开颅减压手术治疗出血性颅内静脉窦血栓并发脑疝的疗效分析

目的探讨开颅减压手术治疗出血性颅内静脉窦血栓并发脑疝的疗效。方法回顾性分析2019年10月至2022年8月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科学中心(5例)和拉萨市人民医院神经外科(2例)行开颅减压手术治疗的7例出血性颅内静脉窦血栓并发脑疝患者的临床资料。术前患者格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)中位数为6分(3～11分)。所有患者术前影像学检查均显示颅内静脉窦血栓出血伴脑疝征象, 且患者意识障碍进行性加重。患者均行去骨瓣减压手术, 5例患者同时行血肿清除术。以术后1周GCS及术后3～6个月改良Rankin量表评分(mRS)评价疗效及预后。结果 7例患者手术均顺利完成。术后1周GCS为3～15分。2例于术后1 d死亡, 1例于术后31 d死亡。4例生存患者的随访时间为3～36个月。术后患者口服抗凝药物治疗3～12个月。3～6个月复查头颅CT静脉血管成像或磁共振静脉成像未见颅内新发静脉窦血栓形成及出血。至末次随访, 预后较好(mRS 1～2分)2例, 预后较差(mRS 3分)2例。结论对于出血性颅内静脉窦血栓并发脑疝的患者, 开颅减压手术可在一定程度上改善患者预后, 但该病总体预后较差。     

上矢状窦远端置管持续尿激酶泵入接触性溶栓治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成(9例报道)

目的 探讨上矢状窦远端置管持续尿激酶泵入接触性溶栓治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成的疗效和安全性. 方法 聊城市人民医院神经内科自2008年1月至2011年1月对9例难治性颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者进行了上矢状窦远端置管持续尿激酶泵入接触性溶栓治疗,辅以机械性血栓切割,以血栓全部或大部分溶解、闭塞的脑静脉窦主干再通为停止溶栓指征.术后积极治疗原发病及抗血小板聚集治疗6个月.出院后随访9～30个月,内容包括腰穿、眼底检查和MRV或DSA检查. 结果 出院时9例患者的闭塞静脉窦均再通,动静脉循环时间正常,皮层静脉和深静脉恢复正常,临床症状改善,颅内压恢复,眼底水肿明显减轻或消失,GCS评分由术前平均10分恢复到15分,未出现与血管内治疗相关的并发症;平均随访20个月后无一例患者血栓再形成,未出现新的神经功能缺失症状. 结论 上矢状窦远端置管持续尿激酶泵入接触性溶栓治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成是一种安全、有效的治疗手段.     

颅内静脉窦狭窄及血栓形成的血管内治疗

目的:探讨经血管内途径治疗颅内静脉窦狭窄及血栓形成的疗效和安全性。方法:对9例(8例颅内静脉窦血栓形成,1例静脉窦狭窄)患者进行了包括经静脉接触性溶栓、机械性破栓、经颈动脉溶栓多途径联合血管内治疗及支架置入术。病人均有颅内静脉窦血栓形成的危险因素。术后积极治疗原发病,抗凝治疗6个月。术后随访1～6个月,平均4个月。结果:1例患者施行静脉窦狭窄支架置入术;8例患者接受了经静脉途径溶栓治疗,其中5例患者同时接受机械性血栓开通吸栓治疗,所有8例患者同时接受经颈动脉途径团注肝素治疗,尿激酶使用总量800000～2900000U,每例患者平均每天剂量低于1000000U。出院时,所有患者的狭窄或闭塞静脉窦均获得再通,临床症状改善,颅内压恢复。结论:血管内治疗是颅内静脉窦狭窄及血栓的安全、有效治疗手段。     

重症颅内静脉窦血栓形成的血管内治疗

目的探讨重症颅内静脉窦血栓形成血管内治疗方法的选择、溶栓药物的使用及其疗效和安全性。方法8例重症颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者均采用经静脉接触性溶栓治疗,其中2例联合机械性破栓术治疗,2例联合静脉窦内支架置入术治疗,2例动静脉联合溶栓治疗。结果除1例患者出现脑内血肿,留有一侧肢体轻瘫外,其余7例患者术中、术后均未出现与血管内治疗相关的并发症。出院时,患者格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)评分由术前平均11分恢复到15分,原有的临床症状均得到改善(100%),闭塞的静脉窦均再通。平均随访12个月,所有患者腰穿压力均恢复正常,未出现血栓再形成和新的神经系统症状。结论对重症颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者采用合理的血管内介入治疗手段是有效的,对溶栓药物的使用、提高治疗安全性等问题上有待进一步研究。     

球囊扩张成型与取栓治疗颅内静脉窦血栓疗效分析

目的探讨球囊扩张成型与取栓治疗颅内静脉窦血栓的疗效和安全性。方法 24例经DSA检查证实颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者,采用颅内静脉窦内球囊扩张成型及取栓手术,使静脉窦即时再通,术后抗凝治疗6个月。结果 24例上矢状窦及横窦血栓患者,微导管与微导丝配合,逆行进至上矢状窦中前1/3处,直径5mm球囊沿微导丝进至该处。充盈球囊,透视监视下回拉球囊,使闭塞的静脉窦再通。临床症状均得到改善。术后随访12-48个月,平均随访30.3个月,随访期间,未见血栓再发者。结论颅内静脉窦球囊扩张成型与取栓治疗是颅内静脉窦血栓安全、有效的治疗手段。     

联合治疗方案与全身抗凝治疗脑静脉窦血栓形成

目的 比较脑静脉窦血栓形成的联合治疗方案与全身抗凝在临床应用中的有效性和安全性.方法 网顾性连续收集脑静脉窦血栓形成116例患者资料,根据治疗方式不同分为联合治疗组30例和全身抗凝组86例.其中联合治疗组在全身抗凝的基础上,接受改良溶栓方案介入治疗,即脑动脉及静脉窦造影明确诊断后行机械性破栓及吸栓术,于静脉窦内留置微导管行尿激酶微量泵点接触性溶栓.采用NIHSS评分对两组患者治疗前后神经功能缺损评分,应用改良Rankin量表(mRS)评价出院时情况.结果 联合治疗组30例,男9例;全身抗凝组86例,男23例.治疗前神经功能缺损:联合治疗组0～19分,全身抗凝组0～17分,差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.474,P=0.636);治疗后联合治疗组神经功能缺损程度减轻,出院时mRS评分较低,两组颅内出血发生率差异无统计学意义.结论 联合治疗较全身抗凝有利于神经功能恢复.两种治疗方法颅内出血发生率无明显差异.     

重症颅内静脉窦血栓形成病人的治疗体会

目的 总结重症颅内静脉窦血栓形成（CVST）病人的治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析2015年11月至2020年11月收治的8例重症CVST病人的临床资料。结果 1例保守治疗好转；1例保守治疗无改善，行去骨瓣减压术，但术中急性脑膨出合并严重静脉性出血，术后脑干功能迅速衰竭而死亡；6例抗凝治疗未见明显缓解，行介入治疗，术后1例病情仍无改善、GCS评分3分、家属放弃治疗而要求出院，5例症状明显改善，闭塞静脉窦再通，出院时GCS评分15分。术后随访1年，存活6例无血栓再形成及新发神经系统症状。结论 重症CVST病人常存在严重静脉窦堵塞或多个静脉窦血栓及脑实质损害，若应用抗凝治疗效果不理想，应及时实施血管介入取栓、接触性溶栓治疗，以更好地改善病人预后。     

rt-PA静脉窦注射结合血管内技术治疗重症颅内静脉窦血栓

目的 探讨重组组织血浆纤维蛋白溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉窦注射结合机械性血栓清除治疗重症颅内静脉窦血栓的效果.方法 11例重症颅内静脉窦血栓患者,共进行血管内介入治疗15次;其中机械性血栓清除结合rt-PA静脉窦局部注射14例次,单纯机械性血栓清除1次;应用AnsioJet导管清除血栓9次,球囊血栓清除5次,微导丝1次.进行2次血管内治疗者4例,进行1次血管内治疗7例.每次血管内治疗rt-PA用量0～15 mg,平均(9.4±4.5)mg.无介入治疗并发症发生.手术均在气管插管全麻下进行,患者介入治疗前、治疗中及治疗后均进行全身肝素化治疗.结果 本组11例患者接受血管内治疗时已发生意识障碍8例,其中6例已行气管捕管,2例已发生脑疝;GCS3～12分,平均(8.3±2.7)分.恢复优良8例,死亡3例.存活病例MRI/MRV随访10-32个月(平均21个月),静脉窦通畅6例,部分通畅2例.无静脉窦血栓复发病例.结论 重症颅内静脉血柃可危及病人的生命,常规治疗疗效差.溶栓药物局部应用结合机械性血栓清除可以快速使受累的静脉窦恢复通畅,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法.     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成临床特征及血管内机械取栓+溶栓联合抗凝治疗

目的分析颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的临床特征,探讨应用血管内机械取栓+溶栓联合抗凝的治疗效果。方法选取茂名市人民医院收治的42例CVST患者为研究对象,分析观察其临床特征及实验室检查结果,其中22例患者接受血管内机械取栓+溶栓联合抗凝治疗(联合治疗组),另20例患者仅行持续抗凝治疗(对照组),比较2组治疗效果。结果治疗组抗凝治疗3个月后mRS评分0~1分比率显著高于对照组,治疗后1例评分为3分的患者出现瘫痪但达到出院条件。对照组治疗3个月后血栓再通率40.00%,治疗组为86.36%,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论CVST患者多存在脑实质损害,临床表现以头痛、瘫痪位置,采取血管内取栓+溶栓联合抗凝治疗的治疗方式可取得良好效果。     

机械性碎栓联合静脉窦接触性溶栓治疗颅内静脉窦血栓

目的探讨机械性碎栓联合静脉窦接触性溶栓治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成的疗效和安全性。方法 12例颅内静脉窦血栓形成病人,先经微导管缓慢注入尿激酶10~20万U,再利用微导丝进行机械性碎栓,随后经微导管缓慢注入尿激酶药物溶栓,保留微导管于静脉窦内继续溶栓3~5 d。结果静脉窦部分再通11例,完全再通1例。出院时痊愈9例,遗留轻度神经功能障碍2例,死亡1例,无手术相关的并发症。随访11例,时间6~18个月,痊愈10例。结论采用机械性碎栓联合静脉窦接触性溶栓治疗能迅速恢复静脉窦顺向血流,是安全有效的介入治疗方法,但溶栓药物的选择、用量、介入治疗的长期疗效等问题仍有待进一步研究。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.