早期早产临产不同干预措施的探讨

目的探讨对早期早产临产者实施干预的最佳时机和最佳方法.方法选择2003年1月至2006年3月发生在34周前的早产临产病例73例,宫口开大5 cm以下,接受紧急宫颈环扎术和硫酸镁抑制宫缩者(39例)与接受单纯宫缩抑制剂治疗者(34例)进行对比分析.结果紧急宫颈环扎术联合宫缩抑制剂组的保胎天数、34周后分娩率明显高于单纯镁抑制组(P＜0.01).对早产临产干预结局的影响因素为紧急宫颈环扎术.结论单纯采用硫酸镁抑制宫缩对早产临产者进行干预可以延缓分娩,对于宫颈口扩张在5 cm以下的早产临产者,联合实施紧急宫颈环扎术和使用宫缩抑制剂,可以明显增加34孕周以上的分娩率.     

经阴道宫颈环扎术治疗宫颈机能不全21例临床分析

目的 探索宫颈环扎术在宫颈机能不全所致的晚期流产和早产中的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2019年12月,汕尾市人民医院收治21例行宫颈环扎术患者的临床数据（其中有紧急环扎术11例,预防性环扎术10例）。结果 宫颈机能不全孕妇手术21例：足月12例,4例早产,5例流产,这其中胎儿成活16例。结论 宫颈环扎术是孕中晚期宫颈机能不全治疗的有效方法,能延长孕周,是延长孕龄的有效的抗早产手术。     

经阴道紧急宫颈环扎术联合宫缩抑制剂对妊娠结局的影响

目的 探讨经阴道紧急宫颈环扎术联合宫缩抑制剂对妊娠结局的影响。方法 选取本院收治的60例宫颈机能不全孕妇为研究对象,随机分为两组,各30例。对照组实施宫缩抑制剂治疗,试验组实施经阴道紧急宫颈环扎术联合宫缩抑制剂治疗,比较两组的妊娠结局、新生儿基本情况及不良事件发生率。结果 试验组孕周延长时间、妊娠终止时间长于对照组,早产率低于对照组（P<0.05）;试验组新生儿体质量大于对照组,Apgar评分高于对照组,住院时间短于对照组（P<0.05）;试验组不良事件发生率为3.33%,低于对照组的23.33%(P<0.05)。结论 对宫颈机能不全孕妇实施经阴道紧急宫颈环扎术联合宫缩抑制剂治疗,疗效确切,可改善孕妇妊娠结局,降低不良事件发生风险。     

紧急宫颈环扎术治疗晚期难免流产40例临床分析

目的探讨紧急宫颈环扎术治疗晚期难免流产的临床价值。方法选取2008年11月至2010年8月中国医科大学附属盛京医院晚期难免流产孕妇65例,40例施行紧急宫颈环扎术,25例未采取手术干预,仅用保胎药物,并卧床休息。统计入院时宫颈情况及术后延长孕周情况。结果 40例紧急宫颈环扎术均成功实施,对产妇无不良影响,平均延长孕期为53.30d。33例患者得存活新生儿。25例未实行紧急宫颈环扎术患者保胎失败23例,发生流产,延长孕期为4.48d。4例患者得存活新生儿。结论紧急宫颈环扎术能有效地延长宫颈机能不全患者的孕周,明显提高新生儿存活率。     

宫颈环扎术治疗孕中期宫颈机能不全的妊娠结局

目的:探讨宫颈环扎术治疗孕中期宫颈机能不全的疗效。方法:36例孕14-28周合并宫颈机能不全,采取宫颈环扎术治疗。结果:孕14-16周手术27例,延长妊娠时间至足月21例,早产3例,流产3例,胎儿成活23例;>16孕周手术9例,延长妊娠时间至足月4例,早产3例,流产2例,胎儿成活6例,两者无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:孕14-16周是宫颈环扎术最佳手术时机,>16孕周手术也可提高胎儿成活率,紧急宫颈环扎术是必要的,可以延长妊娠时间,提高活婴分娩率。     

预防性与紧急性宫颈环扎术治疗宫颈功能不全的效果分析

目的 分析预防性与紧急性宫颈环扎术治疗宫颈功能不全的效果。方法 选取本院74例宫颈功能不全的孕妇为研究对象,随机数字表法将其分为两组,各37例。对照组采用紧急性宫颈环扎术,观察组采用预防性宫颈环扎术。对比两组手术相关指标、分娩情况、并发症发生率及妊娠结局。结果 观察组术中出血量、住院时间小于对照组,妊娠延长时间、分娩孕周及妊娠32周宫颈长度大于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组并发症发生率低于对照组,足月产率和新生儿存活率高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 预防性宫颈环扎术治疗孕妇宫颈功能不全,效果显著,能减少出血量,缩短住院时间,延长产妇妊娠时间和分娩孕周,并发症发生率低,妊娠结局好,值得临床推广。     

治疗性宫颈环扎术临床效果及影响因素分析

目的探讨治疗性宫颈环扎术的临床效果及其影响因素。方法收集2008年1月至2015年7月于北京大学第三医院接受治疗性宫颈环扎术与未接受治疗性环扎的宫颈功能不全的单胎妊娠患者132例,按孕期超声或体格检查发现的宫颈长度及宫颈内外口扩张程度进行分组。宫颈长≤2.5 cm伴宫颈内口呈V形或U形扩张,宫颈外口闭合者58例接受环扎(A组),未接受环扎23例(a组);宫颈内外口均开大,同时伴或不伴胎囊突出者39例接受环扎(B组),未接受环扎12例(b组)。B组再按宫颈外口开大程度分:B1组为1 cm≤宫颈外口开大≤3 cm(27例),B2组为3 cm宫颈外口开大≤5 cm(9例),B3组为宫颈外口开大5 cm(3例)。分析比较临床效果及与环扎效果有关的影响因素。结果 A组分娩孕周、妊娠延长天数、新生儿出生体重以及早期新生儿存活率均大于a组(P0.05);34周后及37周以后的分娩率明显增加(P0.05)。B组妊娠延长天数、分娩孕周、新生儿出生体重以及28周、32周、34周的分娩率均明显大于b组(P0.05);B组37周的分娩率大于b组(22.5%vs.0)。宫颈外口开大程度与环扎效果分析显示:环扎治疗B1组的妊娠延长天数及分娩孕周大于B2组,28周、32周及34周的分娩率明显增加(P0.05)。环扎A组保胎天数、分娩孕周、34周以后及37周后分娩率均大于环扎B1组及B2组(P0.05)。B3组3例中仅有1例早期新生儿存活。多因素线性回归分析显示:胎囊突出情况、未足月胎膜早破、宫内感染与术后保胎天数呈负相关(β分别为-20.869、-17.431、-14.963)。不同环扎孕周对分娩孕周、新生儿出生体重、早期新生儿存活率影响无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论治疗性宫颈环扎术是妊娠期宫颈明显变化的宫颈功能不全抗早产的有效补救方法;宫内感染、未足月胎膜早破以及胎囊突出情况是环扎效果的影响因素,而宫颈外口开大5 cm的环扎效果受多因素影响;手术孕周不需局限在24周内,个体化处理为宜,手术效果不受手术孕周影响。     

安宝用于治疗宫颈机能不全行宫颈环扎术后保胎效果观察

目的:探讨宫颈环扎术后安宝保胎治疗效果。方法:25例因宫颈机能不全行宫颈环扎术后患者行安宝保胎治疗。结果:25例中23例维持至足月分娩,1例19周流产、1例孕32周早产。新生儿存活24例(96%)。结论:宫颈环扎术后应用安宝保胎治疗可使妊娠维持至足月或接近足月,提高新生儿存活率,对优生及孕产妇身心健康有重要意义。     

紧急宫颈环扎术的临床应用研究进展

正宫颈环扎术是治疗宫颈功能不全的主要手术方法之一,主要有预防性宫颈环扎术和治疗性宫颈环扎术,后者包括紧急宫颈环扎术。目前更多研究集中在宫颈功能不全及其预防性应用方面。在妊娠期间发现的宫颈扩张和/或胎囊脱出情形下的紧急宫颈环扎术,由于临床情形更加复杂,在手术指征和临床效果等研究报道还多有不一致,而且,基本上排除宫缩存在。对有规律宫缩伴宫颈变化的患者行紧急宫颈环扎术联合宫缩抑制剂的双重干预措施在临床应用方面,可降低     

腹腔镜下宫颈环扎术治疗宫颈机能不全16例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜下宫颈环扎术治疗宫颈机能不全的效果和安全性。方法对2008年8月至2011年12月中山大学附属第一医院妇科16例经阴道宫颈环扎手术失败和无法行经阴道宫颈环扎术的宫颈机能不全患者,在非孕期行腹腔镜下宫颈环扎术,观察术后妊娠情况。结果 16例患者手术过程均顺利,无一例中转开腹。有10例患者妊娠,其中8例孕足月剖宫产,1例孕31周剖宫产分娩,1例妊娠20周时因胎膜早破导致难免流产,开腹手术剪断环扎带后经阴道娩出胎儿。行剖宫产患者平均分娩孕周为37.9周,较术前平均流产孕周平均延长17.9周。另6例患者中5例现术后1～3个月,尚未计划妊娠,1例术后1+年,未避孕未孕。结论腹腔镜下宫颈环扎术安全有效,可明显延长妊娠时间,增加活产率,可作为宫颈机能不全的治疗方法之一。     

早产临床风险因素的探讨

目的评估影响早产分娩的风险因素以及对早产干预措施影响的相关因素。方法选择2003年1月至2006年3月发生在34周前的自发性早产临产、早产胎膜早破、宫颈机能不全、先兆早产4种临床表现类型共221例,比较4种临床表现之间发病的风险因素及影响干预措施结局的相关因素。结果自发性早产临产的风险因素依次为:本次妊娠先兆流产史(OR8.917,95%CI2.308～34.457)、胎次(OR2.179,95%CI1.033～4.598)、宫颈长度改变(OR0.366,95%CI0.259～0.518);早产胎膜早破的风险因素依次为:自然流产史(OR4.922,95%CI1.115～21.720)、体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)(OR5.341,95%CI1.571～18.164);宫颈功能不全的风险因素依次为:早产史(OR9.010,95%CI2.032～39.940),IVF-ET(OR2.603,95%CI1.195～5.670)。发生早期早产分娩的影响因素依次为:血象升高(OR4.695,95%CI2.065～10.671)、宫颈长度变短(OR0.633,95%CI0.456～0.880)。对早产干预措施的影响因素为紧急宫颈环扎术(OR26.372,95%CI2.770～251.085)和血象升高(OR7.111,95%CI1.769～28.53)。结论影响早产的风险因素较多,应注重IVF-ET妊娠的早产风险;实施紧急宫颈环扎术及注重感染指标监测是减少34周前分娩的重要干预手段。     

Current options for mechanical prevention of preterm birth

Cervical insufficiency can be defined by a combination of obstetric history, cervical dilation on exam, and/or short cervical length in women with prior preterm birth. Options for mechanical intervention include cerclage and pessary. There is evidence to support the benefit of a cervical cerclage in women with singleton gestations who have a diagnosis of cervical insufficiency either based on second trimester painless cervical dilatation leading to recurrent early preterm births, or a history of early spontaneous preterm birth and a second trimester transvaginal ultrasound short cervical length or cervical dilation on exam. For women with multiple gestations, the benefit of a cerclage is uncertain, and further study is warranted. The pessary has also been studied for mechanical prevention of preterm birth in various populations, however the results so far have been mixed and warrants further study prior to routine use.     

不同妊娠期经阴道子宫颈环扎术后妊娠结局分析

Objective?To investigate the differences in pregnancy outcomes between the different transvaginal cervical cerclage. Methods?This retrospective study included pregnant women with cervical insufficiency admitted to Peking University People’s Hospital between January 2013 and September 2021. There were 37 patients in the study group underwent Shirodkar’s cerclage, and 32 patients in the control group underwent McDonald’s cerclage. The pregnancy outcomes were compared. Results?Compared with the control group, the study group showed more weight gain during pregnancy[(12.66±6.00) kg/m2, (9.21±5.79) kg/m2; P=0.022], long operation time [45 min(40-51.3 min) vs. 20.5 min (17.3-25.0), P<0.001] and later cerclage removal [36.71(36.14-37) vs. 34.43(24.32-36.75), P=0.003]. Gestational weeks at delivery in the Shirodkar group were more advanced than in the McDonald group[38.9 (36.3-39.8) vs.35.0 (30.1-39.0), P=0.005]. Compared with the McDonald group, the Shirodkar group had higher incidences of deliveries≥28 gestational weeks (91.9% vs. 68.8%, P=0.027), deliveries≥34 gestational weeks (81.1% vs. 59.4%, P=0.037), deliveries≥37 gestational weeks (67.6% vs. 37.5%, P<0.001), induced labor (43.2% vs. 12.5%, P=0.006), and fewer fetal loss (8.1% vs. 31.3%, P=0.017). Multivariate regression analysis of preterm birth factors showed that Shirodkar cervical cerclage was a protective factor to reduce the incidence of preterm birth(OR=0.063, 95%CI: 0.008, 0.492, P=0.008). Conclusion?Shirodkar cerclage appears to have advantages over McDonald cerclage in preventing fetal loss and a fewer frequency of preterm deliveries.     

Positive vaginal culture at rescue cerclage predicts subsequent preterm delivery

Purpose: This retrospective case-control study is aimed to extract predictors of preterm delivery after rescue cerclage.

Materials and methods: We collected the data from all the pregnant women who underwent rescue cerclage before 26⁺⁰ gestational weeks at our facility between July 2006 and July 2016. These women were divided into “delivery at <34 weeks” group (n?=?12) and “delivery at ≥34 weeks” group (n?=?12). Multiple factors that had been detected at the time of cerclage were compared between these two groups.

Results: “Gestational weeks at cerclage ≥23” and “positive vaginal culture at cerclage” were significantly more prevalent in the “delivery at <34 weeks” group than in the “delivery at ≥34 weeks” group. “Prolapsed membranes at cerclage” tended to be more prevalent in the “delivery at <34 weeks” group than in the “delivery at ≥34 weeks” group. “Positive vaginal culture at cerclage” was the only independent risk factor associated with eventual preterm delivery before 34 gestational weeks.

Conclusions: Simple aerobic bacterial culture of the vaginal swab sampled at the time of cerclage could be used as a reliable test to predict subsequent preterm delivery before 34 gestational weeks.     

宫颈机能不全环扎与早产

宫颈机能不全指宫颈无法保留其正常的形态及功能直至妊娠足月,表现为无痛性宫口扩张、胎儿娩出导致妊娠丢失,是引起妊娠中晚期流产及早产的常见原因。宫颈机能不全的发病机制并不明确,近年来出现的获得性宫颈机能不全如宫颈锥切术后、保留子宫体的宫颈癌根治术后患者有所增多,临床实践中关于宫颈机能不全的筛查、诊断和处理没有统一的规范,宫颈环扎术与保守治疗相比是否获益更多一直存在争议。文章就宫颈环扎术的适应证、术式的改良与进展做一阐述。     

Does cervical cerclage prevent preterm delivery in patients with a short cervix?

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether cerclage placement in women with a short cervix on transvaginal ultrasonography reduces the rate of preterm delivery. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study identified patients with an ultrasonographic short cervix (cervical length < or =15 mm) between 14 and 24 weeks' gestation. Cerclage placement was performed at the discretion of the attending physician. Clinical characteristics and outcome with and without cerclage were compared. RESULTS: Seventy patients met inclusion criteria; 25 (36%) underwent cerclage placement. Patients managed with cerclage had a lower gestational age at diagnosis (19.6 weeks vs 21.3 weeks, P <.01) but had a similar median cervical length, presence of funneling, and a history of cervical surgery, in comparison with those managed without cerclage. The rate of spontaneous preterm delivery was not different between groups. Patients with cerclage had a higher rate of preterm premature rupture of membranes than those without cerclage (65.2% vs 36.4%, P <.05). CONCLUSION: Cervical cerclage in patients with a short cervix did not reduce the rate of spontaneous preterm delivery and increased the risk of preterm premature rupture of membranes.     

宫颈环扎术在防治流产和早产中的应用

早产是造成新生儿发病和死亡的主要原因,而宫颈功能不全是造成晚期流产、早产的主要疾患之一。宫颈功能不全又名宫颈机能不全,是指妊娠后,在达到足月妊娠前宫颈展平、变薄,宫颈管扩张、变宽的临床状态,最终导致中期妊娠流产或早产。在欧洲和其他发展中国家,早产的发生率为5%~9%,在某些国家,这一现象仍有增长趋势,几乎没有什么有效措施可以改善这种结局,而且对现代产科来说,其管理仍是一种挑战。宫颈环扎是目前产科常用的预防流产和早产的干预和管理措施,但缺乏有效的证据证实其益处,宫颈环扎的效果也不确定,现就妊娠中期宫颈功能的评定以及实施宫颈环扎术的指征加以论述。     

Oral nicardipine versus intravenous magnesium sulfate for the treatment of preterm labor

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of oral nicardipine in acute therapy for preterm labor with those of parenteral magnesium sulfate. STUDY DESIGN: Patients between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation with documented preterm labor were randomly assigned to receive oral nicardipine (n = 57) or intravenous magnesium sulfate (n = 65) as initial tocolytic therapy. Patients in the nicardipine group received a 40-mg loading dose and then 20 mg every 2 hours as needed to stop contractions (total 80 mg). Patients in the magnesium sulfate group received a 6-g bolus followed by 2 to 4 g/h to provide uterine quiescence. Patients could be switched to another tocolytic regimen if they continued to have contractions after 6 hours of therapy. The main outcome variables examined were time to uterine quiescence, time gained in utero, recurrence of preterm labor, failure of tocolysis, and pertinent maternal and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in maternal demographic characteristics between the groups. Among patients who responded with uterine quiescence within 6 hours, there was a significant decrease in the time to uterine quiescence in the nicardipine group (P <.01). Patients in the magnesium sulfate group were more likely to have recurrence of preterm labor necessitating further tocolytic attempts (P =.048). The patients in the magnesium sulfate group had more adverse side effects, mainly nausea and vomiting (P =.004). There were no differences in birth weight, estimated gestational age at delivery, or neonatal complications between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Oral nicardipine is an effective, safe, and well-tolerated tocolytic agent. In this prospective clinical trial patients randomly assigned to receive oral nicardipine had arrest of preterm labor more rapidly than did those randomly assigned to receive parenteral magnesium sulfate. Patients who received magnesium sulfate were more likely to have adverse medication effects and recurrent preterm labor.     

The effect of second trimester emergency cervical cerclage on perinatal outcome

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of emergency cervical cerclage and to determine predictors of failure or success in women with cervical incompetence. Methods: Medical records were reviewed for clinical and demographic data, gestational age at time of cerclage, cerclage–delivery interval, gestational age at time of delivery; and birth weight. Predictors of success and failure were analyzed. Result: Forty-three pregnant women between 18 and 25 weeks of gestation were recruited. The mean gestational age at time of cerclage was 21 weeks. The mean cerclage–delivery interval was 64 days. The mean gestation at delivery was 31 weeks and the mean neonatal birth weight was 2166 g. Whether cerclage done before or after 20 weeks, the difference in cerclage–delivery interval was insignificant while the difference in gestational age at time of delivery and neonatal birth weight was significant. Presence of infection, presence of symptoms, membranes through the cervix and dilated cervix >3 cm are frequently associated with failure. Conclusion: Emergency cervical cerclage is effective in prolonging pregnancy and improving neonatal outcome in patient with cervical incompetence. However, large prospective randomized controlled studies are recommended.