Role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adult respiratory failure: an overview

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) provides complete or partial support of the heart and lungs. Ever since its inception in the 1960s, it has been used across all age groups in the management of refractory respiratory failure and cardiogenic shock. While it has gained widespread acceptance in the neonatal and pediatric physician community, ECMO remains a controversial therapy for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in adults. Its popularity was revived during the swine flu (H1N1) pandemic and advancements in technology have contributed to its increasing usage. ARDS continues to be a potentially devastating condition with significant mortality rates. Despite gaining more insights into this entity over the years, mechanical ventilation remains the only life-saving, yet potentially harmful intervention available for ARDS. ECMO shows promise in this regard by offering less dependence on mechanical ventilation, thereby potentially reducing ventilator-induced injury. However, the lack of rigorous clinical data has prevented ECMO from becoming the standard of care in the management of ARDS. Therefore, the results of two large ongoing randomized trials, which will hopefully throw more light on the role of ECMO in the management of this disease entity, are keenly awaited. In this article we will provide a basic overview of the development of ECMO, the types of ECMO, the pathogenesis of ARDS, different ventilation strategies for ARDS, the role of ECMO in ARDS and the role of ECMO as a bridge to lung transplantation.     

大黄联合机械通气救治急性呼吸窘迫综合征

目的探讨大黄联合人工机械通气在救治急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）中的作用。方法60例ARDS患者随机分成2组，对照组30例，给予以人工机械通气为主的常规综合治疗，治疗组30例在常规综合治疗基础上加用大黄治疗。结果成功救治52例，死亡8例，发生并发症4例，大黄联合治疗组所需机械通气时间明显短于未用大黄组。结论救治ARDS，采用大黄联合机械通气可明显缩短治疗时间。     

适应性支持通气在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中实施保护性通气策略的研究

目的研究适应性支持通气(ASV)在急性呼吸窘迫综合症(ARDS)中实施肺保护通气策略的应用,并探讨其优越性。方法 60例ARDS患者随机分为ASV组和PSIMV组进行机械通气,均实行肺保护通气策略,比较两组患者呼吸力学、血气及血流动力学各指标的变化,以及1 w内镇静剂用量、撤机时间、入住ICU时间、死亡率。结果通气24 h后,ASV组较PSIMV组气道峰压(PIP)、平台压(Pplat)均降低(p<0.05);两组间的血液动力学指标无差异(p>0.05);两组治疗24 h后PaO2、氧合指数、静态肺顺应性均较前改善(p<0.05),ASV组1 w内使用镇静剂用量、撤机时间,住ICU时间均小于PSIMV组(p<0.05),但死亡率无统计学差异。结论对于ARDS患者在实行肺保护通气策略时,ASV和PSIMV通气模式均可改善氧合,死亡率无统计学差异。ASV模式更有效减低PIP、Pplat,能减少镇静剂用量,缩短机械通气时间。适应性支持通气在急性呼吸窘迫综合症中实施肺保护性通气策略具备一定优越性。     

压力控制法肺复张在肺保护通气策略治疗ARDS中的应用

目的:研究应用压力控制通气方式的肺复张手法对ARDS患者肺复张效果的影响。方法:34例ARDS病人实施气管插管机械通气,采用压力控制小潮气量肺保护性通气策略,根据压力一容积曲线低位拐点(LIP)设置"最佳PEEP"为LIP+2cmH2O,维持吸入氧浓度≤0.60。都采用压力控制法肺复张技术。结果:治疗前后患者的一般情况(包括性别、平均年龄、HR、MAP、RR等)差异均无统计学意义。与PAC-RM前相比,RM后各时点PaO2、PaO2/FiO2均显著性升高(P0.05)。结论:压力控制通气方式的肺复张手法可显著增加ARDS患者的动脉氧分压(PaO2)和氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)。     

连续性血液滤过治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床评价

目的探讨连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析64例ARDS患者,分为对照组26例,采用常规治疗 呼吸末正压机械通气(PEEP);CVVH组38例,采用常规治疗 呼吸末正压机械通气(PEEP) CVVH。分别观察2组患者在治疗前后动脉血气指标及PEEP水平的变化。结果38例ARDS患者加用CVVH治疗后,各项血气指标、有效治愈率和死亡率与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论连续性血液滤过治疗ARDS时能有效清除患者血管外肺水和致炎介质,明显改善了患者的氧合功能,提高了抢救成功率。     

机械通气救治创伤性急性呼吸窘迫综合症一例

对创伤性急性呼吸窘迫综合症患者的成功救治工作进行回顾,着重分析机械通气的应用过程,总结使用肺保护性机械通气、肺复张术等经验。     

Caloric Intake with High Ratio of Enteral Nutrition Associated with Lower Hospital Mortality for Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Using Prone Position Therapy

Positioning patients in the prone position leads to reduced hospital mortality rates for those with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). What constitutes the optimal feeding strategy for prone patients with ARDS is controversial. We conducted a retrospective study that enrolled 110 prone patients with ARDS in two medical intensive care units (ICUs) from September 2015 to November 2018. Inclusion criteria were as follows: age ≥20 years, diagnosis of respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, diagnosis of ARDS within 72 h of ICU admission, placement in a prone position within the first 7 days of ICU admission, and ICU stay of more than 7 days. Exclusion criteria were as follows: nil per os orders because of gastrointestinal bleeding or hemodynamic instability, and ventilator dependency because of chronic respiratory failure. The consecutive daily enteral nutrition(EN)/EN + parenteral nutrition(PN) ratio could predict hospital mortality rates within the first 7 days of admission when using generalized estimating equations (p = 0.013). A higher average EN/EN + PN ratio within the first 7 days predicted (hazard ratio: 0.97, confidence interval: 0.96–0.99) lower hospital mortality rates. To reduce hospital mortality rates, caloric intake with a higher EN ratio may be considered for patients in prone positions with ARDS.     

早期肠内营养支持对ARDS患者的免疫功能影响

目的观察早期肠内营养支持对ARDS患者的免疫功能影响以及对最终死亡率的影响.方法ARDS患者在开始机械通气分为肠内营养组和对照组,肠内营养组在机械通气当天即通过鼻胃管或鼻肠管给予鼻饲合成营养素,对照组则延迟至7天以后应用肠内营养.然后统计各项指标情况.结果治疗两周后及存活者出院时观察组与对照组相比在总蛋白、淋巴细胞数量、以及CD3和CD4水平均有明显升高,而CD8变化不大.肠内营养组与对照组相比在机械通气时间(平均12.8±2.1天、17.6±3.6天)、住ICU时间(平均21.5±4.6天、31.5±3.4天)均明显缩短.两组最终病死率有明显差异,肠内营养组为27.8%,对照组为35.7%.两组营养支持相关并发症发生率无明显差异.结论早期肠内营养支持可提高ARDS患者的免疫功能,提高总蛋白水平,降低最终病死率,缩短机械通气时间和住ICU时间,从而降低患者的医疗费用.     

65例急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床分析

目的 分析急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的临床特点、转归、治疗方法及疗效.方法 对65例ARDS患者的临床资料进行分析.结果 本组ARDS患者病死率为60%.ARDS是由多种病因和诱发因素引起、以呼吸窘迫和难以纠正的低氧血症为主要特征的临床综合征,起病急,病情凶险,病死率高.结论 合并多器官功能障碍（MODS）者预后不良.机械通气是治疗ARDS的极其重要的手段,迅速有效地纠正严重的低氧血症是救治ARDS患者的关键,应用肾上腺皮质激素、白蛋白及血浆等可以轻度改善ARDS的转归.     

心理干预对机械通气治疗清醒患者心理状况及自我效能的影响

目的探讨心理干预对改善机械通气治疗清醒患者心理状况以及提高自我效能的作用。方法 对2009年5-11月进行治疗的37例需要机械辅助通气的清醒患者随机分为常规护理组和常规护理加心理支持组,常规护理组采取一般护理与健康教育;常规护理联合心理支持组对患者进行心理干预与自我调节训练,并分别在入抢救室后、机械通气后使用汉密焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、一般自我效能感量表（GSES）对清醒机械通气患者进行评估。结果常规护理组与常规护理联合心理支持组干预前后HAMA、HAMD评分比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;机械通气后常规护理联合心理支持组GSES评分（32.78±5.77）高于常规护理组的（26.52±5.27）,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论心理行为干预可以改善机械辅助通气治疗清醒患者的焦虑、抑郁心理、并能提高患者的自我效能。     

严重脑损伤合并胸外伤致急性呼吸窘迫综合征48例分析

目的探讨严重脑损伤合并胸外伤致急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的有效治疗方法。方法回顾性分析48例严重脑损伤合并胸外伤致ARDS的临床资料。结果48例脑损伤均属中、重型颅脑损伤,均合并肺挫伤、肋骨骨折或/和血气胸而致ARDS,行脱水、合理补充血容量、及时机械通气及急诊外科手术抢救治疗。临床治愈39例,死亡9例(死亡率20%)。结论早期诊断,及时处理脑、胸原发伤,尽早正确采用机械通气是治疗严重脑损伤合并胸外伤致ARDS的关键,是降低死亡率的有效措施。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征早期应用无创正压通气的效果观察

目的：探讨无创正压通气在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中应用的临床效果。方法：选择本院2009年2月-2012年1月收治的急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者84例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为两组,对照组40例采用气管插管有创机械通气治疗,观察组44例采用无创正压通气治疗,对两组的治疗效果进行比较分析。结果：观察组总有效率为95．5％,对照组总有效率为92．5％,组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;治疗后观察组PaO2、SpO2显著高于对照组,PaCO2显著低于对照组,两组比较,组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;观察组不良反应发生率为2．3％,明显低于对照组的17．5％,组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：无创正压通气在急性呼吸窘迫症中应用的临床效果满意,能明显改善患者的呼吸状况,且安全性好,是临床首选的治疗方法。     

Mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): lung protecting strategies for improved alveolar recruitment

For patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) the most important objective of mechanical ventilation is opening and keeping open the alveoli to achieve adequate oxygenation, without further damaging the lungs or negatively affecting the circulation. Alveolar recruitment is achieved by making use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). The best PEEP level is that with which the largest improvement in oxygen transport and lung compliance is achieved, without a decrease in the stroke volume of the left ventricle. In addition to the usual volume-controlled ventilation with PEEP, pressure-limited ventilation is also possible. In this a preselected pressure is never exceeded, whereas a maximum inspiratory airflow at the start of inspiration provides more opportunity for gaseous exchange. The oxygenation can possibly be further improved by increasing the inspiration-expiration ratio. As a result of the reduced expiratory period the alveoli which tend to collapse at the end of a normal expiration are kept open. Mechanical ventilation with a lower tidal volume decreases mortality. Ventilation in a prone position increases the end-expiratory lung volume and reduces the intrapulmonary shunt and the regional differences in the degree of ventilation. These factors possibly contribute to preventing ventilation-induced lung damage. Administration of natural surfactant during the ventilation of patients with ARDS seems to be a highly promising strategy; the clinical effectiveness still needs to be demonstrated.     

小潮气量加肺复张对急性呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效观察

目的 观察比较小潮气量加肺复张(RM)持续时间的选择对肺内/外源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDSp/ARDSexp)的影响.方法 选择急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者26例,在机械通气基础上分别给予间歇高呼气末正压(PEEP)加小潮气量的RM,评价RM的不同持续时间对ARDSp(ARDSp组,10例)、ARDSexp(ARDSexp组,16例)的影响,比较二者间的差异.结果 RM持续时间≥160 s时平均动脉压(MAP)降低、HR加快,较RM前差异有统计学意义,RM停止后恢复正常.与RM前比较,气道平台压(Pplat)、呼吸系统顺应性(Crs)在RM实施时即明显增加(P<0.05);氧合指数(OI)在RM持续时间≥40 s的三个时间段明显增加,SpO2在RM持续时间≥30 s的四个时间段明显增加(P<0.05);在RM持续时间≥160 s时,Pplat增加显著,而Crs、OI、SpO2较40～59 s未见明显增加;对RM反应ARDSexp组优于ARDSp组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).ARDSp组出现气胸1例,皮下气肿3例;ARDSexp组出现皮下气肿2例,均发生在RM持续时间≥60 s.结论 间歇高PEEP加小潮气量的肺复张对ARDS有效,持续时间宜在40～59 s,对肺外源性肺损伤比肺内源性肺损伤效果好.     

程序化撤机协议在急诊监护中的临床价值

目的评价程序化撤机协议在急诊ICU中减少机械通气时间和降低机械通气并发症等方面的价值。方法对中南大学附属湘雅医院急诊重症监护室（EICU）79例实施了气管插管或气管切开并进行机械通气的病人进行随机化分组。协议组按照程序化撤机协议的流程每日进行自主呼吸功能评测，达到评测标准的病人进行2h的自主呼吸试验（SBT），成功完成SBT的病人将撤离呼吸机。对照组按照常规撤机方法撤离呼吸机。结果协议组病人的机械通气时间（中位数为4d）比对照组（中位数为6d）更短（P=0．032，）。Kaplan-Meier生存分析和Coxproportional-hazards回归模型显示协议组比对照组更早脱离呼吸机（RR=1．82，95％CI为1．03～3．34，P=0．041）。SBT期间未发生任何并发症。协议组机械通气期间并发症的发生率比对照组低（P〈0．01）。结论在急诊监护室中使用程序化撤机协议能够减少机械通气时间并降低并发症发生率。     

The Impact of Palliative Medicine Consultation on Readmission Rates and Hospital Costs in Surgical Patients Requiring Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation

BackgroundThe use of palliative care for critically ill hospitalized patients has expanded. However, it is still underutilized in surgical specialties. Postsurgical patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation have increased mortality and costs of care; outcomes from adding palliative care services to this population have been poorly investigated. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of palliative medicine consultation on readmission rates and hospitalization costs in postsurgical patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation.MethodsThe Nationwide Readmissions Database was queried for adults (> 18 years) between the years 2010 and 2014 who underwent a major operation (Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project [HCUP] data element ORPROC = 1), required mechanical ventilation for ≥ 96 consecutive hours (ICD-9-CM V46.1), and survived until discharge. Among these, patients who received a palliative medicine consultation during hospitalization were identified using the ICD-9-CM diagnosis code V66.7.ResultsOf 53,450 included patients, 3.4% received a palliative care consultation. Compared to patients who did not receive a palliative care consultation, patients who did receive a consultation had a lower readmission rate (14.8% vs. 24.8%, p < 0.001) and lower average cost of hospitalization during the initial admission ($109,007 vs. $124,218, p < 0.001), findings that persisted after multivariable logistic regression.ConclusionUtilization of palliative care in surgical patients remains low. Palliative care consultation in postsurgical patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation was associated with lower cost and rate of readmission. Further work is needed to integrate palliative care services with surgical care.     

肺表面活性物质结合允许性高碳酸血症通气法在足月新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用效果分析

目的 探讨肺表面活性物质(PS)结合允许性高碳酸血症(PHC)通气法在足月新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)中的应用效果.方法 选取2020年4月至2021年4月我院收治的70例ARDS足月新生儿,随机分为观察组(PS结合PHC通气法)与对照组(PS).对比两组的治疗效果和并发症情况.结果 观察组的总有效率高于对照组...     

呼气末正压通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征氧代谢的影响

目的 :探讨呼气末正压通气 (PEEP)对急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)患者氧代谢的影响。方法 :选择 2 1例ARDS机械通气病人 ,放置中心静脉导管 ,依次调节PEEP为 0、 5、 10和 15cmH2 O 4种不同压力水平 ,测定血液动力学和氧代谢参数的变化。结果 :当PEEP为 5cmH2 O时 ,PaO2 即开始明显升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ;PEEP在 10cmH2 O时 ,氧利用率(O2 UC)、心率及平均动脉血压均变化不大 (P >0 0 5 ) ;但当PEEP达 15cmH2 O时 ,O2 UC、心率明显升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而平均动脉血压则明显下降 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :PEEP虽可提高PaO2 ,但必须寻求最佳的PEEP水平 ,并适当增加血容量 ,增加有效心输出量 ,才能真正改善病人的缺氧状况。     

Home mechanical ventilation in the Netherlands

Over the last 20 years the number of Dutch patients on home mechanical ventilation has increased from 200 to 2000. Home mechanical ventilation is a cost-effective treatment which significantly improves the quality of life of patients. In 2011 83% of patients on home mechanical ventilation in the Netherlands is living at home. In the future further growth can be expected in the number of patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome and a potential new group of patients with COPD. Strict conditions are necessary to ensure safety in the complex care that home mechanical ventilation entails.