2型糖尿病患者尿VEGF排泄的变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者尿VEGF排泄的变化及临床意义。方法 健康对照组30例；2型糖尿病患者70例，据其24小时尿白蛋白排泄率（uJ皿）分3组：（1）正常白蛋白尿组，UAER〈20μg／min，29例；（2）微量蛋白尿组，UAER在20—200μg,／min，20例；（3）大量蛋白尿组，UAER）200μg／min，21例。结果 与健康对照组相比，T2DM组尿VEGF排泄有明显升高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），正常蛋白尿组尿VEGF排泄已明显升高（P〈0．05）；T2DM组内，与正常蛋白尿组比较，微量蛋白尿组尿VEGF排泄率明显升高（P〈0．05）；大量蛋白尿组尿VEGF排泄率进一步升高（P〈0．001）。相关分析显示：糖尿病患者尿VEGF与尿白蛋白（r=0．366，P〈0．01）和尿视黄醇结合蛋白排泄率（r=0．325，P〈0．01）呈正相关。结论 糖尿病患者尿VEGF排泄增加并与肾脏病变的程度有关，尿VEGF排泄增加可能间接反映糖尿病肾组织VEGF表达和合成增加。     

细胞间黏附分子-1与糖尿病尿白蛋白排泄关系的临床研究

目的比较不同程度白蛋白尿糖尿病患者尿液中可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1（sICAM-1）浓度变化并探讨其临床意义。方法收集正常对照组20例，2型糖尿病患者58例，据其24小时尿白蛋白（ALB）每分钟排泄率（UAER）分3组：①正常白蛋白尿（A）组，UAER〈20μg／min，21例；②微量蛋白尿（B）组，20μg/min≤UAER〈200μg／min，20例；③临床蛋白尿（C）组，UAER〉200μg／min，17例。尿sICAM-1检测采用酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法。结果（1）糖尿病组尿sICAM-1／Ucr比值较对照组显著升高（P〈0．01），并随UAER升高而增加。糖尿病组内，与A组比较，B组水平明显升高（P〈0．05），C组水平进一步升高（P〈0．01）；与B组比较，C组水平也增高（P〈0．05）。（2）相关分析显示：尿sICAM-1／Ucr比值与尿白蛋白呈显著正相关（r=0．852，P〈0．01）。结论2型糖尿病患者尿sICAM-1排泄增加可显示全身或肾脏局部增强的炎症反应并与糖尿病肾病的病情进展有关。     

降钙素基因相关肽、内皮素与2型糖尿病肾病的相关性研究

目的探讨血浆降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）和内皮素（ET）在2型糖尿病肾病患者的变化趋势,初步探讨CGRP、ET与糖尿病发病机制之间的关系。方法25例健康对照组和83例2型糖尿病患者纳入本研究。根据尿清蛋白排泄率（UAER）将糖尿病患者分为正常清蛋白尿组（28例）、微量清蛋白尿组（29例）和临床清蛋白尿组（26例）。采用放射免疫法分析进行血浆CGRP和ET含量检测。结果2型糖尿病及糖尿病肾病患者血浆ET值较健康对照组显著升高（P〈0．01）,且与UAER呈正相关（r=0．65,P〈0．01）;糖尿病肾病患者CGRP较对照组明显下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,且与UAER呈负相关（r=-0．71,P〈0．01）,ET与CGRP呈显著负相关（r=-0．62,P〈0．01）。结论CGRP与ET水平的失衡参与了糖尿病肾病的发生、发展,导致了肾功能恶化。在糖尿病早期,维持CGRP和ET的动态平衡有利于防治糖尿病肾病的发生、发展。     

血、尿转化生长因子-β1在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的临床意义

目的：通过检测2型糖尿病患者血清、尿转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1），探讨其在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的临床意义。方法：54例2型糖尿病患者根据24h尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）被分为正常蛋白尿组（UAER〈30mg／24h）和微量白蛋白尿组（UAER 30-300mg／24h）。用酶免法分别检测各组的血、24h尿中TGF-β1浓度，并与正常人群对照组进行比较。结果：与正常对照组比较。微量白蛋白尿组病人血TGF-β1值明显升高，（P〈0．01）．同时正常蛋白尿组与微量白蛋白尿组病人血TGF—pl亦存在明显差异（P〈0．01），24h尿TGF-β1在正常蛋白尿组病人已有明显升高（P〈0．05）。并随着肾脏疾病的加重。尿TGF-β1值在微量白蛋白尿组病人中会进一步升高（P〈0．01）。结论：血清、24h尿TGF-β1含量随着DN的发生以及严重程度逐渐增高，可作为早期诊断DN较敏感的指标。对于监测早期DN的发生和病情发展程度有重要意义。     

糖尿病肾病患者尿液 NGAL 蛋白的定性及定量检测比较

目的：明确尿液中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（NGAL）的定性及定量检测在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的意义。方法将74例糖尿病患者按其24 h 尿微量清蛋白排泄率（UAER）分为正常蛋白尿组26例（DN1组,UAER＜30 mg/24 h）,微量蛋白尿组24例（DN2组,UAER 介于30～300 mg/24 h）及大量蛋白尿组24例（DN3组,UAER＞300 mg/24 h）,同时建立对照组25例。同时测定各组尿 NGAL 蛋白的活性及水平并比较两种检测结果。结果各组患者尿 NGAL 活性条带均较对照组明显清晰（P ＝0．000）,大量蛋白尿组 NGAL 活性较正常蛋白尿组高（P ＜0．05）,微量蛋白尿组与正常蛋白尿组比较差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）;定量检测则提示大量蛋白尿组 NGAL 水平与其他3组存在区别,大量蛋白尿组 NGAL 排出量高于微量蛋白尿组、正常蛋白尿组及对照组（P ＝0．000）,对照组与正常蛋白尿组、微量蛋白尿组三者间两两比较差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。结论对糖尿病肾病患者而言,尿 NGAL 蛋白活性检测比尿微量蛋白排泄率检测及 NGAL 定量检测敏感,有可能成为糖尿病肾病早期诊断的新型指标。     

Ⅰ型糖尿病患儿循环内皮细胞计数检测与尿白蛋白相关性研究

目的探讨Ⅰ型糖尿病患儿血管内皮损害标志物循环内皮细胞计数的变化,以及与尿白蛋白的相关性。方法将62例Ⅰ型糖尿病患儿根据尿白蛋白排泄率分为正常白蛋白尿组（A组）35例和微量白蛋白尿组（B组）27例,抽取同期健康体检儿童60例作为对照组（C组）,分别检测其循环内皮细胞计数和尿微量蛋白、糖化血红蛋白的变化,并进行相关性分析。结果Ⅰ型糖尿病患儿循环内皮细胞计数及糖化血红蛋白均显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）;微量白蛋白尿组糖尿病患儿均显著高于正常白蛋白尿组患儿（P〈0．05）;Ⅰ型糖尿病患者循环内皮细胞计数与糖化血红蛋白呈显著正相关（R=0．310,P〈0．05）。结论Ⅰ型糖尿病患儿在出现微量白蛋白尿前已存在血管内皮功能异常,循环内皮细胞计数的检测可作为早期筛查糖尿病肾病的可靠指标。     

尾加压素Ⅱ与糖尿病肾病关系探讨

目的：探讨尿中尾加压素Ⅱ（UⅡ）排泄量与2型糖尿病肾病的关系。方法：2型糖尿病患者按尿自蛋白排泄率（UAER）分为两组：单纯糖尿病组：UAER％20μg／min；糖尿病肾病组：UAER〉20μg／min。采用放射免疫分析法检测85例2型糖尿病患者尿UⅡ排泄量。结果：糖尿病肾病组患者尿UⅡ排泄量明显高于单纯糖尿病组（P〈0．01），并且尿UⅡ排泄量与UAER呈显著正相关（r=0．51，P〈0．01）。结论：UⅡ与糖尿病肾病的发生和发展可能有关。联合测定糖尿病患者尿UⅡ及UAER水平，有可能成为诊断糖尿病肾病早期损害较灵敏的指标。     

胱抑素C在2型糖尿病不同肾损害期的变化

目的探讨血清胱抑素C（Cysc）在2型糖尿病不同肾损害期的变化,评价Cys—C在2型糖尿病肾病早期的诊断价值。方法用颗粒增强免疫比浊法检测135例2型糖尿病患者（其中合并糖尿病肾病不同损害期77例）血清CysC,同时检测尿微量白蛋白排泄率（UAER）,血Alb、Cr、BUN,根据MDRD公式计算肾小球滤过率。结果2型糖尿病正常向蛋白尿组与2型糖尿病微量白蛋白尿组间Cys—C水平差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05,）;2型椿尿病微量白蛋白尿组与2型槠尿病人量白蛋白尿组间Cys—C水平差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论血清CysC可作为辅助2型糖尿病肾病早期诊断的指标。     

99mTc—DTPA肾动态显像与胱抑素C对糖尿病肾病的诊断价值

目的探讨血清胱抑素C检测与蚰99mTc-DTPA肾动态显像在早期糖尿病肾病中的诊断价值。方法按尿白蛋白排泄率将我院收治的己确诊2型糖尿病患者96例分为3组：糖尿病正常白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组、大量白蛋白尿组,采用示踪99mTc-DTPA二乙胺五乙酸（99mTc-DTPA）检测肾小球滤过率,同时测定血清胱抑索C,血肌酐及糖化血红蛋白,并设立正常对照组27例。采用统计方法分析结果。结果99mTc-DTPA GFR在尿白蛋白正常组明显高于微量、大量白蛋白尿组和对照组（P〈0．05）;血清胱抑素C在微量及大量白蛋白尿组明显高于对照组及尿白蛋白正常的糖尿病组（P〈0．05）;血清胱抑素C与99mTc-DTPA GFR呈负相关（P〈0．05）。结论‰Te—DTPAGFR及血清胱抑素C检测能更早的判断糖尿病肾脏损害程度,为糖尿病肾病临床分期提供依据。     

2型糖尿病肾病患者血中炎性因子与尿微量白蛋白的关系

目的探讨血清炎性因子超敏C反应蛋白（hs—CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）对早期糖尿病肾病的影响。方法将2010年1月至2011年9月收治的60例糖尿病患者据尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）分为正常白蛋白尿组20例（UAER〈20μg／min）、微量白蛋白尿组20例（20—200μg／min）、大量白蛋白尿组20例（UAER〉200μg／min）。另选同期健康体检者20名作为正常对照组。检测各组血清hs—CRP、TNF-α、IL-6浓度并进行比较。结果正常对照组血清hs—CRP浓度为（1．21±O．87）mg／L,TNF-α为（1．27±0．93）ng／L,IL-6为（4．31±1．72）ng／L;正常白蛋白尿组患者的血清hs—CRP浓度为（2．31±1．07）mg／L,TNF-α为（1．95±1．34）ng／L,IL-6为（5．79±1．68）ng／L;微量白蛋白尿组患者的血清hs—CRP浓度为（3．47±1．25）mg／L,TNF-α为（2．86±1．26）ng／L,IL-6为（7．13±1．57）ng／L;大量蛋白尿组患者的血清hs-CRP浓度为（4．83±1．47）mg／L,TNF-α为（4．03±1．43）ng／L,IL-6为（9．14±2．43）ng／L;与正常对照组比较,正常白蛋白尿组和微量白蛋白尿组的hs-CRP、TNF-α、IL-6增高,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）;与正常白蛋白尿组比较,微量白蛋白尿组的hs-CRP、TNF-α、IL-6增高,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）;大量蛋白尿组的hs-CRP、TNF-α、IL-6浓度明显高于微量白蛋白尿组（P均〈0．01）。糖尿病肾病患者hs—CRP、TNF-α、IL-6浓度与尿微量白蛋白相关分析结果显示,随着血清hs-CRP、TNF-α、IL-6浓度的升高,尿微量白蛋白水平也随之增高（L值分别为0．67、0．64、0．75,P均〈0．01）。结论hs—CRP、TNF-α、IL-6炎性因子可能参与了糖尿病肾病的发生发展过程。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.