1例危重症VAV-ECMO支持病人陆地救护车超长途转运的护理

总结1例重症静脉-动脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合(VAV-ECMO)支持病人陆地救护车超长途转运的护理经验。主要包括转运前护理(转运设备检查、转运药物准备、转运前病人准备、转运预案演练)、转运过程护理(救护车转运途中护理、转运途中突发情况处理等)。本例体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)病人转运距离近3 000 km,转运时间长达31 h,在ECMO设备支持及专业护理下,顺利将病人转运至目标医院。     

体外膜肺氧合治疗在成人急性呼吸衰竭中应用

近年来,体外生命支持(ECLS)治疗在成人急重症治疗中应用越来越多。尤其是近年来,急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)等急性呼吸衰竭(ARF)的治疗方法的改进和体外膜肺氧合机生产技术的改进,体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)在临床上的应用得到了更进一步的推广。《美国呼吸与重症医学杂志》(American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine)最近发表两篇有关ECMO在成人ARF治疗应用以及专家的指南。本文简要介绍ECMO在成人ARF中的应用现状。     

1例肺移植等待期行清醒状态体外膜肺氧合桥接治疗病人的管理

总结1例肺移植等待期病人清醒状态下行体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)桥接治疗的管理经验。管理重点包括团队的配合、感染的预防、人文心理护理以及术后护理管理。病人最终安全转入重症监护病房,顺利完成肺移植手术。     

体外膜肺氧合救治呼吸衰竭病人的临床护理

[目的]分析体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)救治呼吸衰竭病人的临床护理。[方法]选取2016年1月—2017年12月山东省聊城市人民医院收治的30例呼吸衰竭病人,所选病人均通过ECMO进行救治,同时辅助实施临床护理,对其救治及护理效果进行分析。[结果]ECMO救治24h之后,病人氧代谢状态明显得到改善,经过15～25d的住院治疗之后,30例病人中23例治愈,7例死亡。[结论]针对呼吸衰竭病人而言,ECMO救治过程中有效的临床护理非常重要。     

V-A ECMO联合CRRT治疗急性爆发性心肌炎合并多脏器功能衰竭患者的护理

急性爆发性心肌炎病情危重、进展迅速、病死率高,能在较短时间内出现心功能失代偿和循环呼吸衰竭,若不及时救治,患者可能在数小时至数天内死于心功能衰竭。体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)技术是一种持续体外生命体征治疗方法,应用体外设备替代或部分替代人的心、肺功能,支持生命以争取心、肺病变治愈及功能恢复的机会,可持续维持生命体征1周至半个月时间[1]。ECMO可应用于重症爆发性心肌炎引起的难治性心源性休克和致命性心律失常患者,我院于2019年9月应用股静脉、动脉插管建立体外膜肺氧合(V-A ECMO)联合肾脏替代疗法(CRRT)成功救治1例急性爆发性心肌炎合并多脏器功能衰竭患者,ECMO治疗易出现多种严重并发症,正确有效的护理措施可以延长ECMO使用时间,有效预防并发症的发生。现报告如下。     

1例冠状动脉旁路移植术术后呼吸衰竭使用体外膜肺氧合病人的护理

体外膜肺氧合（extracorporeal membrane oxygennation，ECMO）是将血液引流至体外，经膜肺氧合后再灌注体内，通过长时间的转流，对呼吸或循环系统衰竭的病人进行有效的支持，维持机体适当的氧供和去除俸内的二氧化碳以保证机体代谢。随着技术不断的改进，已形成了静脉静脉模式（V-V ECMO），静脉一动脉模式（V—A ECMO）两大应用模式。V-V ECMO可部分替代肺脏功能；V—A ECMO不仅可支持肺脏功能，还可替代心脏功能。我科收治CABG术后呼吸衰竭病人1例，应用V—V ECMO治疗，使呼吸衰竭及时得以改善，现将护理体会报告如下。     

应用体外膜肺氧合及人工肝技术救治重症H7N9禽流感患者的护理

目的 报告应用体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)及人工肝技术(ALSS)救治13例重症H7N9禽流感患者的护理体会.方法 护理重点是严密的病情观察和监测,严格的体外循环及人工肝仪器管理,安全的管路管理,及时观察和处理出血、栓塞、氧合器血浆渗漏、溶血、感染和过敏等各类并发症.结果 8例病情好转,成功撤离ECMO及ALSS,5例死亡,总存活率61.5％.结论 应用体外膜肺氧合及人工肝技术救治重症H7N9禽流感患者效果明显.     

成年心脏术后病人ECMO相关医院感染研究进展北大核心

对成年心脏术后病人体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)相关医院感染的危险因素及护理措施进行综述,以期提高护士感染控制实践能力,为心血管重症感染预防与控制工作的持续改进提供参考。     

15例体外膜肺氧合治疗病人行救护车院间转运的护理

目的:总结体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)治疗的危重病人实施救护车院间转运护理措施。方法:2017年8月—2019年2月对15例体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)治疗的危重病人实施救护车院间转运,转运前充分评估病情,加强急救车及急救物品的准备、人员的合理分工、转运途中病人生命体征的监护及ECMO机器设备的管理,给予精细的安排及护理,自行设计实施ECMO的物品核查单,杜绝纰漏,确保病人转运安全。结果:15例ECMO治疗的重症病人均经救护车顺利转运,转运距离5~600 km,ECMO机器转运途中运转时间1.0~8.0 h,转运途中病人生命体征平稳,ECMO机器运转正常,未出现相关并发症。结论:在专业技术人员和完善的仪器设备的支持下可以保证ECMO治疗的危重病人行救护车院间转运的安全。     

1例六氟丁二烯中毒致重症呼吸衰竭患者的护理

总结了1例长期应用高流量体外膜肺氧合（extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO）救治六氟丁二烯中毒致重症呼吸衰竭患者的护理经验。护理要点包括气胸的护理,高流量ECMO支持下多次院内转运的安全护理,高流量ECMO支持下多次转换模式及更换氧合器的护理,并发症的护理和抽搐的护理。患者使用ECMO长达44 d,经精心治疗和护理,顺利完成肺移植并成功撤除ECMO,病情好转康复中。     

心脏移植术后体外膜肺氧合支持治疗的监护

总结了10例心脏移植术后应用体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持治疗的护理经验。10例心脏移植术后出现急性供心衰竭行ECMO辅助治疗,术后监测心电图、血流动力学变化、体温、尿量、引流液、活化凝血时间(ACT)、肝肾功能、游离血红蛋白、胶渗压情况。9例痊愈出院,病死1例,ECMO辅助时间40-824h,床旁超声心动图(UCG)评价心功能得到恢复,移植术后ECMO辅助100h顺利撤除,远期随访结果满意。ECMO支持治疗期间加强心肺功能监护,合理调整呼吸机参数,加强肺部及呼吸道护理,加强心律失常、出血、栓塞、感染、压疮等并发症的防治,可明显降低心脏移植术后危重症患者的病死率。     

5例应用体外膜肺氧合治疗重症急性呼吸窘迫综合征的护理

总结了5例应用体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)治疗重症急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的护理经验.5例中4例经ECMO治疗8d后成功撤离,病情好转出院,1例撤离ECMO后并发肺间质纤维化.ECMO治疗过程中加强基础护理,密切监测生命体征及血液生化等基础指标,做好机械通气及气道管理,细化ECMO管理,特别是重视并发症的预防与监护非常重要.     

Do we need randomized clinical trials in extracorporeal respiratory support? Yes

Extracorporeal respiratory support, also known as extracorporeal gas exchange, may be used to rescue the most severe forms of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure with high blood flow venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Alternatively, lower flow extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal might be applied to reduce the intensity of mechanical ventilation in patients with less severe forms of the disease. However, critical reading of the results of the randomized trials and case series published to date reveals major methodological biases. Older trials are not relevant anymore since the ECMO circuitry was not heparin-coated leading to severe hemorrhagic complications due to high levels of anticoagulation, and because extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and control group patients did not receive lung-protective ventilation. Alternatively, in the more recent CESAR trial, many patients randomized to the ECMO arm did not receive ECMO and no standardized protocol for lung-protective mechanical ventilation existed in the control group. Since these techniques are costly and associated with potentially serious adverse events, there is an urgent need for high-quality data, for which the cornerstone remains randomized controlled trials.     

Successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure in an infant with DiGeorge anomaly, following thymus transplantation

We report the first successful use of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for refractory respiratory failure in an infant with DiGeorge anomaly, following thymus transplantation. A 23-month-old female with complete immune-incompetent DiGeorge anomaly 65 days after allogenic thymus transplantation was treated in our pediatric intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure secondary to bacterial sepsis. She subsequently developed acute hypercarbic respiratory failure unresponsive to conventional medical therapy. She was successfully managed with venovenous ECMO for 4 days, with complete resolution of her respiratory symptoms. This case demonstrates the complex decision making process regarding initiation of ECMO in patients with severe immunodeficiency.     

2例体外膜肺氧合治疗爆发型心肌炎的护理

通过对2例爆发型心肌炎患者实施体外膜肺氧合（extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO）辅助,在充分药物支持的情况下,使用经股动静脉插管,V-A模式ECMO辅助,其中l例联合应用主动脉球囊反搏（Intra Aortic BallonPump,IABP）辅助支持。在护理中,采取专人监护、加强呼吸道管理、管道护理、密切观察循环系统变化并加强基础护理,给予相应的心理疏导,2例患者经ECMO辅助支持后均顺利脱机,病愈出院。     

体外膜肺氧合应用于心脏术后呼吸循环衰竭患者的护理

目的探讨体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)应用于心脏术后呼吸循环衰竭患者的护理方法。方法回顾性分析并总结2014年6月至2015年12月南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院心胸外科应用ECMO救治的10例心脏术后呼吸循环衰竭患者的临床资料。结果本组10例患者均顺利停机并撤除ECMO,其中5例患者治愈出院,2例患者因经济问题放弃治疗,2例患者死于多器官功能衰竭综合征(multiple organ disfunction syndrome,MODS),1例撤机后死于严重心力衰竭。结论合适的应用时机、严密的监测和观察、专业的ECMO管理、精细的护理支持,是心脏术后呼吸循环衰竭应用ECMO患者康复的保证。     

Extracorporeal life support devices and strategies for management of acute cardiorespiratory failure in adult patients: a comprehensive review

Evolution of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) technology has added a new dimension to the intensive care management of acute cardiac and/or respiratory failure in adult patients who fail conventional treatment. ECLS also complements cardiac surgical and cardiology procedures, implantation of long-term mechanical cardiac assist devices, heart and lung transplantation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Available ECLS therapies provide a range of options to the multidisciplinary teams who are involved in the time-critical care of these complex patients. While venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can provide complete respiratory support, extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal facilitates protective lung ventilation and provides only partial respiratory support. Mechanical circulatory support with venoarterial (VA) ECMO employed in a traditional central/peripheral fashion or in a temporary ventricular assist device configuration may stabilise patients with decompensated cardiac failure who have evidence of end-organ dysfunction, allowing time for recovery, decision-making, and bridging to implantation of a long-term mechanical circulatory support device and occasionally heart transplantation. In highly selected patients with combined severe cardiac and respiratory failure, advanced ECLS can be provided with central VA ECMO, peripheral VA ECMO with timely transition to venovenous ECMO or VA-venous ECMO upon myocardial recovery to avoid upper body hypoxia or by addition of an oxygenator to the temporary ventricular assist device circuit. This article summarises the available ECLS options and provides insights into the principles and practice of these techniques. One should emphasise that, as is common with many emerging therapies, their optimal use is currently not backed by quality evidence. This deficiency needs to be addressed to ensure that the full potential of ECLS can be achieved.     

Contemporary extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for adult respiratory failure: life support in the new era

Background  

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used in clinical medicine for 40 years but remains controversial therapy, particularly in adult patients with severe respiratory failure. Over the last few years, there have been considerable advances in extracorporeal technology and clinical practice, ushering in a new era of ECMO. Many institutions adopted ECMO as rescue therapy during the recent H1N1 influenza pandemic, reigniting the controversy.     

Effectiveness of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation when conventional ventilation fails: Valuable option or vague remedy?

The mortality and morbidity of patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains high despite the advances in intensive care practice. The low-tidal-volume ventilation strategy (ARDS net protocol) has been shown to be effective in improving survival. Unfortunately, however, some patients have such severe ARDS that they cannot be managed with the ARDS net strategy. In these patients, rescue therapies such as high-frequency ventilation, prone ventilation, nitric oxide, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are considered. The CESAR trial has shown that an ECMO-based protocol improved survival without severe disability as compared with conventional ventilation. The recent increased incidence of severe respiratory failure due to H1N1 influenza pandemic has led to an increased use of ECMO. Although several reports showed ECMO use to be encouraging, some scepticism remains. In this article, we reviewed the usefulness of ECMO in patients with severe ARDS in the light of current evidence.     

行体外膜肺氧合治疗并发症的观察及护理

目的探讨行体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）治疗并发症的观察及护理要点。方法对8例因心肺功能不全而在术中或术后建立ECMO的患者，对治疗过程中出现的并发症进行分析和总结。结果8例患者使用ECMO时间为4～81h，4例患者能顺利脱离ECMO,4例不能脱机，其中2例因心跳停止不能恢复，1例出血不止，1例因怀疑肺栓塞而放弃。结论出血仍是ECMO最主要的并发症，使用肝素涂层的膜肺和管道并合理应用肝素，是减少出血的方法之一。