牙周康胶囊中两组分的双波长法同时测定探讨

目的：不经分离同时测定牙周康胶囊中甲硝唑和芬布芬两组分的含量。方法：双波长法。结果：牙周康胶囊中甲硝唑和芬布芬两组分的平均回收率及相对标准偏差分别为100．75％，0．78％；100．34％，0．59％。结论：该法简便，快速，结果可靠，重现性好。     

高效液相色谱法测定芬布芬片的含量

目的建立测定芬布芬片含量的高效液相色谱（HPLC）法。方法采用Agilent C18柱（150mm×4．6m,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-乙腈-水（40：60：40,用磷酸调节pH至3．0）,检测波长为281nm,流速1．0mL／min,柱温30℃。结果芬布芬进样量线性范围为0．076～0．918μg（r=0．9999）,平均回收率为99．14％,RSD为0．59％（n=6）。结论HPLC法简便、准确,可作为芬布芬片的质量控制方法。     

舒尔芬对骨科疾病镇痛疗效及不良反应

目的:了解舒尔芬在骨科常见疾病中镇痛消炎的疗效及不良反应。方法:随机选择1580例骨关节炎、颈肩腰腿痛等常见病,口服舒尔芬,记录用药前后疼痛、压痛、肿胀、活动度及生化检验项目的变化。结果:舒尔芬在骨科疾病治疗中的优良率为84.2％,不良反应发生率为13.8％,停药率1.58％。结论:舒尔芬具有可靠的镇痛抗炎作用,对于不伴有骨胳肌肉系统病理改变的疾病疗效优于伴有病理改变者,不良反应轻微,使用安全。     

依巴斯汀治疗冬季皮肤瘙痒症的疗效观察

目的：观察依巴斯汀片治疗冬季皮肤瘙痒症的疗效和安全性。方法：采用随机对照和意向性分析的研究。观察组口服依巴斯汀片10mg·d^-1,对照组口服酮替芬片1mg·d^-1,两组均外搽2％樟脑霜。21d为1疗程。结果：观察组的总有效率86．05％,对照组62．79％,两组比较P〈0．05。两组药品不良反应差异有统计学意义（P〈0．005）。结论：依巴斯汀片治疗冬季皮肤瘙痒症的疗效肯定且安全。     

分光光度法测定复方酮替芬喷鼻剂中酮替芬的含量

目的：建立复方酮替芬喷鼻剂中酮替芬的含量测定方法。方法：采用紫外分光光度法不经分离直接测定酮替芬的含量，检测波长为301nm。结果：酮替芬在浓度为5～30μg／ml内呈线性，相关系数r=0．9999。浓度为7．5、15、30μg／ml的样品液，日内RSD分别为2．68％、1．00％和1．61％，日问RSD分别为2．80％、0．90％和0．81％。浓度为7．5、15、30μg／ml的样品液的平均回收率分别为99．12％、100．25％、99．62％，RSD分别为3．56％、2．10％和1．93％。结论：本方法简便易行，适合复方酮替芬喷鼻剂中酮替芬的含量测定。     

头孢辛酯片含量测定的不同方法比较

目的：比较头孢味辛酯含量测定的3种不同方法。方法：分别采用2种高效液相色谱法(美国药典XXⅣ版方法、中国药典2000年版方法)及紫外分光光度法测定头孢味辛酯片的含量。结果：3种方法测定头孢味辛酯片的回收率分别为99．20％，99．98％和99．48％；RSD分别为1．13％，1．74％和0．89％。结论：3种方法均可作为头孢味辛酯片的含量测定方法。     

茶碱沙丁胺醇缓释片平喘作用观察

目的：评价茶碱沙丁胺醇缓释片的平喘效果和安全性。方法：采用随机、开放、组间平行对照方法。试验组和对照组各100例,开放组200例,试验组和开放组用茶碱沙丁胺醇缓释片（1片,q12h);对照组用茶碱缓释片（0．2g,q12h),疗程均为7－14d。结果：试验组,对照组及开放组有效率 分别为89．0％,80．0％和89．0％,各组间无显著性差异（P＞0．05）,其不良反应发生率分别为14．0％,16．0％和14．0％,各组间无明显差异（P＞0．05）,结论：本品为安全有效的平喘药。     

健胃消食片质量控制

目的：建立健胃消食片的质量控制方法。方法：采用薄层色谱法鉴别方中太子参和山药，采用高效液相法测定成品中橙皮苷的含量。结果：鉴别方法专属性强，定量方法简便、准确，橙皮苷在0．0868～8．680μg范围内线性良好，r=0．9999，平均回收率（n=9）为99．84％，RSD为0．89％。结论：用本法可有效地控制健胃消食片的质量。     

高效液相色谱法测定血浆中芬布芬的含量

目的：建立HPLC法测定芬布芬血浓度。方法：以卡马西平为内标，色谱柱为Hypersil C18柱（200mm×4.6mm，5μm）；流速：1.2ml·min^-1；柱温：45℃；流动相：0．02mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠溶液（含3％三乙胺，用1mol·L^-1磷酸溶液调pH3．00）：甲醇=43：57，紫外检测波长284nm。结果：芬布芬的血浓度在0.2-10．0mg·L^-1范围内与峰面积比呈良好的线性关系，定量下限为0．2mg·L^-1。方法的平均回收率为101.44％±2．3％，内、日间RSD均小于10％。结论：该方法简便、准确，为芬布芬的血药浓度的检测提供了较好的分析方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定氯芬黄敏片中胆红素含量

目的用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定氯芬黄敏片中胆红素含量。方法采用Eurospher-100C18色谱柱（250mm×4mm,5μm）,以甲醇-氯仿-1％磷酸溶液（81：13：6）为流动相,流速为1．0mL／min,检测波长为453nm,柱温为30℃。结果胆红素进样量在40—80μg（r=0．9999）范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为99．2％,RSD=0．6％（n=6）。结论HPLC法简便、准确、专属性强、重现性好,可作为氯芬黄敏片的质量控制方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.