缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄的分布及特征

目的　探讨动脉粥样硬化性缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄的分布特征。方法　选择连续行主动脉弓 +全脑血管造影检查的成年缺血性脑血管病患者 196例 ,将其中 171例存在脑动脉狭窄的患者按年龄分为青年组 (18～4 4岁 )、中年组 (45～ 5 9岁 )及老年组 (≥ 6 0岁 ) ,分析脑动脉狭窄随年龄变化的分布规律。结果　 171例脑动脉狭窄的患者中颅内动脉狭窄的发生率 (80 .7% )明显高于颅外动脉 (5 6 .1% )。青年组单纯颅内动脉狭窄的比例较高 ,主要发生在大脑中动脉。中年组及老年组颅内、外动脉狭窄并存的比例较高。颅外动脉病变数目随年龄不断增加(P <0 .0 0 1)。结论　动脉粥样硬化性缺血性脑血管病患者颅内动脉狭窄的发生率高于颅外。脑动脉狭窄的分布有年龄特征性     

颅内外血管旁路移植术治疗慢性缺血性脑血管病的随访研究

目的探讨颅内外血管旁路移植术对慢性缺血性脑血管病患者预防卒中的作用。方法回顾性分析首都医科大学宣武医院于2000年10月—2009年10月间因慢性缺血性脑血管病行颅内外血管旁路移植术217例患者的临床资料,并随访患者术后的血管造影、临床症状等资料及氙CT检测脑血流的改善情况。结果①217例患者平均年龄（42±13）岁,其中男131例（60．4％）,女86例（39．6％）。所有患者术前6个月内均存在脑缺血症状,包括短暂性脑缺血发作117例（53．9％）、可逆性神经功能缺损37例（17．1％）、完全性卒中63例（29．0％）。所有患者术前接受血流动力学评价,显示受累血管区局部脑血流量降低。②术前血管造影显示,烟雾病62例（28．6％）,一侧颈动脉闭塞72例（33．2％）,单侧大脑中动脉闭塞57例（26．3％）,介入治疗困难的颈动脉或大脑中动脉重度狭窄患者26例（12．0％）。③术后脑血管造影显示,388个吻合口中,380个通畅,通畅率为98．0％（380／388）。围手术期9例（4．1％）患者出现颅内血肿,1例（0．5％）因颅内血肿引发脑疝死亡。④217例患者中,10例患者失访,失访率4．6％。其中172例患者平均随访时间（38±18）个月,81例患者于手术后1年临床症状完全消失。⑤共50例患者术后1个月接受氙CT定量检测脑血流,显示患侧局部脑血流量较术前明显改善（t=3．312,P〈0．05）。结论通过对慢性缺血性脑血管病患者行颅内外血管旁路移植术后的中长期临床随访,显示颅内外血管旁路移植术对血流动力学性慢性缺血性脑血管病患者具有较好的疗效。     

Effects of cilostazol on cognition and regional cerebral blood flow in patients with Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease: A pilot study

Aim: It remains unknown whether antiplatelet agents have a preventive effect on cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated the effects of cilostazol, an antiplatelet agent and cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, on cognition and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in elderly patients with AD and cerebrovascular disease (CVD). Methods: A total of 20 patients with AD and CVD were randomly assigned to a cilostazol group (n = 11, 100 mg daily) or control group (n = 9, aspirin 100 mg or clopidogrel 50 mg–75 mg daily) for 6 months. Results: The cilostazol group did not show any statistically significant changes in cognitive function test scores, whereas the control group showed statistically significant cognitive decline on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale‐Cognitive Subscale (Japanese version), Revised Wechsler Memory Scale (logical memory‐I) and Trail Making Test‐A. Analysis of covariance of treatment effect revealed that the cilostazol group showed increased rCBF in the right anterior cingulate lobe compared with baseline, whereas the control group showed decreased rCBF in the left middle temporal gyrus compared with baseline. Conclusion: These findings suggest that cilostazol might have a preventive effect on cognitive decline in patients with AD and CVD. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013; 13: 90–97 .     

缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄的分布

目的探讨不同年龄缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄的分布规律。方法缺血性脑血管病患者340例行全脑血管造影,其中短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者105例(TIA组),脑梗死患者235例(脑梗死组);又根据年龄分为青年组(54例)、中年组(137例)、老年组(149例)。结果脑梗死组吸烟、饮酒明显高于TIA组(P<0.05);老年组颈动脉狭窄、颅外动脉狭窄高于中年组和青年组,中年组高于青年组(P<0.05);青年组颅内动脉狭窄高于颅外动脉狭窄,老年组颅外动脉狭窄高于颅内动脉狭窄(P<0.05);缺血性脑血管病和脑梗死患者前循环动脉狭窄高于后循环(P<0.01);老年组前后循环及后循环动脉狭窄明显高于中年组和青年组(P<0.01);中年组前后循环及后循环动脉狭窄高于青年组(P<0.01)。结论动脉粥样硬化性缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄的分布有疾病和年龄特征性。     

306例缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄特点分析

目的为缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄的临床防治提供依据。方法筛选经数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查证实存在脑动脉狭窄的缺血性脑血管病患者306例,根据年龄分为青、中、老年组,对其颅内外动脉的狭窄程度、分布特征及特点等进行比较。结果单纯颅内动脉狭窄128例、单纯颅外动脉狭窄78例,单纯前循环动脉狭窄142例、单纯后循环狭窄63例,单支性血管狭窄者96例、多发性狭窄者210例;老年组单发性血管狭窄占23.28%,明显低于中年组（17.87%）和青年组（7.36%）,P〈0.01;青年组颅内动脉狭窄占83.62%,明显高于中年组（44.79%）和老年组（28.30%）,P〈0.01;老年组前循环狭窄占31.45%,明显低于青年组（74.51%）和中年组（56.25%）,P〈0.01。结论缺血性脑血管病患者颅内外动脉狭窄的分布具有年龄差异,早期对相关因素进行干预有利于降低缺血性脑血管病的发病率。     

缺血性脑血管病患者数字减影血管造影回顾分析

目的探讨缺血性脑血管病患者颅内外动脉狭窄或闭塞的分布特征及侧支循环开放情况。方法收集166例数字减影血管造影检查确诊为颅内外动脉狭窄或闭塞的缺血性脑血管病患者的临床资料,按年龄分为青年组11例、中年组67例和老年组88例,记录其动脉狭窄及侧支循环开放情况。结果 166例患者中,30.1%有颅内病变,39.8%有颅外病变,30.1%颅内外病变并存;颅外动脉狭窄或闭塞以颈内动脉居多,颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞以大脑中动脉最明显;与青年组比较,中年组、老年组颅内动脉狭窄率明显降低(P<0.01),颅内外动脉狭窄并存比例明显升高(P<0.05)。61例颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者存在侧支循环,其中颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞代偿形式以初级侧支循环开放为主,占67.7%,大脑中动脉以次级侧支循环开放为主,占72.2%。结论随着年龄的增长,颅外动脉病变的比例逐渐增高。颅内外大动脉严重狭窄或闭塞时存在3级侧支循环的开放。     

Physiologically assessed coronary collateral flow and adverse cardiac ischemic events: a follow-up study in 403 patients with coronary artery disease

OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate whether coronary collateral flow is clinically relevant for future cardiac ischemic events. BACKGROUND: The link between good collateral supply related to less myocardial damage and fewer cardiac events has not been established prospectively beyond doubt. METHODS: In 403 patients with stable angina pectoris undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and quantitative collateral assessment, the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events ([MACE] cardiac death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris) and stable angina pectoris was monitored during follow-up. Collateral flow index (CFI) was determined using intracoronary pressure or Doppler guidewires. Mean aortic ([P(ao)] mm Hg) and distal coronary artery occlusive pressure ([P(occl)] mm Hg) during balloon angioplasty (PTCA), or distal coronary flow velocity time integral during ([V(occl)] cm) and after ([V(?-occl)] cm) PTCA were measured continuously. Pressure-derived CFI was calculated as follows: (P(occl) - 5)/(P(ao) - 5). Doppler-derived CFI: V(occl)/V(?-occl). Patients were subdivided into a group with well (CFI > or = 0.25) and poorly developed collaterals (CFI < 0.25). RESULTS: Average follow-up was 94 +/- 56 (15 to 202) weeks. There were 134 patients with CFI >or =0.25 (61 +/- 11 years) and 269 with CFI <0.25 (61 +/- 10 years). The overall cardiac ischemic event rate (MACE and stable angina pectoris) during follow-up was 23% in patients with CFI > or =0.25 and 20% in patients with CFI <0.25 (p = NS). However, only 2.2% of patients with good collateral flow suffered a major cardiac ischemic event, compared with 9.0% among patients with poorly developed collaterals (p = 0.01). The incidence of stable angina pectoris was significantly higher in patients with well developed collaterals than in those with poorly developed collaterals (21% vs. 12%; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In this relatively large population with chronic stable coronary artery disease undergoing quantitative collateral measurement, the beneficial impact of well developed collateral vessels on the occurrence of future major cardiac ischemic events is clearly demonstrated.     

A controlled study on the effect of pentoxifylline and an ergot alkaloid derivative on regional cerebral blood flow in patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in 90 patients with CBF decreased due to vascular diseases was studied by using the xenon 133 inhalation technique and a 32-detector setup. Whereas 30 patients received their standard basic therapy only and were regarded as controls, 30 others received 3 x 2 mg/day of an ergot alkaloid (co-dergocrine mesylate), and 30 others received 3 x 400 mg pentoxifylline (slow-release formulation)/day orally. Therapy was performed for eight weeks and CBF measured before start of treatment, after a four-week treatment period, and at the end of the study. CBF did not change significantly in the control group; both the pentoxifylline and the ergot alkaloid group presented with a significant increase in the CBF. This positive effect was significantly more pronounced in the pentoxifylline group and affected more ischemic than other brain tissues. In addition, symptoms like sleep disturbances, vertigo, and tinnitus improved significantly during the pentoxifylline observation period.     

老年心脑血管疾病患者的认知功能随访与脑血流灌注改变

目的 本研究通过随访了解老年缺血性心脑血管疾病患者认知功能改变及其与脑血流灌注关系,同时观察心脑血管疾病患者临床事件和预后情况。方法 选取因冠心病和／或缺血性脑血管疾病住院治疗的老年人37例,进行认知功能测试,并作SPECT检查明确脑血流灌注情况,12～18个月后随访认知功能和严重心脑血管不良事件。结果 随访前后中国成人智力量表（CISA）测验中B因素、D因素、言语商、拼图、词义分辨、找错和背数成绩的降低（P〈0．05）;简易精神状态量表（MMSE）、临床记忆量表测试成绩无统计学意义;认知功能下降者的左脑血流灌注较差（P〈0．05）;各组都有心脑血管不良事件发生,冠心病合并脑血管病组死亡率升高（21．43％,P〈0．05）。结论 老年缺血性心脑血管疾病患者的认知功能随增龄呈下降趋势,有关言语和抽象思维方面的认知功能更易下降;认知功能下降者的左脑血流灌注较差。     

Nocturnal blood pressure decrease is associated with increased regional cerebral blood flow in patients with a history of ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND: It remains controversial whether there is a J-shaped relationship between blood pressure and recurrent stroke among patients with a recent history of ischemic stroke. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and the dipping of nocturnal blood pressure in patients receiving antihypertensive treatment after ischemic stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-seven patients with a previous history of ischemic stroke and 37 patients with a history of non-ischemic stroke underwent 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and rCBF measurement with single photon emission computed tomography. Of the 47 patients with ischemic stroke, 30 were diagnosed as having suffered atheromatous or embolic stroke, and 37 had an ischemic lesion in the territory of the carotid artery. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures during daytime and night-time were controlled at less than 140/90 mmHg by a low-salt diet or long-acting antihypertensive agents, or both. In patients with ischemic stroke, there were significant negative correlations between the percentage change in nocturnal blood pressure and rCBFs in the thalamus (r = -0.33, P = 0.02), putamen (r = -0.34, P = 0.02) and cerebral cortex (r = -0.31, P = 0.03). Multivariate analysis revealed that only the percentage change in nocturnal blood pressure was related to rCBF. There was a significant positive correlation between rCBFs in the thalamus and the cerebral cortex (r = 0.74, P < 0.05). In patients with non-ischemic stroke, there was no significant correlation between the percentage change in nocturnal blood pressure and rCBFs. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the decrease in nocturnal blood pressure is associated with the increase in rCBF in patients with a history of ischemic stroke in the territory of the carotid artery.     

老年缺血性脑血管病患者脑微出血与颈动脉内膜中层厚度的相关性

目的研究老年缺血性脑血管病患者脑微出血(CMB)与颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)的相关性。方法回顾性收集2019年12月~2021年1月国家康复辅具研究中心附属康复医院门诊就诊的老年缺血性脑血管病患者157例,经头颅MRI及颈动脉彩色超声检查。根据磁敏感加权成像分为CMB组78例,非CMB组79例。记录2组IMT及CMB数量、分布,所有患者根据CMB数目分为0~3级。根据CMB分布分为深部-幕下、脑叶及混合。Pearson相关性分析CMB与颈动脉IMT的关系。结果 2组年龄、性别、高血压、脑白质评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。CMB组共检出401个病灶,混合285个(71.1%),脑叶65个(16.2%),深部-幕下51个(12.7%);CMB分布:深部-幕下31例(39.7%),脑叶26例(33.3%),混合21例(26.9%)。CMB组颈动脉IMT正常、增厚、斑块分别为5例(6.4%)、16例(20.5%)、57例(73.1%),随颈动脉粥样硬化程度增加,CMB发生率逐步提高,差异有统计学意义(χ²=19.790,P=0.000)。CMB组1、2、3级患者颈动脉IMT斑块检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ²=32.446,P=0.000)。Pearson相关性分析显示,去除年龄因素,颈动脉IMT分级与CMB数目、CMB分级呈正相关(r=0.176,P=0.028;r=0.323,P=0.000)。结论老年缺血性脑血管病患者CMB与颈动脉粥样硬化密切相关,颈动脉IMT可预测CMB发生。     

基于结构磁共振成像评估皮质下缺血性脑血管病伴认知障碍患者灰质萎缩的影像学研究

目的 基于结构磁共振成像(sMRI)中的体素形态测量法(VBM)全自动分割脑组织,探索皮质下缺血性脑血管病(SIVD)伴认知障碍患者脑灰质体积变化与认知损害领域的相关性。方法 收集2020年9月至2022年9月牡丹江医学院附属红旗医院神经内科患者80例,根据神经心理学评估认知水平下降程度将受试者分为皮质下缺血性脑血管病痴呆组(SIVD-AD) 23例,轻度认知障碍组(SIVD-MCI)33例和无认知障碍组(SIVD-NCI)24例。应用3.0T MRI采集3D-T1TFE矢状位结构像,在MATLAB平台SPM12软件包中的VBM-CAT12工具箱将脑组织进行全自动分割,最终在DPABI软件中进行感兴趣区勾画,所有图像均应用Viewer软件包中的AAL模板进行萎缩部位校准。结果 与SIVD-NCI组相比,SIVD-MCI组主要在右侧额上回、额中回及颞中回中存在灰质萎缩改变;SIVD-AD组主要在双侧梭状回、双侧扣带回、双侧嗅皮层、左侧额上回、左侧额中回、左侧海马旁回、左侧直回、左侧岛叶、右侧尾状核等存在萎缩改变。结论 sMRI具有非侵入无辐射的特点,可作为一般人群中MCI及AD的有效筛查...     

缺血性脑血管病患者脑微出血的危险因素及其对认知功能的影响

目的探讨缺血性脑血管病脑内微出血发生的危险因素及脑内微出血对认知功能的影响。方法将发病时间≤24h的160例缺血性脑血管病患者,根据头部MRIT2＊加权梯度回波序列分为脑微出血组（30例）和非微出血组（130例）,详细记录患者的人151统计学资料、常规危险因素、微出血的部位、脑梗死的分型、脑白质疏松的严重程度、腔隙性脑梗死灶的计数。于入院后第2天对两组患者均进行蒙特利尔认知评估量表的测定。结果①微出血组患者年龄较非微出血组大,差异有统计学意义[（75±9）对（66±6）岁,P=0．000];脑白质改变的评分较高（6．7±2．4对3．5±1．8,P：0．003）;腔隙性脑梗死灶的数目较多[（5．0±2。3）对（2．1±1．3）个,P=0．000）]。②Logistic回归分析显示,高脂血症、脑白质疏松的程度、腔隙性脑梗死灶的数目为脑微出血的独立危险因素（OR=3．880,95％CI：0．086～0．994;OR=11．735,95％CI：1．340～2．930;OR=10．160,95％CI：1．241～2．475）;③两组患者认知功能的评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。④两组患者执行能力差异有统计学意义（P=0．010）。结论①微出血与脑白质疏松、腔隙性脑梗死的关系密切。②伴有微出血的缺血性脑血管病患者有明显的执行功能障碍。     

缺血性脑血管病患者血脂、凝血及纤溶指标的变化

目的　观察缺血性脑血管病 (ICVD)患者血脂、凝血及纤溶指标的变化。方法　对缺血性脑血管病 113例 [包括脑梗死 (CI)急性期 2 5例 ,恢复期 30例 ;短暂性脑缺血发作 (TIA) 5 8例 ]和正常对照组 77名进行血脂、血浆组织型纤溶酶原激活物 (t PA)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物 (PAI)和D 二聚体浓度进行测定。结果　CI组甘油三酯 (TG)、总胆固醇 (TC)、载脂蛋白B10 0 (ApoB10 0 )、氧化型低密度脂蛋白 (ox LDL)水平显著高于对照组 ;CI急性期、恢复期和TIA组PAI高于对照组 ,而t PA活性均低于对照组 ;TIA伴有梗死灶者血浆D 二聚体和PAI含量明显高于无梗死灶者 ,t PA含量低于无梗死灶者。结论　ICVD患者不仅存在血脂代谢紊乱 ,且体内凝血活性增强 ,纤溶功能下降。     

64层CT对缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄分布特征的研究

目的探讨动脉粥样硬化性缺血性脑血管病患者颅内外动脉狭窄的部位和年龄分布特征。方法选择存在脑动脉狭窄的缺血性脑血管病患者144例,按年龄分为青年组(18～44岁,12例)、中年组(45～59岁,45例)和老年组(≥60岁,87例)。通过CT血管造影检查,对脑动脉不同狭窄部位及年龄分布特征进行分析。结果 144例动脉狭窄或闭塞患者中,共检测到病变血管414支,单支性血管狭窄24例(16.7%),多发性狭窄120例(83.3%,P<0.01)。单纯颅内动脉狭窄和颅内合并颅外动脉狭窄发生率明显高于单纯颅外动脉(60.4%vs 31.3%vs8.3%,P<0.01)。颅内、外动脉病变好发部位依次为:大脑中动脉和椎动脉颅外段。单纯前循环狭窄和前后循环均狭窄发生率明显高于单纯后循环狭窄(35.4%vs 41.7%vs 22.9%,P<0.05,P<0.01)。青年组和中年组单纯颅内动脉狭窄发生率明显高于老年组(83.3%vs 75.6%vs 49.4%,P<0.05)。老年组单纯颅外动脉狭窄发生率明显高于中年组(12.6%vs 2.2%,P<0.05)。结论缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄以多发性为主;颅内动脉狭窄的发生率高于颅外动脉;脑动脉狭窄分布有随年龄变化的特征性。     

缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄与ESSEN卒中风险评分的关系

目的探讨缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄与Essen卒中风险评分(ESRS)的相关性。方法连续纳入482例行脑血管造影的症状性脑动脉狭窄患者,根据患者的临床资料对其进行ESRS评分,并记录脑动脉狭窄的部位(前循环、后循环及颅内动脉、颅外动脉)。按ESRS评分将患者分为卒中复发低危组(0~2分)及高危组(≥3分)。分析ESRS评分与脑血管狭窄程度及部位的相关性。结果 482例中,低危组198例,高危组284例。(1)高危组的年龄及高血压、糖尿病、心肌梗死病史、其他心脑疾病史、外周动脉疾病的比率高于低危组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01);而性别、吸烟差异无统计学意义。(2)血管轻度狭窄64例,中度狭窄111例,重度狭窄或闭塞307例。Pearson直线相关分析显示,ESRS评分与血管狭窄程度呈正相关(r=0.095,P=0.037)。(3)482例中,前、后循环均有狭窄者占52.1%(251例),前循环狭窄者占29.0%(140例),后循环狭窄者占18.9%(91例)。高危组前、后循环均有狭窄者占61.6%(175/284),高于低危组的38.4%(76/198);而低危组的前循环狭窄患者较多,占40.4%(80/198),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。(4)482例中,颅外动脉狭窄者占45.9%(91例),颅内-外动脉均有狭窄者占39.4%(190例),颅内动脉狭窄者占14.7%(71例)。高危组颅外动脉狭窄及颅内-外动脉均有狭窄者共占90.5%(257/284),高于低危组的77.8%(154/198),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论缺血性脑血管病患者的脑动脉狭窄程度与ESRS评分相关,ESRS不同时脑动脉病变的部位分布有区别。