β免疫阳性细胞表达变化不显著。E2+KA组的ER—β免疫阳性细胞与KA组相比减少,(P<0．05)。结论大剂量雌激素下调ER—β免疫阳性细胞的表达,且此作用有区域性。添加雌激素后致癎,ER—β免疫阳性细胞下调更显著,雌激素可能是通过下调DG区ER—β的表达加重癫癎的发作。     

垂体催乳素腺瘤的雌激素调节机制

众所周知,垂体催乳素(PRL)腺瘤的发生与雌激素水平有关,雌激素能加快PRL细胞的有丝分裂过程,与体内多种细胞生长因子协同作用影响细胞转化过程,造成细胞异常增殖形成肿瘤。因此,阐明雌激素对垂体PRL细胞转化过程的影响,对探讨垂体PRL腺瘤的发病机制有重要意义。     

Customer, Client, Consumer, Recipient, or Patient

Since the arrival of managed care, there has been a trend toward changing the basic terminology used to address clinicians and patients. Instead of the term patient, third party payors frequently use terms such as customer, client, consumer or recipient. One study demonstrated that patients prefer to be called patients. To investigate the preferred term to refer to patients and to be referred to by patients, we mailed a questionnaire to 100 physicians in four medical specialties each and to 100 psychologists. The overall response rate was 61%. Physicians overwhelmingly preferred to refer to patients by the patient's last name, their second preference was the patient's first name. Psychologists preferred to refer to the patients by first name, their second preference was the patient's last name. No group favored using terms such as client, customer, consumer, or recipient. Most physicians and psychologists preferred being referred to as doctors and nobody favored the term provider.     

Fasciitis, perimyositis, myositis, polymyositis, and eosinophilia

Several groups of cases of fasciitis and myositis with eosinophilia are reported. The common features are inflammation into fascia and/or perimysium, and/or muscle fibers; eosinophilia in blood and/or in muscle biopsy. The following classification of 24 cases is suggested: at one end of the spectrum are fasciitis with eosinophilia: diffuse fasciitis (Shulman syndrome): 10 cases (3 with hematological complications); 2 cases of diffuse fasciitis with muscle atrophy; 3 cases of restricted fasciitis. Relapsing perimyositis with eosinophilia belong to the same spectrum, either diffuse (5 cases) with myalgias, or localized (2 cases). Other cases are focal myositis or multiple myositis, polymyositis with eosinophilia. The relationship among these cases is discussed. There is a continuum among the different groups. The pathophysiology remains unknown.     

高海拔地区缺血性卒中患者单核 细胞/HDL-C比值与脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的相关性

目的 研究高海拔地区缺血性卒中患者单核细胞/HDL-C比值（monocyte/HDL-C ratio,MHR）与颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄（intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,ICSA）程度的相关性。 方法 回顾性连续纳入2017年6月-2021年6月在青海省人民医院住院治疗的高海拔地区（海拔2260～4080?m）的急性缺血性卒中患者,依据DSA上脑血管狭窄程度（以狭窄最严重的动脉为准）分为无狭窄组、轻度狭窄（狭窄率≤50%）组、中度狭窄（狭窄率50%～70%）组、重度狭窄（狭窄率≥70%）组及闭塞（100%）组。比较5组患者的临床资料、实验室检查指标和MHR,并采用logistic回归模型计算不同程度血管狭窄的独立危险因素。 结果 共纳入349例患者,其中无狭窄组69例、轻度狭窄组78例、中度狭窄组41例、重度狭窄组84例、闭塞组77例。5组中年龄、性别分布、吸烟、饮酒、高血压、糖尿病比例方面差异均有统计学意义,实验室检查中白细胞、单核细胞、中性粒细胞、血小板计数以及血红蛋白、HDL-C水平和MHR差异也有统计学意义。多因素logistic回归分析显示,相对于无动脉狭窄,高龄为脑血管轻度狭窄（OR?1.061,95%CI?1.027～1.097,P＜0.001）,中度狭窄（OR?1.057,95%CI?1.017～1.099,P＝0.005）,重度狭窄（OR?1.096,95%CI?1.057～1.137,P＜0.001）,闭塞（OR?1.036,95%CI?1.001～1.072,P＝0.046）的独立危险因素;相对于无动脉狭窄,高MHR为轻度狭窄（OR?1.041,95%CI?1.009～1.074,P＝0.011）,中度狭窄（OR?1.082,95%CI?1.045～1.119,P＜0.001）,重度狭窄（OR?1.096,95%CI?1.062～1.131,P＜0.001）,闭塞（OR?1.101,95%CI?1.067～1.136,P＜0.001）的独立危险因素;相对于无动脉狭窄,单核细胞计数升高是中度狭窄（OR?1.684,95%CI?1.569～2.725,P=0.027）、重度狭窄（OR?3.529,95%CI?1.541～5.766,P=0.002 ）和闭塞（OR?5.446,95%CI?4.453～6.917,P=0.002）的独立危险因素。 结论 高龄、高MHR和单核细胞计数升高在高海拔地区对急性缺血性卒中患者的脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄程度具有一定预测价值。     

Pregabalin effect on steady-state pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, topiramate, valproate, and tiagabine

By reducing neuronal excitability through selective binding to the α(2)δ subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels, pregabalin effectively treats epilepsy, chronic pain, and anxiety disorders. To evaluate if pregabalin coadministration affects pharmacokinetics of other antiepileptic drugs, population pharmacokinetic analyses using NONMEM software were performed on data from three epilepsy trials involving seven antiepileptic drugs with pregabalin as add-on therapy. Results demonstrated that pregabalin did not alter the steady-state plasma concentrations of carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, tiagabine, topiramate, and valproate. Furthermore, the small percent change in the population estimate of antiepileptic drug plasma clearance values (-2% to +7%) suggests that pregabalin coadministration exerted no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of these antiepileptic drugs, with the possible exception of tiagabine (+34.9%). These findings are in agreement with those of previously published reports. A further clarification study is necessary for tiagabine. In conclusion, it appears that pregabalin can be coadministered with other antiepileptic drugs without concern for significantly altering their pharmacokinetic profiles.     

Clobazam, Oxcarbazepine, Tiagabine, Topiramate, and Other New Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Clinical investigators recently have studied at least 21 new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in people with epilepsy. This review briefly examines 15 of these new AEDs: clobazam (CLB), dezinamide, flunarizine (FNR), loreclezole, milacemide (MLM), MK-801, nafimidone, ORG-6370, oxcarbazepine (OCBZ), progabide (PGB), ralitoline, stiripentol, tiagabine (TGB), topiramate (TPM), and zonisamide (ZNS). CLB, PGB, and TGB represent agents that act on the GABA system, and MLM acts on the glycine system. MK-801 and ZNS (in part) are excitatory amino acid antagonists, and FNR is a calcium-channel antagonist. OCBZ is a keto analogue of carbam-azepine, which is not metabolized to the epoxide and may have fewer side effects. The remaining agents are novel compounds with a variety of suspected mechanisms. TPM appears especially effective for intractable partial seizures but has a high incidence of cognitive side effects. None of these new AEDs is useful for all patients with inadequate seizure control or ongoing toxicity. The role of each will require further clinical study and experience.     

Consecutive Gas Chromatographic Determination of Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Primidone, Phenylethylmalondiamide, Carbamazepine, Trimethadione, Dimethadione, Ethosuximide, and Valproate from the Same Serum Specimen

A quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the consecutive determination of phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, phenylethylmalondiamide, carbamazepine, trimethadione, dimethadione, ethosuximide and valproate from a single serum specimen of 1.2 ml. After extraction from serum by two different procedures, the anticonvulsants are chromatographed without further purification on a 3% OV 17 column either with or without derivative formation by means of "on-column" methylation. Multiple internal standards are employed in order to enhance the reproducibility of drug-concentration measurement.