DHS结合空心螺钉植骨内固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的探讨DHS结合空心钉有限切开植骨内固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的临床疗效及意义。方法回顾性分析我院2007年7月~2010年9月收治的29例青壮年股骨颈骨折患者的临床资料,均采用DHS结合空心钉行有限切开植骨内固定。结果本组29例患者均获随访,平均时间32.5(24~65)个月。无螺钉松动、退钉或断裂发生,1例发生延迟愈合,2例发生股骨头缺血性坏死,其余26例患者骨折均愈合,无肢体短缩、髋内翻畸形等其他并发症,骨折愈合时间平均4.5(3~17)个月。按Harris髋关节功能评分标准评定疗效,优22例(75.9%),良5例(17.2%),差2例(6.9%),优良率为93.1%。结论牵引床闭合复位DHS结合空心钉有限切开植骨内固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折,疗效肯定,解剖复位、坚强固定是获得满意疗效的关键,且可减少并发症的发生。     

Osteocyte Lacunar Occupancy in the Femoral Neck Cortex: An Association with Cortical Remodeling in Hip Fracture Cases and Controls.

In adult humans, osteocytes die and disappear from their lacunae in the cortex of bones which remodel slowly, such as the proximal femur, and osteocyte death is particularly prevalent in the elderly. We have investigated the statistical determinants of osteocyte density in microscopic fields (0.71 mm2) within thin, complete femoral neck cross-sections cut from biopsies embedded in methyl methacrylate and stained with solochrome cyanine R. Lacunae were counted under phase contrast and osteocytes within lacunae were counted in the same fields under epifluorescence. The percentage of lacunae containing an osteocyte varied between 12.4% and 99.2%, according to subject and quadrantic region of the cortex examined. The microscopic determinants of field-specific osteocyte density included the porosity measured in the field itself and the regional measurement of the proportion of cortical canals bearing osteoid. There was significant variation between subjects and, within subjects, between cortical regions. Also the inferior region showed a significantly higher density of lacunae than the superior region (+8.2%; P = 0.013). However, cases of fracture were not significantly different from controls with respect to osteocyte lacunar occupancy after adjusting for osteoid-bearing canals and porosity. It is concluded that in subjects in their 7th-9th decades of age, osteocyte lacunar occupancy is statistically associated with bone turnover, implying that high turnover (locally young bone age) might favor lacunar occupancy (ln% osteoid; P = 0.021). Alternative explanations of the association are that porosity reflects a better nutritional supply via the vasculature or that porosity of the cortex is associated with osteocyte density through an effect of osteocytes on bone remodeling.     

带血供骨瓣移位治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的:探讨青壮年股骨颈骨折的治疗方法,以减少骨折不愈合和股骨头坏死等并发症。方法:应用带血供骨瓣转移加压螺纹钉内固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折36例,其中带肌蒂骨瓣22例,带血管蒂骨瓣14例。结果:28例得到2～8年随访,按照中华医学会骨坏死学推荐的疗效评价标准。优21例,良5例,差2例,优良率为92.86％、结论:带血供 骨瓣移位治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折可促进骨折愈合、降低股骨头坏死妁发生率     

全髋关节置换术联合阿仑磷酸钠片对老年股骨颈骨折的关节功能及骨密度的影响

目的:探讨全髋关节置换术联合阿仑磷酸钠片对老年股骨颈骨折的关节功能及骨密度水平的影响。方法:选取股骨颈骨折行全髋关节置换术老年患者100例,随机分成观察组和对照组各50例。对照组全髋关节置换术后7 d给予钙尔奇D片(1片/次,1次/d)、骨化三醇胶丸(25μg/次,2次/d)口服,行常规抗骨质疏松治疗;观察组在对照组治疗基础上口服阿仑磷酸钠片(10 mg/次,1次/d)联合治疗,连续治疗3个月。观察两组术后7 d、术后3个月和术后6个月时间点的髋关节功能优良率和假体周围7个兴趣区(ROI 1～7)的骨密度水平。结果:术后7 d,观察组髋关节优良率为18.00%(9/50),对照组为16.00%(8/50),二组比较无差异;术后3个月及6个月,观察组髋关节优良率分别为74.00%(37/50)、90.00%(45/50),对照组分别为42.00(21/50)、72.00%(36/50),观察组明显优于对照组(P0.05)。术后7 d,两组假体周围7个兴趣区的骨密度水平比较无差异;术后3个月,两组假体周围骨密度较术后7 d时均有不同程度下降,观察组ROI 1和ROI 7区骨密度下降水平明显低于对照组(P0.05);术后6个月,观察组除ROI 4区外,其他各兴趣区骨密度水平均明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:全髋关节置换术联合阿仑磷酸钠片治疗股骨颈骨折,能明显提高患者术后关节功能和假体周围骨密度水平,临床应用效果明显。     

股骨颈骨折90例分析

本院从1988年1月至1991年12月收治股骨颈骨折90例,分别采用保守疗法及几种不同的手术方法治疗,本组随访69例,平均随访时间41.9月.随访结果:优:28例,占40.6%;良:18例,占26.1%;差:23例,占33.3%.作者认为60岁以上的头下型骨折采用人工髋关节置换术为好,60岁以下者采用多枚螺纹钉内固定加股方肌肌蒂骨瓣移植术;对经颈型骨折,推荐用多枚螺纹钉内固定术,但对移位明显的经颈型骨折,以多枚螺纹钉内固定加股方肌肌蒂骨瓣移植术为好;而基底型骨折采用保守疗法即可.     

Calcitonin Provides Complete Protection Against Cancellous Bone Loss in the Femoral Neck of Ovariectomized Rats

Calcitonin (CT) has been found to partially prevent cancellous bone loss in the proximal tibia of ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The current study was designed to determine whether CT has similar bone protective effects in the femoral neck, a skeletal site with a slower rate of bone loss after ovariectomy than the proximal tibia. Female Sprague Dawley rats were sham-operated or ovariectomized at 3 months of age. Groups of OVX rats were injected s.c. with vehicle or CT at a dose of 16 U/kg body weight on alternate days for 30, 60, or 90 days. Sham-operated control rats were treated with vehicle alone on alternate days. The proximal femur from each rat was processed undecalcified for quantitative bone histomorphometry. Cancellous bone volume in the femoral neck of vehicle-treated OVX rats was significantly less than that of vehicle-treated control rats at all time points. This cancellous osteopenia induced by ovariectomy was associated with increased indices of bone turnover such as osteoclast surface, osteoblast surface, and bone formation rate (tissue level, total surface referent). In contrast, cancellous bone volume in the femoral neck of CT-treated OVX rats was nearly identical of that of vehicle-treated control rats throughout the study. In addition, CT treatment of OVX rats decreased all indices of bone turnover to near the level of vehicle-treated control rats. The results indicate that CT treatment depresses bone turnover and provides complete protection against moderate cancellous osteopenia in the femoral neck of OVX rats. Since previous studies have shown that CT only partially protects against more pronounced cancellous bone loss in the proximal tibia of OVX rats, our findings suggest that CT has a greater bone protective effect at a skeletal site with a slower rate of cancellous bone loss (femoral neck) than at a skeletal site with a rapid rate of cancellous bone loss (proximal tibia). Received: 21 August 1996 / Accepted: 10 December 1996     

Reductions in degree of mineralization and enzymatic collagen cross-links and increases in glycation-induced pentosidine in the femoral neck cortex in cases of femoral neck fracture

Introduction Enzymatic and glycation-induced nonenzymatic cross-links play important roles in the expression of bone strength. The cross-link pattern is affected by tissue maturation and senescence. The aim of our study was to understand the distinctive posttranslational modifications of collagen in areas with different degrees of mineralization with and without hip fracture. Methods Sixteen female cases of intracapsular hip fracture (78±6 years) and 16 age- and gender-matched postmortem controls (76±6 years) were included in this study. A sample of each femoral neck cortex was fractionated into low (1.7 to 2.0 g/ml) and high (>2.0 g/ml) density portions. The contents of enzymatic cross-links (dihydroxylysinonorleucine, hydroxylysinonorleucine, lysinonorleucine, pyridinoline, and deoxypyridinoline) and nonenzymatic cross-links (pentosidine) and the extent of lysine (Lys) hydroxylation were determined in each fraction. Results In the controls, there was no significant difference in the contents of enzymatic cross-links between low- and high-mineralized bone fractions whereas pentosidine content was significantly higher in high-mineralized bone compared with low-mineralized bone (p=0.0014). When comparing enzymatic cross-link contents between controls and fracture cases, a trend toward lower (p=0.0961) cross-link content in low-mineralized bone and a significant reduction (p<0.0001) in high-mineralized bone were observed. Pentosidine content of low-mineralized bone was significantly higher in fracture cases than in controls (p<0.0001). The extent of Lys hydroxylation was significantly higher in fracture cases than in controls (p<0.001). The higher hydroxylation of Lys in collagen from fracture cases relative to controls was associated with significantly higher values of hydroxylysine-derived cross-link such that the enzymatic cross-link patterns correlated with the extent of Lys hydroxylation in the collagen molecules. Conclusions These results suggest that reductions in the degree of mineralization and enzymatic cross-links and excessive formation of pentosidine may play an important role in explaining poor bone quality in osteoporosis.     

小儿股骨近端骨折78例治疗及康复

目的 :探讨小儿股骨近端骨折治疗方法的选择、远期并发症的预防及早期功能康复问题。方法 :按Colonna分型 ,Ⅰ型 :骨折无移位者 ,行骨牵引治疗 ,牵引后 ,行髋人字石膏固定 ;骨折移位 >1/ 4者 ,先给予骨牵引治疗 ,然后行切开复位、Steinmann针固定术。Ⅱ型 :Pauwel角 <40°者 ,给予骨牵引治疗后 ,行髋人字石膏固定 ;Pauwel角 >40°者 ,先给予骨牵引治疗 ,然后行切开复位、Steinmann针固定术。Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型 :骨折无移位或移位较轻微者牵引治疗 ,牵引后 ,行髋人字石膏固定 ;骨折移位较重者 ,牵引治疗后行切开复位、Steinmann针固定术。对骨折后的患儿给与早期及全程的功能康复指导。结果 :本组 78例均获得愈合 ,其中有 5例发生缺血性坏死 (Ⅰ型 2例 ,Ⅱ型 3例 )。无一例发生髋内翻、骨不连接和骺板过早闭合。 78例患儿无一例发生肌肉萎缩和功能障碍。结论 :对于儿童股骨近端骨折 ,正确选择治疗方式、牵引治疗的常规应用以及在手术中选择Steinmann针作为内固定器材 ,早期及全程的功能康复指导 ,对减少其并发症的发生 ,肢体功能的全面康复 ,有着重要的作用。     

Femoral Neck Trabecular Bone: Loss With Aging and Role in Preventing Fracture

Hip fracture risk rises 100‐ to 1000‐fold over six decades of age, but only a minor part of this increase is explained by declining BMD. A potentially independent cause of fragility is cortical thinning predisposing to local crushing, in which bone tissue's material disintegrates at the microscopic level when compressed beyond its capacity to maintain integrity. Elastic instability or buckling of a much thinned cortex might alternatively occur under compression. In a buckle, the cortex moves approximately at right angles to the direction of load, thereby distorting its microstructure, eventually to the point of disintegration. By resisting buckling movement, trabecular buttressing would protect the femoral neck cortex against this type of failure but not against crushing. We quantified the effect of aging on trabecular BMD in the femoral neck and assessed its contribution to cortical elastic stability, which determines resistance to buckling. Using CT, we measured ex vivo the distribution of bone in the midfemoral necks of 35 female and 33 male proximal femurs from cases of sudden death in those 20–95 yr of age. We calculated the critical stress σ_cr, at which the cortex was predicted to buckle locally, from the geometric properties and density of the cortical zone most highly loaded in a sideways fall. Using long‐established engineering principles, we estimated the amount by which stability or buckling resistance was increased by the trabecular bone supporting the most stressed cortical sector in each femoral neck. We repeated these measurements and calculations in an age‐ and sex‐matched series of femoral necks donated by women who had suffered intracapsular hip fracture and controls, using histological measurements of cortical thickness to improve accuracy. With normal aging, trabecular BMD declined asymmetrically, fastest in the supero‐lateral one‐half (in antero‐posterior projection) of the trabecular compartment. When viewed axially with respect to the femoral neck, the most rapid loss of trabecular bone occurred in the posterior part of this region (supero‐posterior [S‐P]), amounting to a 42% reduction in women (34% in men) over five decades of adult age. Because local cortical bone thickness declined comparably, age had no significant effect on the relative contributions of cortical and trabecular bone to elastic stability, and trabecular bone was calculated to contribute 40% (in men) and 43% (in women) to the S‐P cortex of its overall elastic stability. Hip fracture cases had reduced elastic stability compared with age‐matched controls, with a median reduction of 49% or 37%, depending on whether thickness was measured histologically or by CT (pQCT; p < 0.002 for both). This effect was because of reduced cortical thickness and density. Trabecular BMD was similar in hip fracture cases and controls. The capacity of the femur to resist fracture in a sideways fall becomes compromised with normal aging because cortical thickness and trabecular BMD in the most compressed part of the femoral neck both decline substantially. This decline is relatively more rapid than that of femoral neck areal BMD. If elastic instability rather than cortical crushing initiates the fracture event, interventions that increase trabecular bone in the proximal femur have great potential to reduce fracture risk because the gradient defining the increase in elastic stability with increasing trabecular BMD is steep, and most hip fracture cases have sufficient trabecular bone for anabolic therapies to build on.     

股方肌蒂骨瓣移植及内固定术治疗陈旧性股骨颈骨折

作者报告股方肌蒂骨瓣移植及内固定术，治疗陈旧性股骨颈骨折１８例，获得３年以上随访者１５例，其骨折愈合率９３．３％，优良率７３．３％。股方肌蒂骨瓣是有肌蒂与血管蒂双重供血的肌蒂骨瓣，具有血循环丰富、操作方便，易于推广等优点。     

带蒂肌骨瓣治疗错位型青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的总结三种带蒂肌骨瓣治疗青壮年错位型股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析采用3种带蒂肌骨瓣治疗的42例错位型青壮年股骨颈骨折的临床资料，其中GardenⅢ型32例，Ⅳ型10例。结果本组后方入路行股方肌骨瓣移植14例，前方入路行缝匠肌骨瓣移植12例，骨外侧肌骨瓣移植16例。42例均获随访，平均3％年(8个月～9年)。骨折愈合时间平均6(3—11)个月。1例骨折延迟愈合，2例骨折不愈合，骨折愈合率为95．2％(40／42)。股骨头缺血坏死5例(11．9％)，其中2例为骨折不愈合者，3例于股骨颈骨折愈合1年后发生。结论带蒂肌骨瓣移植加多根松质骨加压螺钉内固定治疗青壮年GardenⅢ型、Ⅳ型股骨颈骨折，对提高青壮年错位型股骨颈骨折愈合率和降低股骨头缺血坏死率疗效肯定，手术经验提示前方入路带蒂肌骨瓣移植的效果似优于后方入路。     

Fracture of the Modular Femoral Neck Component in Total Hip Arthroplasty

The use of modularity, specifically dual modular femoral stems, in total hip arthroplasty has increased in popularity over the past 2 decades. While offering several distinct advantages intraoperatively, the long-term success of adding a second modular junction has yet to be established. One potential complication of increasing modularity is component fracture. We present a case of modular femoral neck prosthesis fracture necessitating revision surgery to treat this complication. Careful preoperative planning during revision of these failures is essential to avoid morbidity and unnecessary subsequent revision surgeries, as demonstrated in this case. The combined effects of crevice and fretting corrosion, large-diameter femoral head, long modular neck, metal-on-metal articulation, patient size, and activity level may have all played integral roles in creating an environment susceptible to this classic pattern of fatigue fracture.     

股骨头开瓣植骨治疗非创伤性股骨头坏死

目的报道成人非创伤性股骨头坏死的手术治疗。方法自1997年2月至1999年6月,采用经股骨头负重区开瓣死骨清除取髂骨植骨术治疗FicatⅡ～Ⅲ期非创伤性股骨头坏死10例,其中男8例,女2例;年龄30～47岁,平均39岁。Ficat分期Ⅱ～Ⅲ期,其中Ⅱa期3例,Ⅱb期5例,Ⅲ期2例。采用经股骨头负重区开瓣死骨清除,取髂骨植骨术。结果所有病人均获随访,平均随访10年,根据Harris临床评分,Ⅱa、Ⅱb期8例效果满意,优良率达85．5％。结论该手术对Ⅱa、Ⅱb期软骨面完好的病人效果优良。     

Femoral Bone Mineral Density, Neck-Shaft Angle and Mean Femoral Neck Width as Predictors of Hip Fracture in Men and Women

The effect of femoral bone mineral density (BMD) and several parameters of femoral neck geometry (hip axis length, neck–shaft angle and mean femoral neck width) on hip fracture risk in a Spanish population was assessed in a cross-sectional study. All parameters were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were 411 patients (116 men, 295 women; aged 60–90 years) with hip fractures in whom measurements were taken in the contralateral hip. Controls were 545 persons (235 men, 310 women; aged 60–90 years) who participated in a previous study on BMD in a healthy Spanish population. Femoral neck BMD was significantly lower, and neck–shaft angle and mean femoral neck width significantly higher, in fracture cases than in controls. The logistic regression analysis adjusted by age, height and weight showed that a decrease of 1 standard deviation (SD) in femoral neck BMD was associated with an odds ratio of hip fracture of 4.52 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.93 to 6.96] in men and 4.45 (95% CI 3.11 to 6.36) in women; an increase of 1 SD in neck–shaft angle of 2.45 (95% CI 1.73 to 3.45) in men and 3.48 (95% CI 2.61 to 4.65) in women; and an increase of 1 SD in mean femoral neck width of 2.15 (95% CI 1.55 to 2.98) in men and 2.40 (95% CI 1.79 to 3.22) in women. The use of a combination of femoral BMD and geometric parameters of the femoral neck except for hip axis length may improve hip fracture risk prediction allowing a better therapeutic strategy for hip fracture prevention. Received: 16 September 1999 / Accepted: 22 February 2000     

Improving Risk Assessment: Hip Geometry, Bone Mineral Distribution and Bone Strength in Hip Fracture Cases and Controls. The EPOS Study

Hip geometry and bone mineral density (BMD) have previously been shown to relate independently to hip fracture risk. Our objective was to determine by how much hip geometric data improved the identification of hip fracture. Lunar pencil beam scans of the proximal femur were obtained. Geometric and densitometric values from 800 female controls aged 60 years or more (from population samples which were participants in the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study, EPOS) were compared with data from 68 female hip fracture patients aged over 60 years who were scanned within 4 weeks of a contralateral hip fracture. We used Lunar DPX ‘beta’ versions of hip strength analysis (HSA) and hip axis length (HAL) applied to DPX(L) data. Compressive stress (Cstress), calculated by the HSA software to occur as a result of a typical fall on the greater trochanter, HAL, body mass index (BMI: weight/(height)²) and age were considered alongside femoral neck BMD (FN-BMD, g/cm²) as potential predictors of fracture. Logistic regression was used to generate predictors of fracture initially from FN-BMD. Next age, Cstress (as the most discriminating HSA-derived parameter), HAL and BMI were added to the model as potentially independent predictors. It was not necessary to include both HAL and Cstress in the logistic models, so the entire data set was examined without excluding the subjects missing HAL measurements. Cstress combined with age and BMI provided significantly better prediction of fracture than FN-BMD used alone as is current practice, judged by comparing areas under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (p<0.001, deLong’s test). At a specificity of 80%, sensitivity in identification was improved from 66% to 81%. Identifying women at high risk of hip fracture is thus likely to be substantially enhanced by combining bone density with age, simple anthropometry and data on the structural geometry of the hip. HSA might prove to be a valuable enhancement of DXA densitometry in clinical practice and its use could justify a more pro-active approach to identifying women at high risk of hip fracture in the community. Received: 16 March 2001 / Accepted: 3 August 2001     

带血管蒂髂骨瓣移位加股骨头髓腔减压术治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的：探讨青壮年股骨颈骨折特点，提高诊治水平。方法：15例22～50岁青壮年股骨颈骨折患者。经选用带血管蒂髂骨瓣移位加股骨头减压术。结果：术后15例经3～5年的随诊，14例股骨颈骨折愈合好，无股骨头坏死情况，效果满意。结论：青壮年股骨颈骨折股骨头血供的改善和重建是治疗的关键。采用带血管蒂髂骨瓣移位加股骨头髓腔减压术不失为治疗该种疾病的有效方法之一。     

The Ratio of Osteocytic Incorporation to Bone Matrix Formation in Femoral Neck Cancellous Bone: An Enhanced Osteoblast Work Rate in the Vicinity of Hip Osteoarthritis

Recently it has been shown that an inactivating mutation in the TGFb-SMAD3 signaling pathway, which increases the conversion of osteoblasts to osteocytes, is accompanied by bone loss combined with increased osteocyte density. We hypothesized that increased matrix TGFb, known to occur in osteoarthritis, might cause the reverse of these effects in man. Because coxarthrosis (cOA) is associated with a reduced risk of femoral neck fracture, whole cross-section femoral neck biopsies were obtained from 11 patients with femoral neck fracture, 14 patients with cOA, and 22 age-and sex-matched controls. Lacunar density (Lc x mm2), osteocyte density (Ot x mm2), and cancellous wall width (Cn x W x Wi), were compared between cases of coxarthrosis, femoral neck fracture (FNF) and controls. In cOA, Lc.mm2 was reduced by 24% (P <0.001) while in FNF it was increased by 20% (P <0.001). Cn x W x Wi was increased in cOA by 22% (P <0.05) and in FNF was reduced by 27% (P <0.001). Lc x mm2 was inversely related to percentage cancellous bone area (adj. r2 = 0.373; P <0.01) and wall widths, r2 = 0.382, P <0.001. The reduction in osteocyte lacunar density coupled with increased wall width is consistent with a model of cOA effects on bone in which increased levels of matrix TGFb might prolong the effective lifespan or work rate of the osteoblast and delay its incorporation into the matrix as an osteocyte. One possible approach to strengthening bone in osteoporosis might be to enhance the effective lifespan of the osteoblast by modulating TGFb-related pathway activity in its local environment.     

Bone Mineral Content and Mechanical Strength of the Femoral Neck

The bone mineral content of the femoral neck of 61 autopsy specimens was assayed by x-ray spectrophotometry. The mechanical strength of the specimens was also determined experimentally by applying a compressive force perpendicularly to the shaft. The ultimate force at fracture was obtained from force/displacement plots. a coefficient of correlation of 0.89 between bone mineral content of the femoral neck and the ultimate force at fracture was found. Even when limited to a group of women aged 67-80 a fairly close correlation was found. This indicates that the bone mineral level, measured in vivo, can be used as a criterion of the risk of fracture in elderly women.     

带血管蒂大转子骨瓣转移加内固定治疗中青年股骨颈骨折

目的：研究中青年不稳定型股骨颈骨折的治疗手段。方法：采用Moore切口,应用带旋股内动脉支大转子支骨瓣转移压螺钉内固定治疗中青年不稳定型股骨颈骨折26例。随访2年以上。结果：骨折愈合率100％,骨折愈合时间4－9个月,股骨头坏死率7．7％。结论：该术式有解剖学基础,简便易行,是治疗中青年不稳定股骨颈骨折较好方法,尤适用于股骨颈后方有骨缺损。