Epidemiological characteristics of nosocomial bloodstream infections and their causes

BACKGROUND/AIM: Nosocomial bloodstream infections (BSI) contribute to grater morbidity and mortality rates, as well as to increasing length of hospital stay and health care costs. All patients with nosocomial BSI identified during the one-year period were studed to identify microbiological factors associated with these infections. METHODS: A one-year prospective cohort study was performed in patients in intensive care units (ICU), and non-ICU patients. The patients were identified by active surveillance and positive blood cultures during the study period. The definitions of nosocomial BSI of the Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta were used. Hospital laboratory detected growth in blood cultures, identified organisms, and performed susceptibility testing were in according with the American National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. RESULTS: The incidence of nosocomial BSI was 2.2 per 1 000 admission in non-ICU and 17.4 per 1 000 admission in ICU patients. The 28-day crude mortality rate was 44.9%. There were 60.3% primary nosocomial BSI. Gram negative organisms accounted for 50%, gram-positive organisms accounted for 44.9%, and 4.1% were caused by fungi. The most common pathogens were coagulase-negative staphylococci (21.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.3%), Klebsiella spp. (13.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.2%), Acinetobacter spp. (7.1%). Methicillin resistance was detected in 64.3% of S. aureus and 100% of coagulasa-negative staphylococci. Vancomycin resistance in enterococci and staphylococci was not detected. The proportion of ceftazidim resistance among K. pneumoniae isolates was 92%.CONCLUSION: This study might help to better understanding not only the characteristics of BSI, but also the featares of their causes, primarily the resistance of coagulase-negative staphylococci and S. aureus to methicillin, and of K. pneumoniae to ceftazidime.     

不同材料导尿管引起导管相关感染的研究

目的:探讨不同材料导尿管留置导尿医院泌尿系感染情况,以其指导临床选择导尿管,并采取积极有效预防感染的措施.方法:对60例需要留置导尿病人随机分为全硅橡胶及临床常用硅化乳胶导尿管两组,分别检测尿道口周围皮肤细菌培养、中段尿培养、拔管后导尿管尖端细菌培养.结果:对照组与实验组均随插管时间延长,菌尿发生率增高,两组菌尿发生率没有显著性差异;拔管后导尿管尖端细菌培养的阳性率,对照组阳性率为36.67%,实验组阳性率为40%,两组没有显著性差异.尿道口周围皮肤细菌培养、中段尿培养和拔管后导尿管尖端细菌培养的细菌种类分布相似,细菌培养病原菌种类依次排列为:表皮葡萄球茵、大肠埃希菌、白色念珠菌、粪肠球菌、克雷伯菌、不动杆菌、假单胞菌属、咽链球菌等.结论:两类导管均不能减少导管相关感染的发生以及细菌的生物膜的形成,提示是否发生导管相关感染与导管材料的性质无关,导尿管腔外逆行感染是细菌侵入尿路的主要方式.     

Surveillance of bacterial causes of hospital infections during periods of war and peace

Surveillance based on laboratory findings of bacteria isolated from hospitalized patients is an important activity in epidemiologic surveillance of nosocomial infections. It provides the insight into the circulation and management of some causative agents of nosocomial infections in hospitals, which facilitates defining of proper measures for the prevention and suppression of nosocomial infections caused by these agents. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare surveillance data collected in Military Medical Academy (MMA) during June 1999 (the period of war), and June 2000 (the period of peace). Isolation frequency of bacteria that were the most common agents of nosocomial: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter spp. and Enterococcus spp., was monitored in patients from 5 various surgical wards of MMA. In the war period, the increase of number of isolates of all these bacteria was registered, but the increase of isolated Acinetobacter spp. was the most significant. The total number of isolates was greater in June 1999, in comparison to June 2000. Most isolates were recovered from wound cultures, when the increased number of Enterococcus spp. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the blood was registered. In the period of peace isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa manifested reduced resistance to quinolones, imipenem and 3rd generation cephalosporins. Barrier infection control measures are necessary in preventing nosocomial transmission, particularly in the wartime. Thus, preventive medicine is important for performing efficient surveillance, and suggesting the adequate measures for prevention and repression of nosocomial infections, particularly in the period of war.     

某院烧伤患者感染病原菌分布及耐药性调查

 目的 研究烧伤患者感染病原菌分布特点及耐药性情况,为临床抗感染治疗及医院感染的监测和控制提供科学依据。方法 收集某院烧伤病区1165例烧伤患者的创面分泌物、静脉导管、血液、脓汁、痰液等标本分离出的菌株,回顾性分析所感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药性情况。结果 共检出病原菌962株,其中革兰阴性杆菌518株,占 53.9%,革兰阳性球菌382株,占39.7%,真菌62 株,占6.4%;2009年病原菌检出率由高至低前4位是:金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌属、阴沟杆菌;2010-2012年病原菌检出率由高至低前4位是:铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、阴沟杆菌;可见某院烧伤病区感染病原菌结构发生了变化,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率逐年上升,未发现对万古霉素耐药菌株。铜绿假单胞菌的耐药问题非常突出,呈现出多重耐药性。结论 病区感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,优势菌是铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。病原菌耐药问题非常严重,警示应不断监测该病区菌种变化及耐药情况,以便有效控制医院耐药菌株的增加。     

急性重症脑卒中患者并发院内获得性肺炎的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解医院急性重症脑卒中患者并发院内获得性肺炎（hospital acquived peneumonia,HAP）的病原菌分布及耐药性,以指导临床抗生素的合理使用。方法回顾分析湖北省武汉市第一医院神经内科重症监护病房自2011年1月—2012年5月收治的225例急性重症脑卒中并发HAP患者的临床资料。结果在225例患者中分离出11种共121株致病菌,其中以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占68.60%,主要为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌等;革兰阳性菌占29.75%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌;真菌占1.65%,为白假丝酵母菌。鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的耐药率高,对碳青霉烯类抗生素已分别产生了78.4%、83.3%的耐药率,而大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素保持了100%的敏感性,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素类抗生素的耐药率达90%以上,但尚未发现对万古霉素的耐药菌株。结论急性重症脑卒中患者并发HAP的主要致病菌为革兰阴性菌。这些主要致病菌多为条件致病菌,且都有很强的耐药性。因此临床上应结合药敏试验科学合理用药,神经内科重症监护病房加强监测与控制,以期快速治愈患者。     

2012-2016年本医院内获得性肺炎病原菌分布及革兰阴性杆菌耐药性分析

 目的 了解并分析本医院内获得性肺炎(hospital acquired pneumonia, HAP)的病原菌分布及革兰阴性杆菌耐药性。方法 收集医院2012-2016年HAP患者标本的非重复病原菌,采用MIC法进行药敏试验,参照美国临床实验室标准化委员会 (CLSI)的标准判断结果。结果 HAP以革兰阴性菌为主,在革兰阴性菌中前三位的是铜绿假单胞杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍曼不动杆菌,所占比例分别是17.38%,17.30%,15.98%。在革兰阳性菌中,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主。在病原菌中,真菌院内获得性呼吸道感染稳定在12%~15%。铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星的敏感性最高,达87.76%~95.56%;肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南敏感性呈逐年下降;鲍曼不动杆菌对阿米卡星(敏感性63.64%~84.78%)外的其他抗菌药物的敏感性均较差。结论 多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌检出率呈现显著下降趋势,产ESBL及耐碳青霉烯类的肺炎克雷伯菌需引起高度重视,严格执行隔离措施;MRSA虽在下降,但未呈现显著下降,仍需进一步监测管理     

胆石症术后腹腔感染的病原菌分布及其危险因素分析

 目的 探讨胆石症患者术后腹腔感染病原菌的分布、药敏情况,并分析引起感染的危险因素。方法 选取行手术治疗的胆石症366例,其中发生术后腹腔感染的69例作为研究对象,调查感染病原菌的分布和药敏情况,分析感染的患者因素和医源性因素。结果 共分离到病原菌91株,其中革兰阴性菌72株(79.12%)、革兰阳性菌17株(18.68%)、真菌2株(2.20%);较常见的病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌37株(40.66%)、铜绿假单胞菌19株(20.88%)、肺炎克雷伯菌和肠球菌属各9株(9.89%)。术后感染的革兰阴性菌仅对亚胺培南100%敏感,对阿米卡星的敏感率较高;革兰阳性菌对利奈唑胺100%敏感,对万古霉素的敏感率较高。患者的性别、年龄、合并基础疾病、术中损伤性操作、引流管放置及术后抗菌药物使用种类等因素均对胆石症术后腹腔感染的发生率有显著影响(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 胆石症患者术后腹腔感染的发生与多种因素有关,应采取有针对性的干预措施,以减少术后并发症。     

肺部感染铜绿假单胞菌耐药性与抗菌药物治疗效果分析

目的：观察患者肺部感染铜绿假单胞菌对不同抗菌药物的耐药性及抗菌素治疗效果,为临床合理使用抗菌素治疗提供参考。方法：收集我院因肺部感染而住院患者所送检的痰液标本中分离出的568株铜绿假单胞菌株进行药敏试验监测,并对常用抗菌药物的耐药率进行分析,同时通过PCR法分析其整合子类型以及影响肺部患者预后的危险因素。结果：本组药敏实验结果显示,铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林、庆大霉素、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟及复方新诺明等耐药率均〉62%,对亚胺培南耐药率〈12%,而对联合抗菌药物阿洛西林、哌拉西林及阿奇霉素、头孢他啶的耐药率则均低于9%,其中多重耐药菌占总数的44%左右;另外发现检出的Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌对抗菌素药物的耐药率有直接相关性。结论：肺部感染铜绿假单胞菌患者对多种抗菌素有较高的耐药性,因此为了降低铜绿假单胞菌耐药率,临床上必须重视病原学检查和监测铜绿假单胞菌对抗生素的耐药性,待药敏实验结果确定后再合理选用抗菌素药物治疗。     

某部队医院铜绿假单胞菌的分布和耐药性调查

 目的 分析医院铜绿假单胞菌的临床分布及其耐药性,加强重点区域的防控,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法 回顾性分析医院2018-01至2018-12住院患者临床标本中分离出铜绿假单胞菌的来源及分布特征,统计分析药敏试验结果。结果 共检出160株铜绿假单胞菌,从痰标本中分离得到的铜绿假单胞菌最多,为131株(占81.88%)。检出率排名前三位的为神外科53株、ICU48株、呼吸科13株。药敏结果显示,对多黏菌素B最敏感,敏感率为95.0%;对替卡西林/克拉维酸的耐药率最高,为51.2%。结论 铜绿假单胞菌对多黏菌素B、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星较敏感,应加强对铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性监测,强化临床用药的合理性,针对耐药机制寻找新的抗菌途径。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌的构成及耐药性临床分析

目的分析呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）病原菌的分布特点及耐药性,指导临床合理用药。方法对明确行气管插管或气管切开机械通气〉48h的87例患者的气管内抽吸物（ETA）,进行细菌定量培养及抗菌药物敏感性测定。结果 87例VAP患者ETA培养出病原菌195株,革兰阴性杆菌占75.9%,革兰阳性球菌占14.87%,真菌占9.23%;常见病原菌依次是鲍曼不动杆菌24.1%、铜绿假单胞菌20.51%、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）11.79%、肺炎克雷伯杆菌7.18%、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌7.18%;革兰阴性杆菌首选头孢哌酮舒巴坦和亚胺培南;MRSA对万古霉素100%敏感;真菌对氟康唑的敏感率为100.0%;VAP混合感染者占60.92%。结论 VAP的主要病原菌为革兰阴性杆菌。混合感染现象较严重且存在明显的耐药现象,通过细菌培养和药物敏感性分析,有效指导临床选用合适抗菌药物。     

医院内感染的前瞻性监测

为了解吉林市医院感染状况,建立和完善医院感染监控系统,随机和一所医院内科、 外科系统进行随机抽样的医院感染前瞻性监测。结果共监测1359例,院内感染总例次为228例,发生率为16.80%,以呼吸内科感染率最高,为18.63%。感染部位依次为下呼吸道（38.60%)、泌尿道（26.32%) 、伤口（17.11%)等。病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占61.20%,其中铜绿假单孢菌最多见,占25.60%。各种病原菌对多种抗生素耐药,存在抗生素使用不合理及盲目用药问题。提示必须建立完善的院内感染监 控系统,采取综合防治措施,降低院内感染发病率。     

2008年临床常见细菌耐药性监测

目的了解2008年我院细菌分离和耐药情况,为临床治疗提供依据。方法细菌鉴定采用VITEK微生物分析仪,药物敏感性试验采用BIOMIC药敏测定仪,耐药性分析采用WHO NET 5.4软件。结果 2008年我院收集患者首次分离株1 983株,革兰阴性菌1 157株,革兰阳性菌443株,真菌383株。铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、白色假丝酵母菌为主要分离菌,占检出菌的45.7%;耐甲氧苯青霉素金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌（MRSE）分别为72.7%和78.0%。铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶敏感性最好,耐药率为26.0%。大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南敏感性最好,其次是哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,敏感率分别为97.4%和90.6%。白色假丝酵母菌对两性霉素B敏感性最好。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的敏感性最好,但对多种抗生素的耐药率均较高,多在50%以上。未发现对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药的葡萄球菌。肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为2.4%,对替考拉宁的耐药率为9.2%。结论定期进行耐药性监测有助于了解我院细菌耐药性变迁,为临床经验用药提供理论依据。     

脑外伤术后颅内感染脑脊液致病菌和耐药状况研究

目的 监测脑外伤术后患者脑脊液致病菌流行病学分布及耐药状况.方法 收集我院神经外科2003年1月-2007年12月送检的682例脑脊液标本中分离的致病菌及药敏鉴定结果,统计致病菌分布和抗菌药物敏感率.结果 分离到致病菌437株,其中革兰阳性球菌321株,占73.5%;革兰阴性杆菌116株,占26.5%;排名前5位的致病菌分别为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(55.6%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(15.3%)、肠杆菌属(6.6%)、不动杆菌(5.3%)、铜绿假单胞菌(3.0%).对革兰阴性菌的总体敏感率:亚胺培南83.9%,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦67.4%,阿米卡星68.8%,头孢吡肟61.3%,头孢他啶69.2%,其余抗菌药物的敏感率均<60%.结论 脑外伤患者颅内感染以革兰阳性菌多见,尤其是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌.本研究结果将为脑外伤术后颅内感染的预防和经验性抗菌药物治疗提供基本依据.     

武警某医院泌尿系感染常见病原菌分布及其耐药情况分析

 目的 分析泌尿系感染患者尿液中的病原菌分布特点及其耐药情况,以指导临床合理用药。方法 收集我院2013-01至2014-06泌尿系感染患者尿液标本中分离出的菌株共384株,回顾性分析所感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药情况。结果 384株泌尿系感染病原菌分布以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占65.63%,其中41.41%为大肠杆菌;革兰阳性球菌占23.44%,以肠球菌属为主;真菌占10.93%。大肠埃希菌ESBLs检出率为 71.7%。结论 泌尿系感染细菌的耐药性日趋严重,及时总结、分析,对于控制多重耐药菌株产生及传播,指导合理使用抗菌药物具有十分重要的意义。     

103例重型颅脑损伤患者医院感染临床分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤并发医院感染的临床规律。方法对我科2009年1月～2011年1月收治的重型颅脑损伤并发医院感染103例作回顾性总结,对格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）与感染的关系、感染部位和易感因素及病原学检查等行统计学分析。结果院内感染发病率为23.78%。感染部位依次是肺部49.51%、泌尿道20.38%、消化道14.56%、颅内感染8.74%、血液系统感染4.85%;医院感染中革兰氏阴性菌占69.78%,革兰氏阳性菌占30.22%。危险因素为病情严重程度、侵袭性医疗操作（如机械通气、中心静脉置管、保留导尿等）和药物治疗。结论尽量减少或避免医源性危险因素的产生和损伤,能有效地预防和控制重型颅脑损伤院内感染。     

Risk factors for the appearance of central venous catheters colonisation

INTRODUCTION/AIM: Intravascular device placement (IVD) is a part of everyday medical practice, however, its application is associated with a high risk of onset of nosocomial infections (NI) and increased mortality and morbidity. Nosocomial blood infections (NBIs) account for 10% of all the registered NI. NBIs are more frequent in patients with a placed IVD and it present an important risk factor for the onset of NBI, i.e. catheter-associated NBIs (CANBIs). Pathogenesis of CANBIs is complex and conditioned by the presence of different characteristics related to a catheter, patient and a specific causative organism. The most common CRBSI causes include coagulase-negative staphylococcus, S. aureus, Enterobacter spp, Candida spp, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas spp. and Enterococcus spp. METHODS: All the patients hospitalized at the Intensive Care Department of the Clinic of Digestive Diseases over the period January 1, 2004-September 1, 2004 were retrospectively analyzed. The study included 107 patients in whom central venous catheter (CVC) was placed for more than 48 h. All the causes isolated from a CVC segment were recorded. Culture, isolation and identification of the causative organisms were performed using standard microbiological methods in the Bacteriological Laboratory within the Emergency Center, Clinical Center of Serbia. Catheter segment samples (tip of the CVC 3-5 cm long) were analyzed. Based on the insight into medical documentation, patients' examination and medical staff interview, catheter and patient-related characteristics were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 107 CVCs were analyzed, out of which 56 (52%) were sterile while 51 (48%) were colonized. The results of our study evidenced that total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (p < 0.05), number of catheterization days (p < 0.05), and central venous pressure measurement (p < 0.05) were significantly associated with CVC colonization. In this study, no statistically significant difference in catheter colonization was found with respect to sex, age, anatomical insertion site and CVC placement site. CONCLUSION: According to the results of our study, TPN, the number of catheterization days and measurement of central venous pressure play major roles in colonization of CVC. Understanding risk factors associated with CVC colonization and onset of CANBIs is a prerequisite for quality preventive work of health professionals.     

严重多发伤患者感染病原菌分布、变迁及耐药性分析

目的 分析严重多发伤患者感染标本病原菌的分布和变迁及细菌耐药的发展趋势.方法 从2004年1月-2006年12月收治的严重多发伤患者中分离出432株细菌,分析细菌的种类分布、变迁及细菌耐药的状况.结果 302例分离细菌432株,革兰阴性菌占62.9%(272/432株),以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌为主;革兰阳性菌占37.0%%(160/432株),以金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主;混合性感染率为41.1%.肠球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌与嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌检出率明显上升.结论 严重多发伤患者的感染源主要为革兰阴性杆菌,细菌的耐药形势严峻,临床中应合理选用针对性抗菌药物.     

某医院2011-2014年临床分离革兰阴性杆菌分布及耐药性分析

 目的 探讨医院感染革兰阴性杆菌的种类分布及耐药现状,为临床控制感染、合理使用抗生素提供科学依据。 方法 收集我院2011-01至2014-12临床住院患者送检标本,进行细菌鉴定和耐药性分析。结果 连续4年临床分离非重复革兰阴性杆菌共12 437株,肠杆菌科细菌6243株,占50.2%;非发酵菌5920株,占47.6%。主要检出菌中不动杆菌属2626株,占21.1%;铜绿假单胞菌2412株,占19.4%;肺炎克雷伯菌2093株,占16.8%;大肠埃希氏菌1049株,占8.5%。临床标本来源以呼吸道为主,其次为泌尿系统;脑外康复科以及ICU为感染高危科室。连续4年多重耐药细菌监测发现产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌分别为(64.9%、64.3%、62.1%、55.4%)、(50.1%、47.7%、43.4%、45.7%)均呈现下降趋势。碳青霉烯类耐药大肠埃希杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌分别为(0.8%、1.5%、1.3%、2.6%)、(17.4%、30.8%、27.1%、34.1%),呈逐年上升趋势。广泛耐药不动杆菌属4年平均检出率为40.3%。结论 临床分离病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,多重耐药细菌上升趋势明显;医院应合理规范使用抗生素,减少耐药菌产生。同时,应加强细菌耐药监测,重视感染患者的隔离及护理,预防多重耐药菌导致的医院感染暴发流行。     

我院铜绿假单胞菌临床分布及耐药性的变迁

目的探讨近三年四川遂宁地区铜绿假单胞菌的临床分布及耐药谱的变迁,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法应用ATB细菌鉴定药敏系统鉴定细菌,K-B法做体外药敏试验,统计分析四川省遂宁市中心医院2008年1月～2011年1月三年间铜绿假单胞菌的检出率,各科室的分布状况和耐药情况。结果456株铜绿单胞菌分布最多的是重症监护病房（ICU）和呼吸科（两者共占62.7%）,来自痰标本有276株占62.1%。3年来的分离率有逐年增加的趋势。对抗生素的耐药性也有逐年上升的趋势,结论铜绿假单胞菌是临床感染的主要病原菌之一,应对其加强耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物。