临床触诊阴性乳腺病灶超声定位活检

目的：探讨超声引导下皮肤标记定位活检对临床触诊阴性乳腺病灶的应用价值及可行性。方法：收集内蒙古医学院第一附属医院自2007年3月-2010年9月116例（137个病灶）触诊阴性乳腺病例的临床资料,进行单纯彩超下乳腺皮肤十字交叉标记定位手术活检及病理检查。结果：116例（137个病灶）乳腺病变中,恶性病变17个（12.4%）,其中导管内癌4个,浸润性导管癌13个,良性病变120个（87.6%）,其中乳腺纤维腺瘤85个,乳腺导管内乳头状瘤18个,乳腺非典型增生6个,乳腺小叶增生11个。结论：单纯彩超下乳腺皮肤标记定位手术活检对触诊阴性的乳腺病变的定位切除有重要价值。     

触诊阴性乳腺病灶术中冰冻诊断的可行性分析

 目的 探讨触诊阴性乳腺病灶活检术中冰冻诊断的准确性与可行性。方法 由钼靶发现的触诊阴性乳腺病灶158例，采用金属线定位技术切除活检，术中进行冰冻切片与诊断，以石蜡组织学诊断为准，评价冰冻诊断的准确性。结果 158例标本中，病理巨检时仅80例（50．6％）发现肉眼可见的异常病灶，平均长径1．2cm。石蜡组织学诊断乳腺浸润癌15例，微小浸润导管癌15例，原位癌12例，导管上皮不典型增生5例，占29．7%（47／158）。术中冰冻对乳腺浸润癌诊断的准确率为93．3％，对微小浸润癌、原位癌、导管上皮不典型增生诊断的准确率分别为60％、58．3％与60％，误诊均为假阴性与低估诊断，无假阳性与过度诊断，原因主要为切片误差与解释错误。结论 冰冻切片对浸润性乳腺癌诊断的准确率高，可用于指导触诊阴性乳腺病灶活检术中手术方案的选择，而对微小浸润癌、原位癌及导管上皮不典型增生常出现假阴性与低估诊断，应待石蜡组织学诊断后再决定手术方案。     

临床触诊阴性的乳腺内微小病灶的外科活检

目的探讨应用乳腺摄片结合定位系统，对临床触诊阴性的乳腺内微小病变进行穿刺定位乳腺活检术的价值。方法回顾性分析总结82例临床触诊阴性、乳腺摄片发现乳腺的微小病变患者，实行穿刺定位引导下行外科切除活检术。结果82例患者均一次性手术切除病灶，金属定位线完整取出，无1例并发症，术后诊断乳腺癌22例（26．50％），余60例为良性病变。结论金属线定位行外科活检，是临床触诊阴性乳腺内微小病变定性诊断的有效方法，安全可靠。术前准确定位，病灶完全切除，术中冷冻准确是其成功关键。     

X线立体定位活检在触诊阴性的乳腺微小病灶中的应用

目的 探讨乳腺X线及立体定位活检在临床触诊阴性的乳腺内微小病灶的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析81例临床触诊阴性而乳腺摄片发现微小病变并进行立体定位穿刺活检患者的病例资料.结果 81例中乳腺良性病变58例(71.6%),恶性病变23例(28.4%).结论 临床触诊阴性的乳腺微小病变应积极活检,乳腺X线及立体定位活检术是提高早期乳腺癌检出率的有效方法并能指导治疗和选择最佳的手术方式.     

触诊阴性乳腺微小病变定位活检术

目前对于触诊阴性的乳腺微小病变的治疗方法包括：Mammotome微创活检、超声引导钢丝定位活检、染料定位活检等手术，但这些方法存在费用高及其他条件限制，不宜推广应用。本科于2005年5月至2007年2月对93例触诊阴性乳腺微小病变采用超声引导下美蓝泛影葡胺混合物定位活检术，取得较好的效果，现将临床治疗过程和手术经验报告如下。     

触诊阴性乳腺X线片微小钙化的简捷对策

触诊阴性乳腺而钼靶摄像或彩超提示恶性钙化灶的患者，确定其钙化灶的性质是发现早期乳腺癌及制定治疗方案的可靠依据。我院2000年6月～2003年6月对58例该种患者，利用钼靶摄像与彩超相结合的方法对钙化灶进行定位切检及治疗，取得了满意的效果，现报道如下：     

临床触诊阴性的乳腺内微小钙化的外科活检

行乳腺Ｘ线照相的妇女约 2 / 3可以发现乳腺内钙化 ,而乳腺癌患者的乳腺内钙化的发现率高达 30 %～ 48%。确定乳腺内钙化是早期发现乳腺癌及制定治疗方案的可靠保证。我院 1998年 3月～ 2 0 0 1年 3月间 ,共完成 2 3例 (2 5侧 )临床触诊阴性的乳腺内微小钙化的外科活检。一、材料与方法1 临床资料 :本组 2 3例均为女性 ,因乳房胀痛或健康体检来医院门诊。乳腺内未触及肿块 ,乳腺Ｘ线照相仅发现乳腺内微小钙化 ,因性质待定而入院诊治。年龄 2 9～ 71岁 ,中位年龄 5 1岁。 2 1例为单侧 ,2例为双侧。左侧 14例 ,右侧11例。乳腺内钙化点均 <0 .1…     

麦默通旋切系统在临床触诊阴性乳腺病灶中的应用

临床触诊阴性的乳腺病灶（nonpalpable breast lesion,NPBL）是指在临床工作中通过彩色超声、钼靶X线或MRI等检查发现,而查体无法扪及的乳腺病灶,可表现为单发或多发。当病灶较小,尤其是最大直径〈1cm时,根据其彩色超声结果很难判断其良、恶性,需要行穿刺活检或切除活检方能明确其性质。本文通过对超声发现的NPBL行超声引导下真空微创旋切的148例患者资料进行分析,探讨麦默通旋切系统（Mmnmotome）在NPBL治疗中的应用。     

乳腺微小钙化定位切除的临床应用

目的 探讨乳腺微小钙化定位切除手术的应用及在乳腺癌早期诊断和治疗中的作用.方法 对126例乳腺微小钙化患者行X线检查确定钙化灶位置,采用金属线定位和手术切除活检,确定钙化区乳腺的病理类型.结果 126例临床触诊阴性乳腺微小钙化病例中,乳腺癌37例（27.2%）,其中0期乳腺癌11例（29.7%）,Ⅰ期乳腺癌20例（54.1%）,Ⅱ期乳腺癌6例（16.2%）.对乳腺癌病例采用保乳手术、乳腺单纯切除术和改良根治术等治疗,术后中位随访时间为36个月,只有1例（2.7%）Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者出现远处转移,其余患者无瘤生存.结论 乳腺微小钙化定位切除具有组织损伤小,可靠性高等特点,对提高乳腺癌的早期诊断率具有一定的临床应用价值.     

彩色多普勒超声、超声弹性成像与X线钼靶诊断乳腺触诊阴性病灶的比较

目的 分析彩色多普勒超声、超声弹性成像与X线钼靶对乳腺触诊阴性病灶的影像学表现,探讨二种检查方法在乳腺触诊阴性病灶诊断方面的价值.方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的158枚临床未触及的乳腺病灶,分别分析三种检查方法的诊断符合情况.结果 彩色多普勒超声、超声弹性成像及乳腺钼靶诊断乳腺触诊阴性病灶恶性病变的敏感度分别为58.8％、70.6％、64.7％,特异度为94.3％、91.9％、94.3％,准确度为86.7％、87.3％、90.5％.三种单一检查方法的特异度及准确度比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,仅在敏感度方面,超声弹性成像与彩色多普勒超声比较差异有统计学意义（x2=8.28,P=0.04）.联合诊断较其他单一检查方法,对良、恶性病变的鉴别能力比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 彩色多普勒超声、超声弹性成像、X线钼靶对触诊阴性乳腺病灶的诊断具有重要的临床价值,在临床中应联合应用,可以大大提高诊断的准确性.     

超声BI-RADS3级乳腺不可扪及病变的微创活组织检查

目的探讨超声检查BI-RADS3级的乳腺不可扪及病变（nonpalpable breast lesion,NPBL）微创活组织检查（活检）的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2010年12月在本院接受微创活检、超声BI—RADS3级的542例NPBL病例的临床、影像及病理资料,采用卡方检验比较即时活检组（首次超声诊断后3个月之内活检）与随访活检组（随访6个月后活检）发现恶性病变的概率以及两组恶性肿瘤情况的差异。结果全组542例病例,病理确诊恶性病变5例,总体恶性率为0．92％（5／542）;50—59岁患者的恶性率为9．68％（3／31）,明显高于其他年龄组（20～29岁组0,30～39岁组0．40％,40—49岁组0．57％,60～71岁组0）。即时活检组中恶性病变4例,恶性率为0．91％（4／435）;随访活检组中恶性病变1例,恶性率为0．93％（1／107）,两者差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）,且两组发现的恶性肿瘤的病灶大小,TNM分期相似。结论超声检查BI—RADS3级的NPBL恶性率低,随访活检是安全的。但对于年龄50岁及以上,超声评估为BI—RADS3级的患者需提高警惕,建议积极进行活检。     

An alternative approach to nonpalpable breast biopsies

Traditionally, when a negative specimen radiograph is obtained during biopsy of a nonpalpable breast lesion, immediate re-excision is performed in an attempt to successfully remove the lesion. Based on a retrospective study of the biopsy results of 792 nonpalpable breast lesions, the authors suggest delaying the re-excision, despite a negative specimen x-ray, until postoperative mammography confirms the persistence of the lesion. Utilization of this approach was associated with a comparably low incidence of missed lesions (3%) and had the added advantages of preserving breast tissue and decreasing operative time.     

Ultrasound-guided large-core needle biopsies of breast lesions: analysis of 962 cases to determine the number of samples for reliable tumour classification

The objective of this one-institutional study was to determine the number of large-core needle biopsies (LCNB), under three-dimensional ultrasound (3D-US) validation, that are sufficient to obtain a reliable histological diagnosis of a sonographically detectable breast lesion. Over an 28-month period, 962 sonographically guided LCNB were performed under 3D-US validation to assess 962 breast lesions. All biopsies were carried out with an automated core biopsy device fitted with 14-gauge (22 mm excursion) needles. Data of 962 biopsied breast lesions were gathered. Surgical follow-up was available for 659 lesions. Breast malignancies were diagnosed by ultrasound-guided LCNB with a sensitivity of 98.2% by performing three cores per lesion. In few cases, the open surgical specimen revealed the presence of invasive carcinomas in contrast to initial LNCB-based classification as ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS, 11 lesions), lobular carcinoma in situ (one lesion), and atypical ductal hyperpasia (one lesion). Owing to disagreement between classification based on breast-imaging and histological findings, eight of these tumours were subsequently excised. Of the lesions that were removed at the patients' requests despite benign LCNB diagnosis, two were infiltrating carcinoma and one a DCIS. We demonstrate that three 3D-US-guided percutaneous core specimens are sufficient to achieve tissue for a reliable histological assessment of sonographically detectable breast lesions and allow the detection of malignancies with high sensitivity and low rate of false-negative diagnoses.     

术中超声引导切除不可触及的乳腺病变

应用术中超声引导技术切除 65例女性患者 83处不可触及的乳腺病变 (nonpalpablebreastlesions ,NPBL) ,并对切除新鲜标本超声扫描确定NPBL是否已切除。 48处采用放射状切口 ,3 5处采用乳晕旁切口。切除标本最大直径10～ 3 0mm (平均 17 5mm) ,标本NPBL最大直径 5～ 17mm (平均 10 7mm) ,超声NPBL最大直径 6～ 19mm (平均11 9mm) ,NPBL的超声最大直径与标本最大直径呈高度一致 ,P <0 0 0 1。 83处NPBL首次切除标本中 ,4处超声未探及病灶 ,立即再切除获得成功。病理检查 :良性 78处 ,分别为 61处纤维腺瘤 ,5处管内乳头状瘤 ,12处纤维囊性乳腺病 ;恶性 5处 ,其中 2处为病理早期癌。恶性 5例追加改良根治术乳房标本无癌组织残留。良性患者术后 3～ 10个月随访 ,乳晕旁切口较放射状切口瘢痕更轻微 ,超声未发现复发病灶。初步研究的结果提示 ,术中超声引导切除NPBL是一种准确可行的手术方法 ,可以发现早期乳腺癌     

Diagnostic accuracy of large-core needle biopsy for nonpalpable breast disease: a meta-analysis

For the evaluation of non-palpable lesions of the breast, image-guided large-core needle biopsies are increasingly replacing needle-localized open breast biopsies. In this study, the diagnostic accuracy of this minimally invasive technique was evaluated by reviewing the available literature. Five cohort studies were included in a meta-analysis. Sensitivity rate, histological agreement between needle biopsy and subsequent surgery or long-term mammographic follow-up and clinical consequences for different disease prevalences were assessed. The sensitivity rate of large-core needle biopsy for the diagnosis of breast cancer was high (97%). The reclassified agreement rate between core biopsy and subsequent surgical biopsy or long-term mammographic follow-up was also high (94%). In case of 20% breast cancer prevalence among women referred after screening (as in the US), the risk of breast cancer despite benign large-core needle biopsy result is less than 1%. In European countries, however, prevalence of breast cancer among referred women is 60-70%. This would result in a risk of breast cancer despite benign large-core needle biopsy result of 4-6%. The results of this meta-analysis indicate that the image guided large-core needle biopsy is a promising alternative for the needle localized breast biopsy. However, additional research is needed to explore the limiting factors of the technique. Without such detailed knowledge, a benign histological diagnosis on large-core needle biopsy in countries with high prevalence of malignancy among referred women should be interpreted with caution.     

Needle localization in occult breast lesions

A series of 211 women underwent 211 preoperative needle localizations of nonpalpable breast lesions. All mammographic, operative, and pathological data were reviewed. Carcinoma occurred in 10%. Seventeen (81%) were invasive, and four (19%) were noninvasive. Forty-three percent of the cancers were minimal carcinoma (in situ or an invasive cancer measuring less than 5 mm in size with negative axillary nodes), and 48% were less than 1 cm. Overall, metastasis to axillary lymph nodes occurred in 10%. The mammographic findings of microcalcifications occurred in 81% of the malignant group and in 33% of the benign group. The combination of microcalcifications in association with an irregular density was only found in the malignant group. We conclude that 1) needle localization enables the early detection of stage I breast carcinoma and 2) the mammographic findings of microcalcifications in association with an irregular density occur only with malignancy in this series.     

Is the BI-RADS Categorization Valuable for Nonpalpable Breast Lesions in Chinese Women？

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility of the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System （BI-RADS） in the categorization of nonpalpable breast lesions （NPBLs） and to determine its value in aiding decision-making for biopsy in a Chinese population. METHODS One hundred and seventy-four nonpalpable breast lesions in 155 female patients examined by mammography were retrospectively categorized according to the BI-RAD System, 4th edition, which was established by the American College of Radiology （ACR）. All the lesions were diagnosed by a histopathological analysis after mammographically guided wire-localization biopsy. RESULTS The 174 Iocalizations yielded 125 （71.8%） benign lesions and 49 （28.2%） cancers, including 14 （28.6%） ductal carcinomas in situ and 35 （71.4%） invasive cancers. The overall positive predictive value （PPV） for cancer was 28.2% （49/174）. After categorization according to the BI- RAD System, there were 12 category 2, 59 category 3, 83 category 4 and 20 category 5 lesions. The PPV for cancer for each category were 0% （0 of 12 lesions） in category 2, 3.4% （2 of 59 lesions） in category 3, 37.3% （31 of 83 lesions） in category 4 and 80.0% （16 of 20 lesions） in category 5. t is concluded that BI-RADS is valuable for the catego- rization of nonpalpable breast lesions in our Chinese population. This system greatly improved the diagnostic specificity of nonpalpable breast lesions and was feasible in aiding decision-making for biopsy. It is suggested that nonpalpable breast lesions in categories BI-RADS 4 and 5 should receive a biopsy because these lesions have a moderate and high positive predictive value for cancer.     

Mammogram-directed fine-needle aspiration of nonpalpable breast lesions.

A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of mammogram directed fine-needle aspiration cytology in women with nonpalpable abnormalities detected on mammogram. Seventy patients were entered into the research protocol, with 61 patients undergoing mammogram directed fine-needle aspiration. Forty-three of the aspirates were adequate for diagnosis. Fine-needle aspiration yielded an accurate diagnosis in 12 of the 14 carcinomas in which the sample was considered adequate, for a sensitivity of 87%. No patients were falsely diagnosed with malignant disease, a specificity of 100%. The predictive value of a positive test was 100%, and that of a negative test was 93%. We conclude that fine-needle aspiration cytology can aid in making a diagnosis when nonpalpable breast abnormalities are detected on mammogram.     

Modified core wash cytology procedure for the immediate diagnosis of core needle biopsies of breast lesions

BACKGROUND:

Core wash or touch imprint cytology is often used to obtain a quick, preliminary diagnosis on a core needle biopsy (CNB) of breast lesions, essential for the management of the 1‐day breast clinic. Contradictory results of both techniques in the literature led to this preclinical study investigating an alternative method of touch imprint and core wash cytology.

METHODS:

Thirty breast lesions were biopsied by a core needle in a laboratory setting. The CNBs were collected in RPMI fluid (Roswell Park Memorial Institute fluid). The touch imprint cytology was performed taking the biopsy out of the fluid and smearing it on a microscopic slide and May‐Grunwald Giemsa stained. The core wash cytology was made by fixating the remaining cells in Fixcyt and prepared with a liquid‐based preparation method and Papanicolaou stained. The cytologic findings were categorized into benign, atypical favoring benign, atypical, suspicious, and malignant and compared with the histologic CNB results.

RESULTS:

The CNBs showed 20 of 30 samples to be malignant, 2 to be phylloides tumors, 7 to be benign, and 1 to be unsatisfactory. Both techniques showed a sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 100%. Touch imprint yielded insufficient diagnoses (13.3%), compared with core wash (6.6%). Of the core wash cases, 86% showed a good quality versus 30% in touch imprint cytology.

CONCLUSIONS:

This preclinical study on modified touch imprint and core wash techniques led to results that were comparable to or better than those in the literature. The core wash cytology is preferred to touch imprint because of the better morphology. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.