低成本增强现实技术在高血压脑出血神经内镜治疗中的应用

目的探讨应用低成本增强现实技术在高血压脑出血神经内镜微创治疗中的可行性和可靠性。方法采集17例高血压脑出血拟行神经内镜微创手术治疗患者头颅CT数据,运用3D-slicer免费软件进行虚拟现实重建并设置标记物后,将重建图片导入智能手机,应用相机功能程序进行头皮与重建图片准确融合,精确描画脑内血肿体表投影,实现增强现实技术,个体化选择手术入路,进而在神经内镜辅助下行脑内血肿清除手术。结果运用低成本增强现实技术17例高血压脑出血患者均可成功完成脑内深部血肿穿刺,并经神经内镜观察证实到达目标部位。结论低成本增强现实技术可以为高血压脑出血的神经内镜微创手术治疗提供准确可靠的定位指导。     

高血压脑出血神经内镜微创手术与开颅血肿清除术的临床比较分析

目的比较高血压脑出血神经内镜微创手术与开颅血肿清除术的临床特点与疗效。方法收集77例高血压脑出血手术患者的手术时间、手术失血量和GCS评分等临床资料,根据其治疗方案分为神经内镜微创手术组与开颅血肿清除术组,以第3个月GOS评分作为预后指标。采用SPSS10.0,比较两种手术方式手术时间、手术失血量、血肿清除率及其GOS预后评分的差别,观察、分析手术疗效。结果神经内镜微创手术组与开颅血肿清除术组两组病例术前临床资料无明显差异(P值均0.05)。在手术时间上,神经内镜组平均手术时间(1.6±0.5)h,开颅血肿清除术组平均手术时间(4.6±1.8)h(P0.01);在手术失血量上,神经内镜微创组平均手术失血量33.2±6.2mL,开颅血肿清除术组平均手术失血量(406.4±305.6)mL(P0.01);在血肿清除率上,神经内镜组脑内血肿平均清除率为88.6%±6.2%,开颅组平均血肿清除率为69.4%±27.9%(P0.05);在GOS预后方面,在26例术后随访满3月神经内镜组患者中恢复良好6例,轻度残疾10例,重度残疾5例,植物状态4例,死亡1例(家属放弃治疗后院内死亡)。开颅组49例患者中,恢复良好7例,轻度残疾8例,重度残疾13例,植物状态12例,死亡6例。3例因经济原因在术后放弃治疗脱失。神经内镜微创组患者预后优于开颅组患者预后(P0.05)。结论神经内镜高血压脑出血手术是一种更具有微创、高效、快速、出血少等特点的高血压脑出血手术方法。     

神经外科三维可视化工作站的研制及临床初步应用

目的 探索一款适用于神经外科的直观且精确可靠的三维可视化定位系统及影像学信息存储、管理工具. 方法 通过自行研制的神经外科影像与手术工作平台系统(简称神经外科工作站,又称神经外科三维可视化工作站)对7例重型颅脑外伤硬膜外血肿、凹陷性骨折,8例垂体瘤,5例脑胶质瘤,3例脑膜瘤患者的影像学资料进行三维重建,根据外科手术要求在工作站上进行手术计划,辅助行手术治疗. 结果 神经外科三维可视化工作站可以直观显示颅内各种病变与各解剖结构、体表标志的三维空间量化关系,迅速辅助定位并设计最佳个体化手术入路,提高手术精确性与手术效率.同时,神经外科三维可视化工作站可便捷管理患者影像学资料及手术录像等各种信息,提高科研与临床工作效率. 结论 神经外科三维可视化工作站是一种直观快捷、功能强大的神经外科手术辅助工具及影像学信息管理工具.     

神经内镜辅助小骨瓣治疗基底节区高血压脑出血26例临床分析

目的探讨神经内镜辅助小骨瓣开颅治疗高血压脑出血的临床应用价值。方法选取26例基底节区患者,采用直切口、小骨瓣开颅,神经内镜辅助清除脑内血肿。结果血肿完全清除15例(57.7%),次全清除(血肿残余10ml)9例(34.6%),部分清除者(血肿残余10~20ml)2例(7.7%),无术后再出血。随访6个月,依据GOS评分,恢复良好5例(19.2%),轻度残疾10例(38.5%),重度残疾9例(34.6%),植物生存2例(7.7%)。结论神经内镜辅助小骨瓣开颅清除脑内血肿具有暴露满意、血肿清除及止血充分、手术副创伤小等优点,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

3D-slicer软件在高血压脑出血神经内镜微创手术治疗的应用价值

目的探讨3D-slicer软件在高血压性脑出血神经内镜微创手术术前计划的应用价值。方法回顾性分析30例高血压性脑出血行神经内镜微创手术的临床资料,术前用3D-slicer软件对头颅CT原始数据资料进行三维重建,准确测量脑内血肿的各项参数,个体化选择手术入路,在神经内镜辅助下行血肿清除术,研究虚拟现实技术的可靠性和精确性。结果根据术前3D-slicer软件重建结果,均成功穿刺血肿达目标位置,并在神经内镜辅助下顺利完成手术操作。本组手术时间21~75 min,平均37 min;术中失血40~100 ml,平均70 ml;术后CT复查提示血肿残留平均约2.71 ml,血肿清除率达93.8%,未发现颅内再出血及与手术相关并发症。结论 3D-slicer软件可为高血压性脑出血神经内镜微创手术提供客观、精确定位,提高手术成功率。     

神经内镜高血压脑出血微创手术的三维重建手术定位

目的 探索神经内镜高血压脑出血(HICH)微创手术术前精确可靠的手术定位方法.方法南方医科大学珠江医院神经外科自2008年6月至2010年8月通过CT扫描及图像三维重建的方法定位脑内血肿、选择最佳内镜微创手术入路行神经内镜微创术治疗HICH患者18例,分析患者的临床资料和疗效.结果 根据CT三维重建结果,术者可以准确设计最佳内镜微创手术入路并实现颅骨钻孔部位的精确定位,减少手术前准备、麻醉及操作时间.本组患者平均手术时间仅1.5 h左右,手术失血量仅30～40mL,血肿清除率约为89.2%,且血肿清除后脑组织松弛,无需行去骨瓣减压.结论 HICH患者采用CT扫描、三维重建进行术前手术定位是一种快速、简便、可靠的神经内镜微创脑出血手术定位方法.

Abstract：

Objective To develop a simple, fast and accurate preoperative planning method for endoscopic surgery of patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH).Methods Eighteen patients with HICH, admitted to our hospital from June 2008 to August 2010, were performed endoscopic minimally invasive surgery; CT three-dimensional reconstruction was employed to locate the intracerebral hematoma and select the appropriate endoscopic approach before the endoscopic surgery.The clinical data and treatmem efficacy were analyzed.Results According to the results of CT three-dimensional reconstruction, our neurosurgeons could design the best endoscopic approach; the three-dimensional relationship between intracerebral hematoma and scalp markers was shown directly and accurate positioning of the location of drilling was achieved; therefore, the time for preoperative preparation, anesthesia and operation was shortened. The mean operating time of these 18 patients was about 1.5 h; the volume of blood loss was only 30-40 mL; and the evacuation ratio was about 89.2%.After the elimination of hematoma, the brain tissues were flabby, so decompressive craniectomy was not needed. Conclusion CT three-dimensional reconstruction is a simple, fast and accurate preoperative planning method for endoscopic surgery of patients with HICH.     

3D-Slicer联合Sina软件在高血压脑出血神经内镜手术的应用

目的探讨3D-Slicer联合Sina软件在高血压脑出血神经内镜手术术前定位的应用价值。方法回顾性分析18例应用3D-Slicer联合Sina软件辅助神经内镜手术治疗的高血压脑出血病例资料,运用3D-Slicer软件对颅内血肿和头颅轮廓进行虚拟重建,运用手机Sina软件准确勾画出颅内血肿体表投影,设计合适穿刺路径,进而在神经内镜辅助下行颅内血肿清除术,并评估术后疗效。结果 18例病人均实现血肿体表定位,工作鞘均能穿刺至预设的血肿位置,经神经内镜观察证实,并完成颅内血肿清除。术后第1天血肿清除率90%13例,80%～90%3例,70%～80%2例,平均血肿清除率为90.3%。无术后再出血、颅内感染,发生肺部感染2例。根据术后3个月随访GOS评价预后:恢复良好5例,轻度残疾11例,重度残疾2例。结论3D-Slicer联合Sina软件可为高血压脑出血神经内镜手术治疗提供快速、简便、准确、可靠的术前定位。     

经小脑延髓裂入路显微手术治疗小脑出血破入脑室

目的探讨经小脑延髓裂入路显微手术小脑出血破入脑室的方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析85例经小脑延髓裂入路显微手术治疗的小脑出血破入脑室患者的临床资料,采用格拉斯哥预后评分(Glasgow Outcome Scale,GOS)对术后患者进行评估。结果 85例患者术后复查头颅CT,70例血肿清除90%,15例血肿清除70%~90%,平均住院20 d,出院后随访3个月,GOS评分:恢复良好60例(70.6%),中度残疾10例(11.7%),重度残疾5例(5.9%),植物生存3例(3.5%),死亡7例(8%)。存活者28例存在恶心呕吐,10例眩晕,15例共济失调。结论经小脑延髓裂入路显微手术清除血肿是治疗小脑出血破入脑室的有效治疗方法。     

简易可视定位技术辅助神经内镜微创清除幕上高血压脑出血的疗效分析

目的 探讨简易可视定位技术辅助神经内镜微创清除幕上高血压脑出血的可行性及临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析61例幕上高血压脑出血手术治疗患者的临床资料.依据患者手术方式分为内镜组(37例)与显微手术组(24例).术前将内镜组患者的DICOM格式CT数据用3D-Slicer软件行颅脑及血肿的三维重建,获取血肿体积、定位等参数,辅...     

侧裂分离技巧在基底节脑出血锁孔入路中的临床应用

目的 探讨锁孔下分离远端侧裂(SF)的手术技巧及其临床应用.方法 回顾分析行锁孔入路血肿清除术的29例高血压性脑出血患者的临床资料.分析术中使用侧裂分离方法、静脉保护及手术效果.结果 本组患者术后24h内复查CT示,21例患者(72.4％)血肿近全清除(90％),8例患者(27.6％)血肿大部分清除(70％ ～ 90％...     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.