A single dose of propofol at the end of surgery for the prevention of emergence agitation in children undergoing strabismus surgery during sevoflurane anesthesia

BACKGROUND: Emergence agitation in children after sevoflurane is common. Different drugs have been used to decrease its occurrence with variable efficacy. The authors compared the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children who received a single dose of propofol at the end of strabismus surgery versus children who received saline. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind study, the authors enrolled 80 healthy children aged 2-6 yr. The children were randomly allocated to the propofol group (n = 41), which received 1 mg/kg propofol at the end of surgery, or to the saline group (n = 39), which received saline. RESULTS: The mean scores on the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale were significantly lower in the propofol group compared with the saline group (8.6 +/- 3.9 vs. 11.5 +/- 4.5; P = 0.004). Also, the incidence of agitation was significantly lower in the propofol group compared with the saline group (19.5% vs. 47.2%; P = 0.01). A threshold score greater than 10 on the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale was the best discriminator between presence and absence of emergence agitation. Times to removal of the laryngeal mask airway (10.6 +/- 1.5 vs. 9.4 +/- 1.9 min; P = 0.004) and emergence times (23.4 +/- 5.7 vs. 19.7 +/- 5 min; P = 0.004) were significantly longer in the propofol group. However, discharge times were similar between the two groups (propofol: 34.1 +/- 8.4 min; saline: 34.9 +/- 8.6 min). More parents in the propofol group were satisfied. CONCLUSIONS: In children undergoing strabismus surgery, 1 mg/kg propofol at the end of surgery after discontinuation of sevoflurane decreases the incidence of agitation and improves parents' satisfaction without delaying discharge from the postanesthesia care unit.     

Rapid emergence does not explain agitation following sevoflurane anaesthesia in infants and children: a comparison with propofol

BACKGROUND: Emergence agitation in children is frequently associated with the use of the new highly insoluble volatile anaesthetics. Rapid emergence has been cited as one of the possible causes. Propofol also permits rapid emergence from general anaesthesia but is not associated with agitation. METHODS: The emergence characteristics of children receiving sevoflurane and propofol anaesthesia were examined. After induction with sevoflurane, 53 children, aged 2-36 months, who were undergoing ambulatory surgery, were randomized to receive maintenance anaesthesia with either sevoflurane or propofol. Introperative analgesia with either 2 micro g x kg-1 of intravenous fentanyl or a caudal block with 0.25% bupivacaine was supplied according to surgical procedure. An observer blinded to anaesthetic technique recorded the time to achieve extubation and recovery and assessed emergence behaviour. Data were analysed using Wilcoxon scores, Kruskal-Wallis test, chi-square and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that the time to extubation and recovery were similar between the two study groups, but that emergence agitation was significantly higher in the sevoflurane group compared with the propofol group. No relationship between analgesic technique and agitation scores was found. CONCLUSIONS: Although both sevoflurane and propofol allow for rapid emergence from general anaesthesia, only sevoflurane is associated with a high incidence of emergence agitation in infants and young children. Rapid emergence does not fully explain this phenomena.     

Emergence agitation after cataract surgery in children: a comparison of midazolam,propofol and ketamine

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether the concurrent use of either of a subhypnotic dose of midazolam, propofol or ketamine with fentanyl just before discontinuing the sevoflurane anesthesia would effectively sedate the children as they recovered and significantly decrease the incidence and severity of emergence agitation and would not delay patient awakening and discharge. Background: Postoperative emergence agitation may occur in children after general anesthesia with volatile anesthetics. Children who undergo cataract surgery after sevoflurane induction and sevoflurane–remifentanil maintenance may experience this type of agitation. Methods/Materials: In 120 un‐premedicated children aged 1–7 years, mask induction with sevoflurane was performed and they were then randomly assigned to one of the three antiagitation postoperative groups (n = 40). We studied the postoperative antiagitation effects of subhypnotic doses of midazolam combined with fentanyl, propofol with fentanyl or ketamine with fentanyl administered just before discontinuing the sevoflurane anesthesia. A score for the level of agitation can be assigned based on the recovery mental state (RMS) scale and the recently published pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale (PAED). Postoperative factors assessed included emergence behaviors, the time to eye opening, the time to discharge from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) to the ward. Results: There were significantly more agitated children in the ketamine‐group when compared to the midazolam‐group or to the propofol‐group at all time P < 0.05), especially at 10 and 15 min. The PAED scale showed a significant advantage for midazolam–fentanyl [5 (2–15)] and propofol–fentanyl [6 (3–15)] versus ketamine–fentanyl [10 (3–20)] (P < 0.05). The time to discharge from the PACU to the ward was not significantly different among the groups. Conclusions: Intravenous administration of a subhypnotic dose of midazolam or propofol in addition to a low dose of fentanyl just before discontinuing the sevoflurane anesthesia was both effective on decreasing the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children undergoing cataract extraction without significant delaying recovery time and discharge. The effect of midazolam was clearer than that seen with propofol.     

Quality of recovery in children: sevoflurane versus propofol

BACKGROUND: Sevoflurane, with its low pungency and low blood and tissue solubility, is an attractive anaesthetic in paediatric outpatient surgery. Propofol-anaesthesia is recognised for its rapid and clear-headed emergence. This study was designed to compare emergence and recovery characteristics of sevoflurane and propofol anaesthesia for tonsillectomy in children. METHODS: Children aged 3-10 years, undergoing elective tonsillectomy, were randomly assigned to receive propofol (n=25, induction with 3 mg x kg(-1), maintenance with 100-250 microg x kg(-1) min(-1)) or sevoflurane anaesthesia (n=25, induction 7 vol.%, maintenance 2-3 vol.%). Tracheal intubation was performed with alfentanil 20 microg x kg(-1) and atracurium 0.5 mg x kg(-1). Ventilation was controlled to maintain normocapnia and all patients received N2O/O2 (60:40 vol.%) for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia. At the end of surgery infiltration of the operative sites with bupivacaine 2 mg x kg(-1) was provided for postoperative analgesia. Emergence, recovery, discharge times, and incidence of side effects were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Time to extubation (14 vs 15 min), time to response to simple verbal command (21 vs 21 min) and time to discharge from the recovery room (45 vs 50 min) were similar in the sevoflurane and propofol groups, respectively. There was a significantly greater incidence of postoperative agitation in the sevoflurane group (46%) compared with the propofol group (9%) (P=0.008). This did not, however, delay discharge from the recovery room. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was not significantly different (8% vs 0%; P=0.49). CONCLUSION: In children, recovery from anaesthesia with sevoflurane results in a higher incidence of agitation compared with propofol.     

术前口服咪达唑仑对患儿七氟醚麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响

目的评价术前口服咪达唑仑对患儿七氟醚麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响。方法选择择期七氟醚麻醉下行扁桃体/腺样体切除术的患儿60例,男34例,女26例,年龄2~7岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,将入选患儿随机分为低剂量咪达唑仑组(M1组)、高剂量咪达唑仑组(M2组)和对照组(C组),每组20例。麻醉前30min分别给予M1组和M2组患儿分别口服咪达唑仑0.5 mg/kg和0.75 mg/kg,口服10%葡萄糖混合液5ml。吸入8%七氟醚行麻醉诱导,术中吸入七氟醚及静脉泵注瑞芬太尼维持麻醉。记录患儿分离焦虑量表(PSAS)评分、麻醉苏醒谵妄量表(PAED)评分和FLACC疼痛评分,并记录拔除气管导管时间和滞留PACU时间。结果 C组患儿的分离焦虑发生率明显高于其他两组(P0.05)。三组苏醒期躁动发生率、最高PAED评分、FLACC疼痛评分以及拔除气管导管时间差异均无统计学意义。M2组滞留PACU时间明显长于其他两组(P0.05)。结论术前口服咪达唑仑0.5mg/kg或0.75mg/kg能有效减轻患儿术前分离焦虑,但不能减少七氟醚麻醉苏醒期躁动的发生,咪达唑仑0.75mg/kg会延长PACU滞留时间。     

A Single Dose of Propofol at the End of Surgery for the Prevention of Emergence Agitation in Children Undergoing Strabismus Surgery during Sevoflurane Anesthesia

Background: Emergence agitation in children after sevoflurane is common. Different drugs have been used to decrease its occurrence with variable efficacy. The authors compared the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children who received a single dose of propofol at the end of strabismus surgery versus children who received saline.

Methods: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind study, the authors enrolled 80 healthy children aged 2-6 yr. The children were randomly allocated to the propofol group (n = 41), which received 1 mg/kg propofol at the end of surgery, or to the saline group (n = 39), which received saline.

Results: The mean scores on the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale were significantly lower in the propofol group compared with the saline group (8.6 +/- 3.9 vs. 11.5 +/- 4.5; P = 0.004). Also, the incidence of agitation was significantly lower in the propofol group compared with the saline group (19.5% vs. 47.2%; P = 0.01). A threshold score greater than 10 on the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale was the best discriminator between presence and absence of emergence agitation. Times to removal of the laryngeal mask airway (10.6 +/- 1.5 vs. 9.4 +/- 1.9 min; P = 0.004) and emergence times (23.4 +/- 5.7 vs. 19.7 +/- 5 min; P = 0.004) were significantly longer in the propofol group. However, discharge times were similar between the two groups (propofol: 34.1 +/- 8.4 min; saline: 34.9 +/- 8.6 min). More parents in the propofol group were satisfied.     

Ondansetron does not modify emergence agitation in children

In this prospective, placebo-controlled study, we evaluated the effect of prophylactic ondansetron therapy on emergence agitation of children who underwent minor surgery below the umbilicus. Seventy children aged one to six years and American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I were studied. Children were premedicated with midazolam rectally and were randomly assigned to receive either ondansetron (Group O) or placebo (Group P) in combination with caudal anaesthesia. Children in Group O received intravenous ondansetron (0.1 mg/kg for children weighing < 40 kg, 4 mg for children weighing > 40 kg) and Group P (n = 35) received normal saline 2 ml following anaesthesia induction with sevoflurane. Airway management was provided with LMA-Proseal without muscle relaxation and anaesthesia maintenance was provided with a 60:40 N2O:O2 mixture and sevoflurane. Emergence agitation was evaluated with a ten point scale and pain level was assessed every 10 minutes for the first 30 minutes after admission to the recovery room. There were no significant differences between the placebo and ondansetron groups with respect to demographic, anaesthetic and surgical details. Incidences of emergence agitation in ondansetron and placebo groups were similar (32.4% and 30.3% at 10 minutes respectively). Mean modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario pain scale scores and mean ten-point scale scores and emergence agitation incidences decreased similarly after 10 minutes in both groups. Ready time for discharge was similar between the groups. Agitated patients had significantly increased ready time for discharge compared to non-agitated patients (P = 0.001). Prophylactic intravenous ondansetron administration does not reduce emergence agitation comparing to placebo after sevoflurane anaesthesia.     

Effects of fentanyl on the incidence of emergence agitation in children receiving desflurane or sevoflurane anaesthesia

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In children, emergence agitation frequently complicates sevoflurane and desflurane anaesthesia. The effect of intravenous fentanyl 2.5 microg kg(-1) was examined on the incidence of emergence agitation in children who received desflurane or sevoflurane after midazolam premedication and intravenous thiopental induction. METHODS: One hundred and twenty children (2-7 yr) undergoing adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy, or both, were studied. All children were premedicated orally with midazolam 0.5 mg kg(-1). After intravenous induction with thiopental and atracurium to facilitate endotracheal intubation, patients were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Patients in Groups 1 and 3 received physiological saline solution, whereas patients in Groups 2 and 4 received intravenous fentanyl 2.5 microg kg(-1) during induction. Anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in Groups 1 and 2 and with desflurane in Groups 3 and 4. After discontinuation of the volatile anaesthetic, the times to tracheal extubation and response to verbal stimuli (emergence time), and emergence behaviours were recorded. RESULTS: The time to tracheal extubation was significantly shorter in Groups 3 (5.2+/-1.7 min) and (6.4+/-2.1 min) than in Groups 1 (8.1+/-2.1 min) (P = 0.0001 and 0.006, respectively) and 2 (8.8+/-1.9 min) (P = 0.0001). The emergence time was significantly shorter in Group 3 (10.0+/-3.9 min) than in Groups 1 (13.8+/-4.9 min) (P = 0.017) and 2 (14.9+/-4.1 min) (P = 0.003). The incidence rate of severe agitation was 13% in Groups 1 and 3, and 7 and 10% in Groups 2 and 4, respectively (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: After midazolam premedication and intravenous induction of anaesthesia with thiopental administration of intravenous fentanyl 2.5 microg kg(-1) did not provide any clinically significant benefit on emer gence agitation in children who receive sevoflurane or desflurane anaesthesia.     

The effect of different drugs on sevoflurane emergence agitation in pediatric patients undergoing hypospadias repair surgery

BackgroundVarious methods are used to decrease the incidence of emergence agitation (EA) in children following general anaesthesia with sevoflurane.ObjectiveThe present study aims to compare the effect of intravenous injection of small dose of propofol, fentanyl or ketamine at the end of surgery, just before the discontinuation of sevoflurane on the incidence and severity of sevoflurane emergence agitation in children undergoing hypospadias repair operations.Patients and methodsEighty patients undergoing elective hypospadias repair under sevoflurane general anaesthesia with caudal block were randomly divided into four groups (20 patients each); group P received intravenous 1 mg/kg propofol, group K received intravenous 0.25 mg/kg ketamine, group F received intravenous 1 μg/kg fentanyl, and group S received intravenous saline as control group. All those injections were given just before the discontinuation of sevoflurane. The emergence agitation was evaluated by emergence agitation scale from awakening every 5 min for 30 min. Complications like laryngospasm, desaturation, cough, and vomiting were recorded. Awakening time and PACU duration were also recorded.ResultsThe incidence of emergence agitation was significantly lower in groups P and F (p < 0.05). The time for awakening was significantly prolonged in groups P, K and F (p < 0.05), while PACU duration was significantly prolonged in group F (p < 0.05). No significant complications occurred except a significantly higher incidence of vomiting in group F.ConclusionThe use of propofol or fentanyl just before the discontinuation of sevoflurane reduces the incidence of emergence agitation in children, on the other hand fentanyl was accompanied with a significantly longer PACU duration and higher incidence of vomiting.     

Post-induction alfentanil reduces sevoflurane-associated emergence agitation in children undergoing an adenotonsillectomy

Background: Emergence agitation is a common problem in paediatric anaesthesia, especially after volatile induction and maintenance anaesthesia (VIMA) with sevoflurane. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of alfentanil to prevent emergence agitation without delayed recovery after VIMA with sevoflurane in children undergoing an adenotonsillectomy.
Methods: One hundred and five children, aged 3–10 years, were randomly allocated to receive normal saline (control group), alfentanil 10 μg/kg (A10) or 20 μg/kg (A20) 1 min after loss of the eyelash reflex. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane. Time to tracheal extubation, recovery time, Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale and emergence behaviour were assessed.
Results: The incidence of severe agitation was significantly lower in the A10 and A20 groups compared with those in the control group (11/32 and 12/34 vs. 24/34, respectively) ( P =0.007, 0.006, respectively). PAED scales were significantly different between the three groups ( P =0.008), and lower in the A10 and A20 groups than that in the control group ( P =0.044, 0.013, respectively). However, the incidence of severe agitation and PAED scale was not different between the A10 and the A20 groups. Time to tracheal extubation and recovery time were similar in all three groups.
Conclusion: The administration of alfentanil 10 μg/kg after induction of anaesthesia for children undergoing an adenotonsillectomy under VIMA reduced the incidence of emergence agitation without delaying the recovery time or causing significant hypotension.     

Recovery characteristics of propofol anesthesia in pediatric outpatients; comparison with sevoflurane anesthesia

We compared recovery characteristics of propofol anesthesia with those of sevoflurane anesthesia in pediatric outpatients. One hundred and four children, 3 months to 6 years of age, ASA physical status 1 or 2, were randomly assigned to following four groups; sevoflurane (group S), propofol (group P), sevoflurane with premedication (group MS), or propofol with premedication (group MP). Midazolam 0.5 mg.kg-1 and famotidine 1 mg.kg-1 were administered orally 30 min before the induction in the MS and MP group. Recovery from anesthesia, agitation, and postoperative pain were evaluated. The time intervals from the end of surgery to extubation and to discharge from the hospital were recorded. The incidence of vomiting and use of analgesic drugs were also checked. The emergence from anesthesia was slower with propofol anesthesia than with sevoflurane anesthesia, but the time to discharge from the hospital was not significantly different among the four groups. Incidence of agitation was higher in S group compared with P group, but there were no differences between MS and MP. Postoperative pain was similar among the four groups. There were no differences in the incidence of vomiting. Propofol anesthesia provided slower emergence and less agitation compared with sevoflurane anesthesia.     

Sevoflurane versus propofol for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with the laryngeal mask airway in children

We compared patient outcomes for propofol vs sevoflurane with the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) using either spontaneous breathing (SB) or pressure controlled ventilation (PCV). One hundred and twenty children undergoing minor surgery below the umbilicus were randomly assigned to receive either (1) propofol 3 mg.kg-1 followed by a maintenance infusion of 5 mg.kg-1.h-1, or (2) induction with sevoflurane 7% followed by maintenance with 1.7%. Following LMA insertion, patients were given atracurium and underwent PCV if surgery was expected to last > or = 30 min. The following assessments were made: time to LMA insertion/removal, airway problems, cardiorespiratory effects and recovery characteristics. The first time insertion success rates were similar, but insertion time was shorter with sevoflurane (115 +/- 67 s vs 252 +/- 107 s, P < 0.0001). One patient coughed during placement, but there were no other problems during any phase of anaesthesia in any group. Heart rate was higher in the sevoflurane group following insertion, during maintenance and emergence (all P < 0.03). There were no differences in blood pressure and oxygen saturation among groups PECO2 in the SB group was unaffected by the agent used. Emergence was more rapid (232 +/- 104 s vs 348 +/- 127 s, P < 0.0001) and postoperative agitation more common (15% vs 0%, P = 0.02) with sevoflurane. There were no differences in the Aldrete scores among groups. Patient outcome was similar for the SB and PCV groups. We concluded that the techniques described here using propofol and sevoflurane are equally suitable for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with the LMA in children undergoing minor surgery below the umbilicus. Emergence is more rapid, but postoperative agitation more common with sevoflurane.     

右美托咪定对slJL扁桃体和／或腺样体术后躁动的影响

目的观察小剂量右美托咪定（dexmedetomidine,Dex）对小儿七氟烷全麻扁桃体和／或腺样体术后苏醒期躁动的影响。方法选取年龄2岁～8岁,美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,拟在七氟烷吸入麻醉下进行扁桃体和／或腺样体摘除的患儿90名,采用双盲法以抽签形式将患者随机分为两组（每组45例）：实验组（D组）和对照组（s组）。D组在诱导时给予Dex负荷量0.3μg／kg（10min泵人）,后以0．2μg·kg-1·h-1维持;S组给予等容生理盐水,两组麻醉均以七氟烷维持,记录患者心率（heart rate,HR）、血压、脉搏血氧饱和度、呼气末七氟烷浓度、停药到自主呼吸恢复时间、停药至拔管时间、拔管后躁动评分。结果D组苏醒期躁动发生率为28.89％,S组为64.44％,且每个时间记录点D组发生躁动的人数均少于S组。结论小剂量Dex能减轻小儿七氟烷全麻扁桃体和／或腺样体术后苏醒期躁动。     

Effect of propofol on emergence behavior in children after sevoflurane general anesthesia

BACKGROUND: Emergence agitation (EA) is a postoperative behavior that may occur in children undergoing general anesthesia with inhaled agents. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of propofol administered at the end of sevoflurane anesthesia on the incidence and severity of EA in children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Eighty-four children, 2-7 years old, undergoing MRI were enrolled in this randomized double-blind study. No sedative premedication was administered prior to anesthesia induction. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane in N(2)O/O(2). Group P received propofol 1 mg.kg(-1) and group S received saline. Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale (PAEDs) was used to evaluate recovery characteristics upon awakening and during the first 30 min after emergence from anesthesia. Children with PAEDs >16 were considered agitated. EA was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Demographic data and other side effects were analyzed using the Student's t-test. RESULTS: Eighty-three children completed the study. There were 42 children in group P. EA was diagnosed in two children in the propofol group (4.8%) and in 11 children in the placebo group (26.8%, P < 0.05). Time to achieving postanesthesia care unit discharge criteria was not different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of propofol 1 mg.kg(-1) can significantly decrease the incidence of EA after sevoflurane general anesthesia in children undergoing nonpainful procedures.     

Comparison of sevoflurane and propofol for ambulatory anaesthesia in gynaecological surgery

PURPOSE: To analyse the cost-efficiency ratio of sevoflurane compared with propofol for gynaecological ambulatory anaesthesia. METHODS: In a prospective randomised study 52 ASA I patients scheduled for ambulatory pregnancy termination were premedicated with lorazepam and received alfentanil prior to anaesthesia induction with propofol (group P, n = 26) or with sevoflurane 8% (group S, n = 26) using the single breath vital capacity technique. Anaesthesia was maintained with N2O in both groups supplemented with sevoflurane (group S) or propofol boluses (group P). RESULTS: The quality of induction and maintenance of anaesthesia was similar between groups except for the incidence of movement during anaesthesia (14/26 patients in group P and 4/26 in group S, P < 0.05). The incidence of post-operative emesis was increased in the sevoflurane group (P < 0.05) but the patients felt able to perform normal activity after a similar delay (18.4 +/- 2.9 hr vs 20.6 +/- 2.8 hr, P > 0.05). The direct cost of anaesthesia was lower in the sevoflurane group (679 FF, n = 24 vs 1153 FF, n = 2-5 in propofol group) but the weight of uterine aspiration products was higher (293 +/- 66 g, median = 230 g, Range 110-800 g, n = 13 vs 108 +/- 8 g, median = 110 g, Range 60-160 g, n = 12, group S vs group P respectively, P = 0.004). Four patients needed reoperation and ambulatory anaesthesia failed in six patients because of uterine haemorrhage. CONCLUSION: Ambulatory anaesthesia with sevoflurane offers a good alternative to propofol but further investigation concerning blood loss with sevoflurane needs to be performed in gynaecological practice.     

Propofol or midazolam do not reduce the incidence of emergence agitation associated with desflurane anaesthesia in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to determine if concurrent use of short-acting sedatives would decrease the incidence of emergence agitation associated with desflurane while preserving rapid recovery. METHODS: Sixty-nine children, aged 2-9 years, who were undergoing adenotonsillectomy, were randomly assigned to three groups: (i) intravenous midazolam 0.1 mg.kg-1; (ii) propofol 2 mg.kg-1; and (iii) control. An observer blind to anaesthetic technique assessed emergence times and behaviour. Data were compared using chi-squared and ANOVA. RESULTS: Midazolam initially decreased the incidence of emergence agitation but, in the postanaesthesia care unit, significant agitation was seen in all three groups. Emergence and complete recovery were delayed in groups 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS: The concurrent use of midazolam or propofol did not reduce the incidence of emergence agitation but did delay emergence and recovery. These agents are not recommended for reducing emergence agitation in children receiving desflurane.     

The effect of magnesium sulphate infusion on the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy using sevoflurane anaesthesia

This randomised, controlled, double‐blind study investigated the effects of intra‐operative magnesium sulphate administration on the incidence of emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy using sevoflurane anaesthesia. Seventy children were randomly allocated to receive a 30 mg.kg^?1 bolus of intravenous magnesium sulphate after induction of anaesthesia followed by a continuous infusion of 10 mg.kg^?1.h^?1 or an equal volume of saline 0.9%. All children received titrated sevoflurane anaesthesia adjusted to maintain haemodynamic stability. The Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Score were used for the assessment of postoperative emergence agitation and pain, respectively. Emergence agitation was more common in the control group than in the magnesium group (23 (72%) and 12 (36%), respectively (p = 0.004)), with a relative risk of 0.51 (95% CI 0.31–0.84), an absolute risk reduction of 0.35 (95% CI 0.10–0.54), and number needed to treat of 3 (95% CI 2–9). Postoperative pain scores were comparable in the two groups. Magnesium sulphate reduces the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy using sevoflurane anaesthesia and is not associated with increased postoperative side‐effects or delayed recovery.     

双氯芬酸钠栓对七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期患儿的镇痛效应

目的 评价双氯芬酸钠栓对七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期患儿的镇痛效应.方法 择期行扁桃体切除和(或)腺样体摘除手术患儿40例,年龄2～10岁,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=20):对照组(C组)和双氯芬酸钠栓组(D组).吸入l%～3%七氟醚和静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.05～0.1 μg·kg-1·min-1维持麻醉,静脉输注罗库溴铵5～10μg·kg-1·min-1维持肌松.气管插管后,D组将双氯芬酸钠栓1 mg/kg塞至距患儿肛门2 cm处,C组不做任何处理.拔除气管导管即刻采用Ramsay镇静评分评价镇静程度,采用躁动评分评价躁动程度.结果 与C组比较,D组镇静效果好,躁动程度轻(P<0.01).结论 气管插管后经直肠给予双氯芬酸钠栓l mg/kg对七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期患儿产生显著的镇痛效应,有助于避免躁动的发生.     

Effect of propofol on sevoflurane agitation in children

BACKGROUND: Sevoflurane may be associated with a high incidence of agitation during recovery from anesthesia in children. We tested the hypothesis that bolus administration of propofol after sevoflurane anesthesia would reduce the incidence of recovery agitation compared with sevoflurane anesthesia alone. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blinded study in 90 children, 1-7 yr of age, undergoing short general anesthesia. They were divided into three groups; 2 mg.kg-1 propofol (group P2), 1 mg.kg-1 propofol (group P1) and intralipid 0.2 ml.kg-1 as control (group C). After sevoflurane induction and maintenance and 5 minutes before the end of operation, propofol or intralipid was administered. We compared the speed and quality of each recovery. We made a new scoring system for the assessment of agitation. Each child received a point from -4 to 10 with this system. RESULTS: Recovery score was similar among the three groups (group P2 had point 4, group P1, point 5, and group C point 4). Recovery time in group P2 was significantly longer than that in group C (about 6 minutes). CONCLUSIONS: Bolus administration of propofol after sevoflurane anesthesia prolonged recovery time, but did not inhibit sevoflurane agitation compared with sevoflurane anesthesia alone.     

瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚在患儿纤维支气管镜检查中的应用

目的比较瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚用于患儿纤维支气管镜(FOB)检查时的临床效果。方法选择2016年7~8月在本院行FOB检查患儿60例,男37例,女23例,年龄2个月~14岁,体重3.5~45.5kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,按随机数字表法分为两组:瑞芬太尼组(R组)和舒芬太尼组(S组),每组30例。R组静脉注射瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg、丙泊酚2.5~3.0mg/kg、咪达唑仑0.5mg;S组静脉注射舒芬太尼0.2μg/kg、丙泊酚2.5~3mg/kg、咪达唑仑0.5mg。记录患儿术中追加麻醉药物情况、纤维支气管镜检查时间及苏醒时间、内镜医师对麻醉效果满意度评分、患儿苏醒期躁动评分等。结果两组患儿丙泊酚消耗量、检查操作时间及苏醒时间差异均无统计学意义。检查过程中,S组躁动发生率(3.3%)明显低于R组(26.7%)(P0.05)。S组苏醒期躁动评分明显低于R组(P0.05);S组内镜医师对麻醉效果满意程度评分明显高于R组(P0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚可安全用于小儿FOB检查,舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚不良反应发生率更低,并可在一定程度上减轻苏醒期躁动,提高内镜医师对麻醉效果的满意程度。