Frontal plane lower extremity alignment in adolescent athletes with chronic hip adductor-related groin injury symptoms: A case-control study

ObjectiveTo compare trunk and lower extremity frontal plane projection angles (FPPA) during single leg squat (SLS) performance, perceived hip and groin function and symptoms, and isometric hip strength of adolescent athletes with chronic hip adductor-related groin injury (HARGI) symptoms and age, gender, and sport-matched healthy subjects.DesignCase-control study.SettingJunior Olympic Development Training Centre.ParticipantsTwenty-six athletes at 59.1 ± 60 weeks (range = 12–208 weeks) post-index grade II HARGI injury who had continued sport training (injury group) and 26 control group subjects.Main outcome measuresSLS trunk, hip, and knee FPPA, isometric hip strength standardized to bodyweight, and Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Scores (HAGOS).ResultsThe injury group had greater bilateral knee FPPA, and greater injury side hip FPPA during maximum SLS. Injury group HAGOS subscale scores were lower than control group scores. Hip abductor, adductor, external rotator, and internal rotator strength was lower at the injury side of the injury group compared to the matched control group limb. Forward stepwise multiple regression analysis of the injury group found that 50% of injury side knee FPPA was predicted by hip internal rotator strength and time post-index HARGI; and 47% of injury side hip FPPA was predicted by other side hip flexor strength and the HAGOS function, sport and recreation subscale score (p = 0.002).ConclusionsGreater injury side hip and bilateral knee FPPA during maximum SLS, lower self-reported hip symptom and function scores, and less injury side hip abductor, adductor, external rotator and internal rotator strength suggests that adolescent athletes with chronic HARGI symptoms are at an increased risk for sustaining a non-contact knee injury. Impaired hip internal rotator strength at the side of the chronic HARGI was related to increased knee FPPA, and impaired hip flexor strength at the other side of the HARGI was related to increased hip FPPA. Findings support using SLS performance testing in this athlete group to help determine safe return to sport training readiness.     

MRI、MR肩关节造影及高频超声诊断肩袖损伤的差异性分析

目的探讨MRI、MR肩关节造影(MRAr)及高频超声诊断肩袖损伤的差异性。方法收集2015年2月—2016年9月间于天津市第五中心医院就诊的疑似肩袖损伤病人84例,其中男52例,女32例,年龄22~64岁,平均(48.2±12.1)岁。回顾分析病人的MRI、MRAr及高频超声影像资料,采用χ~2检验比较MRI和高频超声2种方法诊断效能的差异。采用Kappa检验分析MRI、高频超声,以及MRI、高频超声和MRAr 3种方法联合分别与肩关节镜检查结果的一致性。结果对于Ⅰ型肩袖撕裂,MRI、MRAr和高频超声3种检查方法的准确度均为100%。MRAr对于Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅳ型肩袖损伤有较高的检出率,总准确度为97.8%(45/46),而对于Ⅲ型、Ⅴ型、Ⅵ型肩袖撕裂则无法检出。MRI和高频超声诊断肩袖损伤的敏感度、特异度及准确度分别为88.8%、75.0%、88.1%和87.5%、75.0%、86.9%,2种方法对肩袖损伤诊断效能的差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.856,P=0.1)。MRI、高频超声和MRAr 3种方法联合诊断肩袖损伤的敏感度、特异度及准确度分别为93.7%、100%、94.0%。3种方法分别与肩关节镜检查结果比较,均具有较高的一致性(κ=0.81,P=0.001;κ=0.79,P0.001;κ=0.94,P0.001)。结论高频超声可以作为肩袖损伤的初筛检查方法,MRI可作为有效补充,MRAr对于Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅳ型肩袖损伤有较高的检出率,3种方法相互补充,明显提高诊断准确性。     

Etiology and pathophysiology of tendon ruptures in sports

Of all spontaneous tendon ruptures, complete Achilles tendon tears are most closely associated with sports activities (1–3). Schönbauer (3) reported that 75% of all ruptures of the Achilles tendon are related to sports. In Plecko & Passl (2) the number was 60%. In our material of 430 cases, the number of sports-related Achilles ruptures was very similar (62%), while only 2% of ruptures of other tendons were sports-related (P<0.001) (1). Also, the majority of Achilles reruptures occurred in sports. The ruptures occurred most often in soccer (34%), track and field (16%) and basketball (14%). The distribution of Achilles ruptures according to different sports varies considerably from country to country, according to the national sport traditions. For example, in northern and middle Europe, soccer, tennis, track and field, indoor ball games, downhill skiing, and gymnastics are the most common; and in North America, football, basketball, baseball, tennis and downhill skiing dominate the statistics (1, 2, 4). In sports, some Achilles ruptures are not spontaneous or degeneration-induced but may occur as a consequence of the remarkably high forces that are involved in the performance (2). Ruptures in the high jump or triple jump are good examples. In such cases, failure in the neuromuscular protective mechanisms due to fatigue or disturbed co-ordination can frequently be found. The spontaneous complete rupture of the supraspinatus tendon of the rotator cuff does not occur very frequently in sports. Those sports that include high-energy throwing movements, such as American and Finnish baseball, American football, rugby and discus and javelin throwing, may, however, produce this injury. Partial tears and inflammations of the rotator cuff complex are much more frequent in throwing sports. The complete rupture of the proximal long head of the biceps brachii tendon is rare among competitive and recreational athletes. In our material, under 2% of these ruptures were associated with sports activities (5). The rupture (avulsion) of the distal tendon of the biceps muscle is rare. In sports, gymnastics, body building and weight lifting have been said to be able to produce this injury (6). In general, complete ruptures of the quadriceps tendon and the patellar tendon occur most often in older individuals. In our study, the mean age of these patients was 65 years (5). However, these injuries do also occur in younger age groups, especially in athletes. In athletes, the rupture most frequently occurs in high-power sports events, such as high jump, basketball and weight lifting, at the age of 15-30 years. A chronic patellar apicitis (jumper's knee) may predispose rupture of the tendon (7). As is the case with the rotator cuff complex, overuse inflammation and partial tears of the quadriceps and patellar tendons are one of the most characteristic athletic injuries. Complete spontaneous ruptures of other tendons in sports are rare, although the literature does provide case studies from almost every tendon the human body possesses (8–18).     

The science of rotator cuff tears: translating animal models to clinical recommendations using simulation analysis

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to review basic science studies using various animal models for rotator cuff research and to describe structural, biomechanical, and functional changes to muscle following rotator cuff tears. The use of computational simulations to translate the findings from animal models to human scale is further detailed.

Methods

A comprehensive review was performed of the basic science literature describing the use of animal models and simulation analysis to examine muscle function following rotator cuff injury and repair in the ageing population.

Results

The findings from various studies of rotator cuff pathology emphasize the importance of preventing permanent muscular changes with detrimental results. In vivo muscle function, electromyography, and passive muscle–tendon unit properties were studied before and after supraspinatus tenotomy in a rodent rotator cuff injury model (acute vs chronic). Then, a series of simulation experiments were conducted using a validated computational human musculoskeletal shoulder model to assess both passive and active tension of rotator cuff repairs based on surgical positioning.

Conclusion

Outcomes of rotator cuff repair may be improved by earlier surgical intervention, with lower surgical repair tensions and fewer electromyographic neuromuscular changes. An integrated approach of animal experiments, computer simulation analyses, and clinical studies may allow us to gain a fundamental understanding of the underlying pathology and interpret the results for clinical translation.     

MRI检查肩袖损伤的临床分析

目的分析肩袖损伤在MR检查时的不同扫描定位及在不同序列上的显示效果。方法对40例肩袖损伤患者行横断位T2WI,斜矢状位T1WI,斜冠状位脂肪抑制(STIR)及双斜冠状位T1WI、T2WI、脂肪抑制(STIR)扫描,分析斜冠状位与双斜冠状位图像对冈上肌、冈上肌肌腱以及肱骨干长轴的显示能力和对肩袖损伤的显示效果;以及在双斜冠状位各个序列(T1WI、T2WI、脂肪抑制STIR)中对肩袖损伤的图像显示效果按评价标准进行评价和对显示结果比较。结果 40例肩关节的斜冠状位和双斜冠状位都能全部显示冈上肌长轴,且双斜冠状位能把冈上肌、冈上肌肌腱全长及肱骨干长轴显示于一幅图像中,而斜冠状位不能;斜冠状位(STIR)显示肩袖部分撕裂和完全撕裂的分别为13例和14例,双斜冠状位(STIR)分别为22例和14例;双斜冠状位T1WI、T2WI、STIR三个序列显示肩袖结构好、较好、差的例数分别为(10、26、32;14、11、7;3、2、1)双斜冠状位T1WI、T2WI、STIR三个序列发现冈上肌肌腱、肩胛下肌肌腱、冈下肌肌腱、小圆肌肌腱、肱二头肌长头肌腱异常的例数分别为(4、21、28;2、9、15;1、6、10;0、2、4;0、1、2)。结论双斜冠状位对冈上肌、冈上肌肌腱全长及肱骨干长轴的显示能力和对肩袖损伤的显示结果均优于斜冠状位;双斜冠状位的脂肪抑制(STIR)序列对肩袖损伤的显示效果和结果均优于T2WI和T1WI。     

不同MRI组合序列及扫描方位对肩袖损伤诊断分级及脂肪浸润评分的影响

目的：探讨不同磁共振成像（MRI）组合序列及扫描方位对肩袖损伤诊断分级及脂肪浸润评分的影响。 方法：选择蚌埠医学院附属连云港市第二人民医院2018年1月至2019年1月收治的100例经临床诊断为肩袖损伤患者作为研究对象,对患者进行不同MRI组合序列及扫描方位,进行肩袖损伤的诊断和肩袖损伤脂肪浸润程度评分。 结果：斜冠状位MRI对肩胛袖损伤的检出率最高,斜冠状位SITR序列在肩关节检查中对肩袖损伤显示最佳（χ²=19.425,P<0.001）;斜冠状位SITR序列对肩胛袖损伤中冈上肌肌腱（51例）、冈下肌肌腱（34例）、肩胛下肌肌腱（15例）检出例数均明显高于斜冠状T₁WI检出序列数（12、28、6例）和T₂WI的检出例数（37、19、9例）。斜冠状术前MRI肩袖脂肪浸润程度评分较术中明显升高[（2.58±0.23）分vs.（1.72±0.17）分],差异有统计学意义（t=7.320,P=0.002）。 结论：斜冠状位SITR序列在肩袖损伤的诊断分级及脂肪浸润程度评分均优其他序列,对肩袖损伤的诊断率较高,更有助于提高诊断正确率。     

MRI of the rotator cuff and internal derangement

Disease to the rotator cuff is the most common cause of shoulder pain and dysfunction in adults. This group of muscles performs multiple functions and is often stressed during various activities. The anatomy and physiology of the rotator cuff is complex and interconnected to other muscle groups in the shoulder. One must take the anatomic status of the rotator cuff tendons into account when planning the treatment of the rotator cuff injury. Diagnostic imaging of the rotator cuff, performed by MRI, provides valuable information about the nature of the injury. In this article, we will review the various types and causes of rotator cuff injuries, normal MR anatomy, function, patho-anatomy, and the biomechanics of the rotator cuff. We will also review shoulder impingement syndromes.     

肩关节损伤MRI与关节镜的对比分析

目的探讨常规MRI对肩关节损伤的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析因肩关节损伤行常规MRI和关节镜检查的55例病人资料,MRI观察指标包括肩袖、盂唇形态及信号,有否肩峰下撞击及骨性损伤。以肩关节镜为诊断金标准,统计MRI对不同类型肩关节损伤的诊断结果,并分别计算MRI的诊断敏感度、特异度和准确度。采用Kappa检验分析MRI与肩关节镜诊断结果的一致性。结果肩关节损伤的MRI征象中分别有25%部分肩袖撕裂、13.3%Bankart’s损伤、20%盂唇上部前后方向(SLAP)损伤和11.6%肩峰下撞击漏诊。MRI诊断损伤性病变的特异度及肩袖全层撕裂(100%)、骨性损伤(100%)、肩峰下撞击(88%)和Bankart’s损伤(87%)的敏感度较高,诊断SLAP损伤(75%)和肩袖部分撕裂(75%)的敏感度较低;诊断肩袖全层撕裂(100%)和骨性损伤(100%)的准确度最高,其次是Bankart’s损伤(96%),诊断SLAP损伤(89%)的准确度较低。MRI和关节镜诊断肩袖全层撕裂、骨性损伤的κ值为1,结果完全一致,诊断Bankart’s损伤的κ值为0.904,一致性较好,诊断肩袖部分撕裂、SLAP损伤和肩峰下撞击的κ值虽稍低,但均0.75,一致性也较好,P均0.05。结论 MRI是有效诊断肩关节损伤的影像方法,但对SLAP损伤和肩袖部分撕裂的诊断准确度有待提高。     

Standard sonography and arthrosonography in the study of rotator cuff tears

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of ultrasonography, integrating standard ultrasound and arthrosonography after injecting a saline solution into the glenohumeral cavity in cases of suspected rotator cuff tears. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively examined 40 patients awaiting shoulder arthroscopy for suspected or diagnosed tears of the rotator cuff. A radiologist, unaware of the pre-operative diagnosis, performed an ultrasound scan on all the patients before and after the injection of saline solution into the glenohumeral cavity. The parameters considered were presence or absence of a rotator cuff injury; type of injury according to Snyder and its extent along the longitudinal and transverse planes; presence or absence of effusion into the articular cavity; subacromial/subdeltoid bursal distension. All the patients underwent arthroscopy either the same day or the day after the ultrasound examination. RESULTS: Standard sonography showed 26 complete rotator cuff tears (type C according to Snyder), 2 partial tears (type B according to Snyder) and 12 intact rotator cuffs.Arthrosonography detected 31 complete rotator cuff tears (type C according to Snyder), 1 partial tear (type B according to Snyder) and 8 intact rotator cuffs.Arthroscopy identified 32 complete rotator cuff tears (type C according to Snyder), 1 partial tear (type B according to Snyder) and 8 intact rotator cuffs.Analysis of the results shows that, taking arthroscopy as the gold standard, the sensitivity of normal sonography is 81.2%, whereas that of arthrosonography is 96.8% (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the data obtained in this study, standard sonography, integrated with the injection of a saline solution into the glenohumeral cavity, considerably increases the diagnostic sensitivity for rotator cuff tears. The authors suggest that arthrosonography can be used in the event of suspected rotator cuff tears, when MRI is contraindicated.     

高频超声与关节镜检查对肩袖损伤应用价值的对比分析

目的:对比分析肩袖损伤的超声检查和关节镜的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析临床怀疑肩袖损伤并行超声检查及关节镜手术治疗的患者31例(37肩),男17例21肩,女14例16肩;年龄51～75岁,平均64岁。通过超声检查对肩袖损伤进行分型,并与关节镜结果进行对比分析。结果:超声检查诊断肩袖损伤32肩,正常肩袖5肩;关节镜手术诊断肩袖损伤33肩,正常肩袖4肩。超声诊断肩袖损伤的灵敏度为93.4%,特异度为75.0%。结论:超声检查在诊断肩袖损伤方面具有较高的灵敏度及特异性,可以作为诊断肩袖损伤的首选检查方法。     

Golf and racquet sports injuries

There are specific injuries that are common in golf and racquet sports. These abnormalities have a predilection for specific structures as well and can be divided into two categories on the basis of etiology as either chronic repetitive injury or acute trauma. With golf injuries, upper extremity abnormalities prevail and include rotator cuff disease, epicondylitis, wrist tenosynovitis, and hamate hook fracture. Thoracolumbar spine pain can also occur. The order of frequency of these ailments is different for professional and recreational athletes. With racquet injuries, as in tennis, lower extremity injuries are more common and include medial gastrocnemius and Achilles tendon abnormalities, although shoulder, elbow, and wrist abnormalities may also occur. Knowledge of the biomechanics behind each sport is also helpful in understanding the pathophysiology of injury and in part explains the findings seen at imaging.     

Rotator cuff contusions of the shoulder in professional football players: epidemiology and magnetic resonance imaging findings

BACKGROUND: No published reports have studied the epidemiology and magnetic resonance imaging findings associated with rotator cuff contusions of the shoulder in professional football players. PURPOSE: To determine a single professional football team's incidence, treatment, and magnetic resonance imaging appearance of players sustaining rotator cuff contusions of the shoulder. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: From 1999 to 2005, a North American professional football team's injury records were retrospectively reviewed for athletes who had sustained a rotator cuff contusion of the shoulder during in-season participation. Those patients who had magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder with a 1.5-Tesla magnet were reviewed by a musculoskeletal radiologist and graded according to the appearance and severity of clinical injury. RESULTS: Twenty-six players had a rotator cuff contusion. There was an average of 5.5 rotator cuff contusions per season (47% of all shoulder injuries). The predominant mechanism of injury was a direct blow in 70.3%. Magnetic resonance imaging findings included peritendon edema at the myotendinous junction, critical zone tendon edema, and subentheseal bone bruises. Treatment consisted of a protocol involving modalities and cuff rehabilitation in all patients. Six patients had persistent pain and weakness for a minimum of 3 days and were given a subacromial corticosteroid injection. Overall, 3 patients (11.4%) required later surgical treatment on the shoulder. CONCLUSION: Rotator cuff contusions accounted for nearly half of all shoulder injuries in the football players in this study. Magnetic resonance imaging is an extremely useful tool in determining severity of injury and integrity of the rotator cuff. The majority of athletes are able to return to sports with conservative treatment; a minority of shoulders might progress to more severe injuries such as rotator cuff tears.     

异体骨锚钉双排固定法修复肩袖损伤

目的 探讨异体皮质骨锚钉双排固定法修复肩袖损伤的价值.方法 关节镜监视下,采用同种异体皮质骨锚钉双排同定法修复肩袖损伤16例.其中男10例,女6例;年龄32～58岁,平均44岁.按Bigliani肩袖损伤分类法,小撕裂6例,中度撕裂8例,大撕裂2例.关节镜下肩袖清理和肩峰成形后,采用带线异体骨锚钉植入肱骨大结节肩袖附着处,双根缝线垂直褥式缝合冈上肌腱,分别打结固定后,将缝线交叉牵引到在肱骨大结节预制的骨道处,将缝线穿入另一个骨锚钉孔内并击入骨道内.4根缝线交叉呈网状覆盖撕裂的冈上肌腱由骨锚钉固定.根据撕裂创面大小决定骨锚钉植入数量.结果 所有患者术后得到随访,时间6～23个月,平均14个月.术后疼痛症状均消失,肩关节功能采用美国加州洛杉矶大学(UCLA)功能评分标准评估,术前(20.5±5.6)分,术后(33.4±5.8)分.优10例,良5例,可1例.术后肩关节稳定性良好,无锚钉拔出和损伤复发.结论 异体骨锚钉双排同定法修复肩袖损伤,镜下手术操作方便,骨锚钉嵌入固定牢靠,增加肩袖组织与骨创面的接触面积,有利于肩袖愈合.骨锚钉生物固定,无异物存留,价格低廉.     

Lifting tasks are associated with injuries during the early portion of a deployment to Afghanistan

U.S. Army soldiers spend months at a time working in austere environments during deployments. The numerous physical demands placed on them during deployment can lead to musculoskeletal injuries. These injuries account for the majority of medical evacuations and lost duty days, seriously affecting mission readiness. Because of limited electronic injury data, little research has been done on physical demands associated with injury in deployed environments. To this end, this study conducted a survey on 263 soldiers in a Stryker Brigade Combat Team during their third month of deployment to Afghanistan. In the third month, 23% sustained an injury and 43% of injuries affected the low-back, shoulder, or knee. Dismounted patrolling and lifting were reported to account for 36% of injuries. Wearing heavy loads and lifting tasks were identified as injury risk factors. Wearing heavier equipment and lifting objects higher may increase physical demands and may result in injury.     

Shoulder impingement syndrome: MR findings in 53 shoulders

The shoulder impingement syndrome refers to a condition in which the supraspinatus tendon and subacromial bursa are chronically entrapped between the humeral head inferiorly and either the anterior acromion itself, spurs of the anterior acromion or acromioclavicular joint, or the coracoacromial ligament superiorly. As a result, the space for the bursa and tendon is reduced, and repeated trauma to these structures leads to bursitis and rotator cuff injury. Although pain and limitation of motion are common early findings, the diagnosis is often delayed until a complete tear of the rotator cuff has occurred. In an attempt to determine if MR can be used to depict the abnormalities associated with impingement syndrome (subacromial bursitis, supraspinatus tendinitis, and rotator cuff tear), we reviewed 107 MR scans of painful shoulders. Changes consistent with impingement syndrome were found in 53 patients (50%), 32 of whom underwent subsequent arthrography or surgery. MR was found capable of depicting several soft-tissue and bony abnormalities that have been clinically described in impingement syndrome. In regions of inflammation, we found that the supraspinatus tendon and/or the subacromial bursa were compressed by spurs (25 shoulders), capsular hypertrophy of the acromioclavicular joint (six shoulders), and/or low-lying acromion (14 shoulders). While T1-weighted MR imaging was highly sensitive to abnormalities of the supraspinatus tendon, tendinitis could be differentiated from a small tear of the supraspinatus tendon only with T2-weighted imaging. Large, full-thickness tears, especially if chronic, produced characteristic MR findings on both T1- and T2-weighted images. We conclude that MR can be used to detect several abnormalities associated with the shoulder impingement syndrome.     

The subscapularis: anatomy,injury, and imaging

The subscapularis is the largest and most powerful of the rotator cuff muscles and fulfills an important role in glenohumeral movement and stability. The spectrum and implications of subscapularis muscle or tendon injury differ from injury to other rotator cuff components because of its unique structure and function. Diagnosing subscapularis injury is clinically difficult and assessment of subscapularis integrity may be limited during arthroscopy or open surgery. Diagnostic imaging plays an important part in diagnosing and evaluating the extent of subscapularis injury. The radiologist should be aware of the anatomy of the subscapularis, the variations in muscle or tendon injury, and the potential implications for treatment and prognosis.     

Biomechanical factors in rotator cuff pathology

The rotator cuff provides dynamic stability and is critical to normal shoulder function. Forces generated by the rotator cuff facilitate the motions involved in activities of daily living and the more demanding movements of athletics and manual labor. Injury and pathology of the rotator cuff are common and the unique anatomical and biomechanical characteristics of the cuff contribute to the etiology of its injury. This review provides a biomechanical and anatomic context to understanding normal rotator cuff function and summarizes recent work describing biomechanical implications of cuff pathology.     

游泳运动创伤的流行病学研究

通过对包括国家队在内的２７４名游泳运动员的流行病学调查，共发现运动损伤７３例（１１６人次），创伤种类６１种，患病率为２６．６％，平均发病年龄为１７．１岁，发病时平均专项训练时间为４．３年。游泳创伤多以急转慢和慢性损伤为主，主要发生在专项和身体训练中。游泳运动损伤以腰和肩部比率最高，分别为１２．５％，６．６％。最为常见的游泳创伤为腰肌损伤、肩袖损伤、距腓前韧带损伤、髌腱末端病等。游泳损伤的发生与专项技术动作不正确、专项训练过量、肌力不平衡等因素有关。游泳运动损伤多采用手法按摩、针灸并结合现代理疗方法。疗效以肩部最好（有效率８５．０％），腰部和四肢次之，骨盆和髋部较差。     

Rotator Cuff Problems Among Top Athletes

A rotator cuff injury can be devastating to a professional athlete's career. In this article, comments from the athletic trainers or physicians of athletes like Jim McMahon give a firsthand view of how pros are treated.