葛根素对AD大鼠脑内Aβ1-40和Bax表达的影响

目的研究杏仁核注射β-淀粉样肽(Aβ25-35)所致阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型大鼠脑内Aβ1-40、Bax的表达变化,以及葛根素(Pue)的影响。方法将30只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、AD模型组和Pue治疗组,以Aβ25-35右侧杏仁核注射制备大鼠AD模型,用Y-型迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力,用免疫组织化学方法检测大脑皮层与海马组织Aβ1-40和Bax的表达。结果假手术组脑内有Aβ1-40、Bax的少量表达,两者均以皮层内为多,海马组织内少;AD模型组大鼠皮层和海马组织Aβ1-40与Bax的表达增加,较假手术组大鼠有显著性差异,P<0.01;Pue能改善AD模型组大鼠的学习记忆能力,Pue治疗组大鼠皮层和海马组织Aβ1-40、Bax表达减少,与AD模型组比较有显著性差异,P<0.05。结论Pue可能通过下调脑组织Aβ1-40和Bax表达,抑制β-淀粉样肽的神经毒性,减轻脑皮层和海马神经元凋亡,具有神经保护及抗痴呆作用。     

Aβ25-35杏仁核注射对大鼠海马tau蛋白磷酸化和AchE的影响

目的探讨杏仁核注射Aβ25-35对大鼠脑内异常磷酸化tau蛋白(Pser404-tau)及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的影响。方法右侧杏仁核注射β-淀粉样肽(Aβ25-35)制备阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠模型;用Y-迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力;应用免疫组化方法测定Aβ对大鼠海马Pser404-tau的影响;应用分光光度计测定大鼠海马区AchE活性变化。结果Aβ25-35杏仁核注射可导致大鼠学习记忆功能障碍;AD模型组的Pser404-tau阳性细胞数较假手术组显著增高,而海马AchE活性较假手术组明显降低。结论杏仁核注射Aβ25-35可导致Ser404位点的tau蛋白过度磷酸化和海马胆碱能系统功能损害。     

Aβ25-35杏仁核注射对大鼠海马tau蛋白磷酸化和AchE的影响

目的 探讨杏仁核注射Aβ25-35对大鼠脑内异常磷酸化tau蛋白(Pser404-tau)及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的影响。方法 右侧杏仁核注射β-淀粉样肽(Aβ25-35)制备阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠模型；用Y-迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力；应用免疫组化方法测定Aβ对大鼠海马Pser404-tau的影响；应用分光光度计测定大鼠海马区AchE活性变化。结果 Aβ25-35杏仁核注射可导致大鼠学习记忆功能障碍；AD模型组的Pser404-tau阳性细胞数较假手术组显著增高，而海马AchE活性较假手术组明显降低。结论杏仁核注射Aβ25-35可导致Ser404位点的tau蛋白过度磷酸化和海马胆碱能系统功能损害。     

何首乌对Alzheimer病大鼠学习记忆及乙酰胆碱酯酶的作用

目的探讨右侧海马注射β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)对大鼠学习记忆能力和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的影响及何首乌的作用。方法将Aβ1-40 10μg／μl注入右侧海马建立大鼠AD模型，测定其学习记忆能力和脑AchE活性及何首乌的影响作用。结果Aβ注射后出现较持久的学习记忆障碍．Aβ组呈渐进性加重，治疗组有一定的改善。Aβ组海马区、额叶皮质和基底前脑区的AchE的活性较对照组明显减少；治疗组较对照组减少，但较Aβ组有明显提高。结论何首乌能改善AD模型大鼠学习记忆获得能力，提高AchE活性。     

β-淀粉样蛋白25-35杏仁核注射对大鼠空间学习记忆及海马突触素表达的影响

目的探讨β-淀粉样蛋白25-35（Aβ25-35）杏仁核注射所造痴呆模型大鼠海马突触素的改变及其与空间学习记忆力的关系。方法雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠24只，随机分为正常对照组、假手术组（颅内注射5．0nmol 0．1％三氟乙酸）、痴呆模型组（颅内注射5．0nmol Aβ25-35），每组各8只。采用杏仁核注射Aβ25-35的方法建立大鼠痴呆模型；通过Morris水迷宫测试观察大鼠空间学习记忆能力的改变；应用免疫组织化学染色测定模型大鼠海马突触素表达的水平。结果大鼠痴呆模型建立6周后，痴呆模型组大鼠存在明显的空间学习记忆力障碍，为期6d水迷宫测试的平均潜伏期均明显长于正常对照组及假手术组，其中第4～6天与正常对照组的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。免疫组织化学染色，痴呆模型组大鼠海马突触索表达的阳性数及着色密度均明显少于正常对照组及假手术组，其中与正常对照组的差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）。结论Aβ25-35杏仁核注射所造痴呆模型的大鼠海马突触数量明显减少，其空间学习记忆力功能障碍可能与突触的减少有关。     

拟阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠海马CA1区HSP27及IL-1表达

目的 探讨Aβ(β-淀粉样肽)诱AD大鼠模型中海马HSP27和IL-1的表达, 研究信号转导及炎性机制在AD中的作用.方法 采用立体定向下双侧海马注射Aβ1-42建立AD动物模型,通过免疫组化染色及Western blot等方法, 观测大鼠学习记忆能力、海马组织结构的病理改变及HSP27和IL-1 的表达情况.结果 HE染色显示,模型组大鼠海马神经元变性、缺失,胶质细胞浸润;免疫组化结果显示模型组大鼠海马CA1区HSP27和IL-1 免疫阳性细胞表达多见(P＜0.05);Western blot显示模型组海马组织HSP条带增宽表达强度高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 HSP27在AD的炎症反应机制中可能具有重要作用.     

大豆异黄酮对Alzheimer病大鼠认知功能及海马NR2B表达的影响

目的 研究大豆异黄酮对Alzheimer病（AD）大鼠模型认知功能及海马组织N-甲基-D-天（门）冬氨酸2B受体（NR2B）表达的影响。方法 60只大鼠随机分为模型组、低剂量大豆异黄酮组、高剂量大豆异黄酮组、雌激素组及对照组。采用p淀粉样蛋白25—35（Aβ25-35）双侧海马注射制作AD大鼠模型，对照组注射生理盐水。制模后相应地给予不同剂量大豆异黄酮及雌激素治疗18d，通过Morris水迷宫实验观察各组大鼠认知功能的变化，免疫组化法检测各组大鼠海马NR2B表达。结果 与对照组相比，模型组大鼠学习、记忆功能明显下降，海马NR2B表达明显降低（均P〈0.05）；大豆异黄酮及雌激素治疗后大鼠学习及记忆能力较模型组显著升高（均P〈0．05），高剂量组疗效优于低剂量组（均P〈0．05），且与雌激素组相比差异无显著性。与模型组相比，各治疗组大鼠海马NR2B的表达明显增加（均P〈0．05），各治疗组问差异无显著性。结论 大豆异黄酮具有雌激素样作用，通过上调海马NR2B的表达，改善大鼠的学习记忆功能，并具有剂量依赖性。     

黄芪多糖对阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠的疗效及其作用机制研究

目的 探讨黄芪多糖(Astragalus polysaccharide,APS)对大鼠阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)模型大鼠的疗效及其作用机制。方法 将48只SPF大鼠随机分成3组,每组各16只:对照组、模型组和治疗组; 模型组和APS治疗组采用Aβ_25-35(80 pmol/μL)双侧脑室注射大鼠诱导AD模型,模型制备成功后APS治疗组给予APS(400 mg/kg)灌胃,1次/d,连续60 d; 对照组和模型组给予等剂量生理盐水灌胃,1次/d,连续60 d; 治疗结束后采用水迷宫实验(MWM)评价各组大鼠定位航行能力和记忆能力; MWM实验结束后处死各组大鼠获取海马行常规HE染色观察病理组织学变化,行Western-blot检测海马组织中淀粉样蛋白(amyloid peptide protein,APP)、β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid peptide-β,Aβ)、磷酸化微管相关蛋白(Phosphorylation tau,p-tau)、糖原合成酶激酶3β(glycogen synthase kinase 3beta,GSK3)和蛋白磷酸酯酶2A(protein phosphatase 2A,PP2A)等蛋白的表达水平。结果 与模型组相比,APS治疗组可显著改善大鼠的定位航行能力(P<0.01)与学习记忆能力(P<0.01); HE染色表明APS治疗组可修复Aβ_25-35所致的大鼠海马损伤; Western-blot表明与模型组相比,ASP治疗组APP,Aβ,p-tau,GSK3β和BACE1的蛋白水平下调(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.05,P<0.01),PP2A 的蛋白水平上调(P<0.05)。结论 APS对Aβ25-35所致的AD具有保护作用。     

姜黄素对于老年痴呆症模型大鼠外周血单个核细胞中组织蛋白酶B表达的影响

目的研究姜黄素对β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ1-42)诱导的老年痴呆(AD)大鼠外周血单个核细胞溶酶体中组织蛋白酶(Cat B)的表达及对Aβ的降解能力的作用;同时探讨对于大鼠认知功能的影响。方法将Aβ1-42微量注射至SD大鼠右侧海马制作AD模型大鼠,假手术组海马注入等量PBS。于建模后随机分为AD模型组及姜黄素干预组,姜黄素干预组给予300 mg/(kg·d)二甲基亚砜(DMSO)溶解的姜黄素连续腹腔注射7 d,AD模型组以及假手术组腹腔注射等量DMSO;术后第9天心脏穿刺采集大鼠外周血,并采用Ficoll密度梯度离心法分离外周血单个核细胞,用定量PCR方法及酶活性分析法检测其中Cat B表达;采用定位航行和空间探索水迷宫试验分别检测大鼠的学习和记忆能力。结果与假手术组及AD模型组相比较,经姜黄素处理过的干预组大鼠外周血单个核细胞中Cat B表达及活性均上调;且经姜黄素干预后AD模型大鼠空间学习记忆能力明显改善(P=0. 021)。结论姜黄素可以上调AD模型大鼠外周血单个核细胞Cat B表达及活性;姜黄素有改善Aβ1-42诱导的AD模型大鼠空间学习记忆障碍的作用。     

二甲双胍对阿尔茨海默病大鼠的疗效及机制研究

目的观察二甲双胍对阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)大鼠学习记忆能力的影响,并进一步探讨其可能机制。方法将50只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常组、假手术组、模型组和治疗组。模型组和治疗组大鼠双侧海马各注射5μl Aβ25-35(2 g/L)建立AD模型,假手术组注射等量生理盐水。次日,对治疗组大鼠予以二甲双胍灌胃治疗,100 mg/(kg·d),连续给药2 w。干预结束后,检测各组大鼠学习记忆能力、海马区细胞基本情况及PI3K、AKT、P-AKT、GSK3β、P-GSK3β、tau[p S202]、tau5的相对表达量。结果二甲双胍能显著改善AD模型大鼠的认知能力(P 0.05);各组大鼠海马区细胞基本形态结构无明显差异;与正常组相比,假手术组上述蛋白相对表达量无明显改变,但模型组大鼠海马组织中PI3K、P-AKT/AKT、P-GSK3β/GSK3β的表达情况明显下调(P 0.05),干预后有所改善(P 0.05);模型组中tau[p S202]/tau5明显高于正常组和假手术组,干预后tau蛋白磷酸化程度降低(P 0.05)。结论二甲双胍能够有效改善AD模型大鼠学习记忆能力,其机制可能与"PI3K-AKTGSK3β-tau磷酸化"信号通路密切相关。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.