Unintended pregnancy among adult women exposed to abuse or household dysfunction during their childhood.

CONTEXT: Studies have identified childhood sexual and physical abuse as a risk factor for adolescent pregnancy but the relationship between exposure to childhood abuse and unintended pregnancy in adulthood has, to our knowledge, not been studied. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether unintended pregnancy during adulthood is associated with exposure to psychological, physical, or sexual abuse or household dysfunction during childhood. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analysis of data from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, a survey mailed to members of a large health maintenance organization who visited a clinic in San Diego, Calif, between August and November 1995 and January and March 1996. The survey had a 63.4% response rate among the target population for this study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1193 women aged 20 to 50 years whose first pregnancy occurred at or after age 20 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Risk of unintended first pregnancy by type of abuse (psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; peer sexual assault) and type of household dysfunction (physical abuse of mother by her partner, substance abuse by a household member, mental illness of a household member). RESULTS: More than 45% of the women reported that their first pregnancy was unintended, and 65.8% reported exposure to 2 or more types of childhood abuse or household dysfunction. After adjustment for confounders (marital status at first pregnancy and age at first pregnancy), the strongest associations between childhood experiences and unintended first pregnancy included frequent psychological abuse (risk ratio [RR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-1.6), frequent physical abuse of the mother by her partner (RR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7), and frequent physical abuse (RR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-1.8). Women who experienced 4 or more types of abuse during their childhood were 1.5 times (95% CI, 1.2-1.8) more likely to have an unintended first pregnancy during adulthood than women who did not experience any abuse. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that there may be a dose-response association between exposure to childhood abuse or household dysfunction and unintended first pregnancy in adulthood. Additional research is needed to fully understand the causal pathway of this association.     

绝经后妇女前盆腔器官脱垂或张力性尿失禁治疗前后的性生活质量分析

分析前盆腔器官脱垂（AOP）和张力性尿失禁（SUI）对绝经后妇女性生活质量的影响,并观察个体化修补术及无张力性阴道吊带（TVT-O）手术治疗后性生活质量的变化.选择2008年6月至2012年3月于北京医院就诊的绝经后48 ～ 65岁患者分为3组,AOP组52例,SUI组30例,门诊常规查体排除妇科及泌尿系统疾病25例为对照组,比较三组性生活质量问卷-31（PISQ-31）评分.对前2组进行相应的手术治疗,术后3、6个月再次进行PISQ-31评分,并与术前做比较.结果显示,术前SUI组PISQ-31明显低于对照组和AOP组（P＜0.01）,SUI组术后评分较术前明显提高（P＜0.01）,而AOP组比较手术治疗前后评分无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.     

女性精神障碍患者受暴力状况研究

目的:了解女性精神疾病患者受暴力及性虐待现状。方法:应用自编"精神疾病患者受暴力及性虐待现状调查问卷"对住院妇女精神疾病患者进行调查。对不同因素相关的受暴力发生率进行比较。结果:研究747例女性精神疾病患者中受暴力发生率为57.16%,其中诊断为精神分裂症的患者受暴力发生率为69.55%,诊断为心境障碍的患者受暴力发生率为14.29%,两者受暴力发生率比较具显著性差异,P<0.01。其他诊断的患者受暴力发生率为16.16%,与诊断为心境障碍者受暴力发生率比较具有显著性差异,P<0.01。城市患者发生率为45.90%,乡村患者发生率为54.10%。病程超过2年发生率为64.60%,住院次数超过2次发生率为63.50%,暴力主要来源于家庭(68.21%)、工作学习场所(27.72%)、社区(10.50%)。59.23%的受暴力患者认为遭受暴力使自己的尊严受到了严重伤害;80.42%的患者受暴力时感到无助。25.70%的患者遭受性虐待,其中的75.91%在遭受性虐待的同时也遭受暴力。结论:妇女精神疾病患者易于成为受暴力及性虐待对象。     

Physical abuse of women before, during, and after pregnancy

CONTEXT: Clinicians who care for new mothers and infants need information concerning postpartum physical abuse of women as a foundation on which to develop appropriate clinical screening and intervention procedures. However, no previous population-based studies have been conducted of postpartum physical abuse. OBJECTIVES: To examine patterns of physical abuse before, during, and after pregnancy in a representative statewide sample of North Carolina women. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Survey of participants in the North Carolina Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (NC PRAMS). Of the 3542 women invited to participate in NC PRAMS between July 1, 1997, and December 31, 1998, 75% (n = 2648) responded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of physical abuse during the 12 months before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and after infant delivery; injuries and medical interventions resulting from postpartum abuse; and patterns of abuse over time in relation to sociodemographic characteristics and use of well-baby care. RESULTS: The prevalence of abuse before pregnancy was 6.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.6%-8.2%) compared with 6.1% (95% CI, 4.8%-7.4%) during pregnancy and 3.2% (95% CI, 2.3%-4.1%) during a mean postpartum period of 3.6 months. Abuse during a previous period was strongly predictive of later abuse. Most women who were abused after pregnancy (77%) were injured, but only 23% received medical treatment for their injuries. Virtually all abused and nonabused women used well-baby care; private physicians were the most common source of care. The mean number of well-baby care visits did not differ significantly by maternal patterns of abuse. CONCLUSION: Since well-baby care use is similar for abused and nonabused mothers, pediatric practices may be important settings for screening women for violence.     

Domestic abuse on women in China before, during, and after pregnancy

Background Some researchers found that partner-perpetrated physical violence increased in frequency and severity during the postpartum period compared with the antenatal period, however, limited data exists describing abuse of women in China. The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of abuse in China before, during, and after pregnancy, and explore possible factors related to abuse. Methods A community-based face-to-face survey of a representative group of women who had a child aged 6 to 18 months in 32 communities of Tianjin, Liaoning, Henan, and Shaanxi provinces was carried out between November 1,2001 and February 28, 2002. Results The prevalence of domestic abuse (emotional, sexual, or physical) occurring in any period (before, during, or after pregnancy) was 12.6%. The prevalence of abuse during the approximate 9 months of pregnancy (4.3%) was relatively lower compared with the prevalence of abuse during the 12 months before pregnancy (9. 1%) and after delivery (8.3%) during the mean 11-month postpartum period studied. Abuse before pregnancy was a strong risk factor for abuse during pregnancy and abuse after pregnancy, and abuse during any previous period was a strong risk factor for subsequent abuse. Many women who suffered abuse of any kind generally experienced multiple acts over time and most acts were not severe. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the factors associated with abuse during pregnancy included women previously witnessing domestic violence, a poor relationship with the panner, socioeconomic level, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Conclusions It is necessary to do in-depth training and to raise awareness of panner abuse among all health professionals. Routine screening of abuse in maternity clinics is advocated to decrease the adverse impact of abuse on women and fetuses.     

Association of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse with risk of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults

Elisabeth B. Binder, MD, PhD; Rebekah G. Bradley, PhD; Wei Liu, PhD; Michael P. Epstein, PhD; Todd C. Deveau, BS; Kristina B. Mercer, MPH; Yilang Tang, MD, PhD; Charles F. Gillespie, MD, PhD; Christine M. Heim, PhD; Charles B. Nemeroff, MD, PhD; Ann C. Schwartz, MD; Joseph F. Cubells, MD, PhD; Kerry J. Ressler, MD, PhD

JAMA. 2008;299(11):1291-1305.

Context  In addition to trauma exposure, other factors contribute to risk for development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adulthood. Both genetic and environmental factors are contributory, with child abuse providing significant risk liability.

Objective  To increase understanding of genetic and environmental risk factors as well as their interaction in the development of PTSD by gene x environment interactions of child abuse, level of non–child abuse trauma exposure, and genetic polymorphisms at the stress-related gene FKBP5.

Design, Setting, and Participants  A cross-sectional study examining genetic and psychological risk factors in 900 nonpsychiatric clinic patients (762 included for all genotype studies) with significant levels of childhood abuse as well as non–child abuse trauma using a verbally presented survey combined with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. Participants were primarily urban, low-income, black (>95%) men and women seeking care in the general medical care and obstetrics-gynecology clinics of an urban public hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, between 2005 and 2007.

Main Outcome Measures  Severity of adult PTSD symptomatology, measured with the modified PTSD Symptom Scale, non–child abuse (primarily adult) trauma exposure and child abuse measured using the traumatic events inventory and 8 SNPs spanning the FKBP5 locus.

Results  Level of child abuse and non–child abuse trauma each separately predicted level of adult PTSD symptomatology (mean [SD], PTSD Symptom Scale for no child abuse, 8.03 [10.48] vs 2 types of abuse, 20.93 [14.32]; and for no non–child abuse trauma, 3.58 [6.27] vs 4 types, 16.74 [12.90]; P < .001). Although FKBP5 SNPs did not directly predict PTSD symptom outcome or interact with level of non–child abuse trauma to predict PTSD symptom severity, 4 SNPs in the FKBP5 locus significantly interacted (rs9296158, rs3800373, rs1360780, and rs9470080; minimum P = .0004) with the severity of child abuse to predict level of adult PTSD symptoms after correcting for multiple testing. This gene x environment interaction remained significant when controlling for depression severity scores, age, sex, levels of non–child abuse trauma exposure, and genetic ancestry. This genetic interaction was also paralleled by FKBP5 genotype-dependent and PTSD-dependent effects on glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity, measured by the dexamethasone suppression test.

Conclusions  Four SNPs of the FKBP5 gene interacted with severity of child abuse as a predictor of adult PTSD symptoms. There were no main effects of the SNPs on PTSD symptoms and no significant genetic interactions with level of non–child abuse trauma as predictor of adult PTSD symptoms, suggesting a potential gene-childhood environment interaction for adult PTSD.

     

Psychosocial aspects of chronic pelvic pain, with special reference to sexual abuse. A study of 164 women.

Patients with chronic pelvic pain attending a tertiary referral centre show certain social, developmental and psychological characteristics. Specifically, they appear to have fewer children and to report more paternal overprotection, and a trend towards low maternal care compared to normals. They also show more depression, free-floating anxiety and somatic anxiety than such populations. The levels are similar to those found in other outpatient populations presenting with migraine or irritable bowel syndrome. Hostility levels are greater than those in normal subjects. Overall the present patient population reports the same degree of childhood sexual abuse as do many other female clinic and community sample populations. Sexual abuse is unlikely to be a specific aetiological factor in the development of chronic pelvic pain though it may yet be found to be important in subsets of the population.     

儿童期虐待和父母养育方式与抑郁症的关系研究

目的 探讨儿童期虐待和父母养育方式与抑郁症的关系.方法 采用儿童期虐待史自评量表(PRCA)、父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)对符合入组标准的98例抑郁症患者进行评估,并与100例正常人群进行对照,采用汉密顿抑郁量表(24项,HAMD)评定抑郁症状严重程度.结果 抑郁症患者儿童期受虐待史率(36.7%)明显高于正常人(9.0%),差异具有显著性(P<0.01).抑郁症患者的父母惩罚严厉、拒绝否认[分别为(17.95±5.72)分,(13.89±5.40)分.(10.45±3.47)分,(13.99±4.85)分],高于对照组[分别为(15.98±4.86)分,(11.61±4.19分)分,(8.02±2.98)分,(11.14±3.76)分],而父母情感温暖理解因子,低于对照组,差异具有显著性(P<0.05).抑郁症状与情感虐待、性虐待、忽视因子及父母惩罚严厉、拒绝否认、母亲过分干涉因子呈显著正相关r=0.298～0.540,P<0.05或P<0.01),与父母情感温暖理解因子呈显著负相关(r=-0.350～-0.508,P<0.05或P<0.01).情感虐待、性虐待、忽视和虐待总分与父母养育方式多个因子分存在显著相关(r=-0.479～0.523,P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 抑郁症患者儿童期遭遇过较多的情感虐待、性虐待和忽视,父母养育方式影响儿童虐待的发生,儿童期被受虐待经历和父母不良养育方式与抑郁症的形成有关.     

The physical, sexual and emotional violence history of middle-aged women: a community-based prevalence study

OBJECTIVES: To determine current and lifetime rates of the experience of partner abuse and sexual violence in a community-based sample of middle-aged women and compare these to figures obtained in a general practice setting. DESIGN AND METHODS: This research was part of the Melbourne Women's Midlife Health Project (MWMHP), an observational, longitudinal, population-based study of 438 Australian-born women conducted over nine years. In 1996, during the sixth year of the study, we asked the MWMHP participants to complete a self-administered "violence questionnaire", incorporating a modified Conflict Tactics Scale and questions on sexual abuse experienced during childhood and adult life. RESULTS: Of the 395 women remaining in the sixth year of follow-up of the MWMHP, 362 (92%) completed the questionnaire. Overall, 28.5% (n = 101) of the women had experienced some form of domestic violence (physical, sexual or emotional) during their lifetime; 5.5% (n = 15) of women had experienced severe physical abuse in the past year at the hands of a partner; and 11.8% (n = 42) of the women had experienced rape or attempted rape between the age of 16 and the time of our survey. Regarding abuse in childhood, 8.9% (n = 32) of women had experienced physical abuse, 42.3% (n = 152) had experienced non-contact sexual abuse, and 35.7% (n = 128) contact sexual abuse. Compared with the general-practice-based study, rates of childhood physical abuse and penetrative sexual abuse were similar, but rates of less intrusive child sexual abuse were significantly higher in our study. CONCLUSIONS: Doctors in all areas of medicine who are dealing with middle-aged women need to be aware of the levels of violence sustained by women throughout their lives. Such experiences may have a substantial impact on women's physical and mental wellbeing.     

中段尿道无张力吊带术对女性压力性尿失禁患者性功能的影响

目的:评估经阴道无张力尿道中段悬吊术(tension free vaginal tape,TVT)、经闭孔阴道无张力悬吊术(transobturator suburethral tape,TVT-O)对女性压力性尿失禁患者性功能的影响.方法:应用女性性功能指数(female sexual function index,FSFI)问卷,对北京大学人民医院TVT、TVT-O术后3个月至5年的66例患者进行随访,按照手术方式(TVT/TVT-O)、术后时间(1年以内与1年以上)及术前有无性交漏尿(concomitant coital incontinence,CCI)进行分组,应用多元协方差分析比较手术前后FSFI评分的变化,评分越高,提示性功能质量越好.结果:最终回收有效问卷51例,术前TVT组及TVT-O组患者年龄、FSFI、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)差异无统计学意义.多元协方差分析中,在校正术后时间及术前有无性交漏尿对患者性功能的影响后,TVT组与TVT-O组患者术后FSFI评分升高值(difference of FSFI,dFSFI)差异无统计学意义(F=2.52,P=0.119),且两组患者相比术后性生活改善率差异无统计学意义(40.0％ vs.44.4％,P＞O.05).但在协变量分析中CCI组与nCCI组术后性功能变化差异显著(F =7.41,P＜0.05),CCI组dFSFI值更高(1.86±1.95 vs.-0.09±2.24).结论:TVT与TVT-O两种手术方式对患者性功能影响无明显差异,但术前有性交时漏尿的患者术后性功能改善明显.     

东莞市外来务工女性性行为及性相关认知度调查

目的：了解东莞市外来务工女性性生活习惯、行为及对性相关认知度情况。方法随机抽取东莞市1000名外来务工女性进行问卷调查和访谈。结果（1）目前女性性观念较开放，初次性行为年龄提前。（2）女性在初次性行为之前，对相关知识了解较少。（3）避孕方式与性传播疾病的认知度欠缺。结论各部门需加强对务工女性性心理疏导、生殖健康知识宣传。     

儿童期虐待史自评量表的信度与效度分析

目的 编制儿童期虐待史自评量表(PRCA),并对它进行初步的信度、效度分析.方法 对179例小学生进行了PRCA测试,分析PRCA的内部一致性,重测信度,内容效度及校标效度,并分析小学生的受虐待情况.结果 PRCA的虐待总分的cronbach's α系数为0.87,躯体虐待因子为0.85,情感虐待因子为0.73,性虐待因子为0.99,忽视因子为0.89.PRCA的重测信度为0.68,躯体虐待因子为0.46,情感虐待因子为0.56,性虐待因子为0.70,忽视因子为0.54.各因子之间相关系数为0.24～0.52,各因子与总分相关系数为0.53～0.77,与抑郁自评量表相关系数为0.35～0.77.受虐待组学生症自评量表总均分及各因子分均明显高于对照组[总均分:(1.84±0.61)分vs(1.59±0.57)分,t=2.84,P＜0.01].与女生相比,男生的受虐待程度较重,一年内受虐待次数较多[总分:(12.87±16.46)分vs(8.49±12.31)分,t=2.00,P＜0.05;频度:(1.72±1.71)分vs(1.16±1.16)分,t=2.53,P＜0.05].绝大部分虐待行为始发于10岁之前.结论 儿童期虐待史自评量表具有较好的信度、效度,可作为对儿童进行受虐待情况调查的自评工具.