二甲双胍治疗多囊卵巢综合征的现状和展望

胰岛素抵抗是治疗PCOS的发病机制的重要因子和显著临床特征,应用二甲双胍或与克罗米芬或与避孕药联合治疗PCOS患者可以改善月经状况,恢复排卵,并且增加不孕PCOS患者的妊娠率,对提高IVF—ET的成功率和减少反复流产的发生也非常有益,并可改善多毛等症状及预防妊娠期糖尿病的发生。本文对二甲双胍的作用机制及对PCOS患者的治疗作用进行综述。     

多囊卵巢综合征伴胰岛素抵抗患者的治疗

目的探讨高胰岛素(INS)血症在多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)发病中的作用及二甲双胍对胰岛素抵抗(IR)的治疗效果.方法应用二甲双胍,每日3次,每次500 mg,连用3个月,治疗26例PCOS患者.观察患者治疗前后体重指数、空腹胰岛素、空腹血糖、性激素水平的变化.结果二甲双胍通过改善胰岛素敏感性不仅可降低胰岛素水平,而且可纠正促卵泡激素(FSH)、促黄体激素(LH)失平衡,26例患者中有3例怀孕.结论IR在PCOS发病中起重要作用.阻断高胰岛素血症与高雄激素血症之间的恶性循环为PCOS患者的治疗提供了新的途径.二甲双胍有改善PCOS胰岛素抵抗的作用,可用于胰岛素抵抗的治疗.     

二甲双胍可降低多囊卵巢综合征患者发生子宫内膜癌的风险

<正>英国华威大学医学院的研究表明,二甲双胍治疗PCOS,不仅减轻胰岛素抵抗和降低血胰岛素浓度,还有助于改善排卵和调节月经周期。研究发现,二甲双胍还可降低PCOS患者发生子宫内膜癌的风险。     

改变生活方式与氯米芬、二甲双胍以及氯米芬联合二甲双胍治疗PCOS的疗效比较

约20%~25%PCOS女性患者对氯米芬抵抗,这可能是由于雄激素过多症引起高胰岛素血症所致。这就需要通过某些药物改善胰岛素抵抗和降低胰岛素水平。二甲双胍是PCOS治疗中广泛使用的降胰岛素药物。已有数据显示,胰岛素抵抗是PCOS的重要发病机制之一,并且使用胰岛素敏感药物是PCOS治疗的有效方法。目前,     

二甲双胍治疗多囊卵巢综合征的疗效与安全性

多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）在导致生殖和代谢功能紊乱的同时,也加重了患2型糖尿病及代谢综合征的危险.认识胰岛素抵抗在PCOS发病中起到的作用后,以二甲双胍为代表的胰岛素增敏剂在临床得到了广泛应用.近来以胎儿活产率（live-birth rate）为终点的随机对照试验（RCT）表明,单用二甲双胍治疗由PCOS引起的不孕症,其效果不及氯米芬,无证据证明应用二甲双胍能预防患PCOS孕妇发生自然流产和妊娠期糖尿病.     

二甲双胍和胰岛素治疗妊娠糖尿病对母婴结局的影响比较

目的:探究二甲双胍和胰岛素治疗妊娠糖尿病对母婴结局的影响。方法:选取我院2015年10月-2016年12月妊娠糖尿病患者100例随机分组。胰岛素组采用胰岛素治疗;二甲双胍组则应用二甲双胍治疗。比较两组患者妊娠糖尿病治疗效果;治疗前后血糖情况;产妇自身和新生儿并发症情况。结果:二甲双胍组患者妊娠糖尿病治疗效果比胰岛素组高,P0.05;治疗前两组血糖水平无显著差异,P0.05;二甲双胍组治疗后血糖水平比胰岛素组低,P0.05;二甲双胍组产妇自身和新生儿并发症情况比胰岛素组低,P0.05。结论:二甲双胍和胰岛素治疗妊娠糖尿病对母婴结局的影响存在差异,二甲双胍疗效高于胰岛素,可更好改善母婴结局,值得推广。     

多囊卵巢综合征患者反复妊娠丢失的因素

多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）的多种病理改变与反复妊娠丢失相关。PCOS患者的高胰岛素血症和胰岛素抵抗可通过干扰正常的胎盘附着导致妊娠丢失;临床常用二甲双胍纠正胰岛素代谢异常,也可减少妊娠丢失。PCOS患者雄激素过多可能导致不孕、妊娠丢失及妊娠期并发症,尚需要更多高质量的临床研究探讨。此外,肥胖和血脂异常会增加PCOS患者发生RPL的概率,通过饮食结构调整、生活方式干预及体质量管理,以减少肥胖的不良影响,改善妊娠结局。本文从胰岛素代谢、糖脂代谢、雄激素、同型半胱氨酸和维生素D等多方面分析PCOS患者反复妊娠丢失的因素,以期为PCOS患者的生育和辅助生殖治疗提供指导。     

多囊卵巢综合征对妊娠结局的影响

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)主要累及生育年龄妇女,可引起内分泌和代谢紊乱.其临床表现复杂多样,患者常伴有肥胖、外周组织胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素细胞功能缺陷,增加其糖耐量异常和患糖尿病的概率.此外,PCOS还常伴有血脂异常和高血压等代谢障碍.这些都可能增加PCOS患者的妊娠期并发症如妊娠期糖尿病及妊娠期高血压的风险.综述PCOS对妊娠期并发症及新生儿结局的影响.     

胰岛素联合二甲双胍对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇妊娠结局及新生儿的影响

目的分析二甲双胍对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇妊娠结局及新生儿的影响。方法选取2013年12月-2015年12月在该院就诊的妊娠期糖尿病孕妇120例为本次的观察对象,采取计算机随机分组法分为对照组与观察组,每组各60例。对照组采用胰岛素进行治疗,观察组在此基础上加用二甲双胍进行治疗,比较两组孕妇的妊娠结局及对新生儿的影响。结果治疗前两组孕妇血糖水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后观察组孕妇血糖控制明显优于对照组(P<0.05),观察组孕妇血糖控制率为91.67%,对照组为46.67%(P<0.05);观察组孕妇妊娠并发症、新生儿低血糖、新生儿黄疸发生率明显低于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论二甲双胍联合胰岛素治疗妊娠期糖尿病,能够有效改善血糖各项指标,同时还能够改善妊娠结局,值得临床推广应用。     

罗格列酮和二甲双胍治疗多囊卵巢综合征胰岛素抵抗的临床研究

目的:比较罗格列酮和二甲双胍对胰岛素抵抗的多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者内分泌、生殖功能的临床疗效。方法:将60例多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)的胰岛素抵抗患者随机分为罗格列酮组和二甲双胍组各30例,罗格列酮组口服罗格列酮联合克罗米芬,二甲双胍组口服二甲双胍联合克罗米芬,两组的用药时间均为12周,分别比较两组用药前后的体重指数(BMI)、血糖、胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数(Homa-IR)、血脂、血清卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、游离睾酮(T);通过B超检查评估排卵率。结果:①治疗后二甲双胍组患者BMI降低(P<0.05),罗格列酮组患者BMI轻微上升(P>0.05),两组治疗后BMI比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②两组治疗后空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(Homa-IR)、2h胰岛素(INS2h)均降低,罗格列酮组FINS、Homa-IR及INS2h的下降幅度大于二甲双胍组(P<0.05)。③两组治疗后LH、LH/FSH、T均下降,罗格列酮组T的下降幅度比二甲双胍明显。④两组治疗后卵巢的排卵功能有改善,妊娠率提高,但两组比较差异无统计学意义。结论:罗格列酮和二甲双胍均可增强克罗米芬的促排卵疗效,提高妊娠率。罗格列酮改善PCOS患者的胰岛素抵抗、纠正高雄激素血症优于二甲双胍,适用于胰岛素抵抗较严重的PCOS患者;二甲双胍有降低体重的作用,无潜在致畸作用,治疗费用低廉,适合临床首先选用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.