Spectrum of clinical phenotypes and gene variants in cardiac myosin-binding protein C mutation carriers with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

OBJECTIVES: We studied the clinical and genetic features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) caused by mutations in the myosin-binding protein C gene (MYBPC3) in 110 consecutive, unrelated patients and family members of European descent. BACKGROUND: Mutations in the MYBPC3 gene represent the cause of HCM in approximately 15% of familial cases. MYBPC3 mutations were reported to include mainly nonsense versus missense mutations and to be characterized by a delayed onset and benign clinical course of the disease in Japanese and French families. We investigated the features that characterize MYBPC3 variants in a large, unrelated cohort of consecutive patients. METHODS: The MYBPC3 gene was screened by single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis and sequencing. The clinical phenotypes were analyzed using rest and 24-h electrocardiography, electrophysiology, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography and angiography. RESULTS: We identified 13 mutations in the MYBPC3 gene: one nonsense, four missense and three splicing mutations and five small deletions and insertions. Of these, 11 were novel, and two were probably founder mutations. Patients with MYBPC3 mutations presented a broad range of phenotypes. In general, the 16 carriers of protein truncations had a tendency toward earlier disease manifestations (33 +/- 13 vs. 48 +/- 9 years; p = 0.06) and more frequently needed invasive procedures (septal ablation or cardioverter-defibrillator implantation) compared with the 9 carriers of missense mutations or in-frame deletions (12/16 vs. 1/9 patients; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Multiple mutations, which include missense, nonsense and splicing mutations, as well as small deletions and insertions, occur in the MYBPC3 gene. Protein truncation mutations seem to cause a more severe disease phenotype than missense mutations or in-frame deletions.     

Gene-specific modifying effects of pro-LVH polymorphisms involving the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system among 389 unrelated patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the deletion/insertion (D/I) polymorphism in the ACE-encoded angiotensin-converting enzyme or the pooled gene effect of five renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) polymorphisms were disease modifiers in a large cohort of unrelated patients with genotyped hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). METHODS AND RESULTS: Five different RAAS polymorphism genotypes were established by PCR amplification of the surrounding polymorphic regions of genomic DNA in a cohort of 389 unrelated patients comprehensively genotyped for HCM-causing mutations in eight sarcomeric/myofilament genes. Patient clinical data were archived in a database blinded both to the primary myofilament defect and the polymorphism genotype. Each patient was assessed with respect to ACE genotype as well as composite pro-left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) RAAS polymorphism score (0-5). Overall, no clinical parameter correlated independently with ACE genotype. Subset analysis of the two most common genetic subtypes of HCM, MYBPC3 (myosin binding protein C) and MYH7 (beta myosin heavy chain), demonstrated a significant pro-LVH effect of DD-ACE only in patients with MYBPC3-HCM. In MYBPC3-HCM, left ventricular wall thickness was greater in patients with DD genotype (25.8+/-5 mm) compared with DI (21.8+/-4) or II genotype (20.8+/-5, P=0.01). Moreover, extreme hypertrophy (>30 mm) was only seen in MYBPC3-HCM patients who also hosted DD-ACE. An effect of RAAS pro-LVH score was evident only in the subgroup of patients with no previously identified myofilament mutation. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that RAAS genotypes may modify the clinical phenotype of HCM in a disease gene-specific fashion rather than indiscriminately.     

Selected mutations in the myosin binding protein C gene in the Polish population of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the gene of myosin binding protein C (MYBPC3) are currently considered the most frequent cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). AIM: To assess the frequency of selected mutations in MYBPC3 in the Polish population of HCM patients. METHODS: One hundred eighteen patients with HCM and 118 healthy, age and sex-matched controls were screened for the presence of 14 mutations of MYBPC3 using real time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Five different mutations were found in six patients in the HCM group whereas no mutations were present in the control group. In three cases the mutations were missense (Arg502Gln, Cys566Arg, Asn755Lys) and in three cases terminal (Gln425ter, Gln1061ter in two unrelated probands). CONCLUSION: Mutations in MYBPC3 should be considered a frequent cause of HCM in Poland.     

Two novel mutations of the MYBPC3 gene identified in Chinese families with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND:

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is one of the most common genetic cardiovascular disorders. Mutations in the MYBPC3 gene are one of the most frequent genetic causes of HCM.

OBJECTIVES:

To screen MYBPC3 gene mutations in Chinese patients with HCM, and analyze the correlation between the genotype and the phenotype.

METHODS:

The 35 exons of the MYBPC3 gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction in the 11 consecutive unrelated Chinese pedigrees. The sequences of the products were analyzed and the mutation sites were determined. The clinical data of genotype-positive families were collected, and the correlation between genotype and phenotype was analyzed.

RESULTS:

Two mutations of the MYBPC3 gene were confirmed among 11 pedigrees. A frameshift mutation (Pro459fs) was identified in exon 17 in family H8, and a splice mutation (IVS5+5G→C) was identified in intron 5 in family H3. These two mutations were first identified in Chinese patients with familial HCM and were absent in 110 chromosomes of healthy controls. Seven known polymorphisms were found in the cohort.

CONCLUSIONS:

Compared with what was reported abroad, the MYBPC3 gene is a common pathogenic gene responsible for HCM in Chinese patients, and the phenotypes of these two mutations in their respective families may have their own clinical characteristics.     

心脏型肌球蛋白结合蛋白C基因缺失突变导致肥厚型心肌病特点分析

目的观察肥厚型心肌病（HCM）患者心脏型肌球蛋白结合蛋白C基因（MYBPC3）缺失突变及其表型的特点。方法在100例HCM患者中对MYBPC3的所有外显子及其侧翼内含子序列进行基因扫描,聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增目的片段,双脱氧末段终止法测序。对突变患者进行家系调查,分析其表型特点。结果在两例先证者中分别发现两个缺失突变14262_14264delAAG和14364delG,均位于外显子25。表型分析发现两例先证者均有劳力性胸闷、胸痛和晕厥史,超声心动图表现为不对称性肥厚（室间隔/左室后壁分别为2.5、3.2）,但SAM征阴性,发病年龄分别为38岁和29岁。结论缺失突变是MYBPC3基因突变的常见形式,14262_14264delAAG或14364delG突变导致的HCM表现为不对称性心肌肥厚,患者容易出现晕厥等症状,应该警惕心源性猝死的发生。     

中国肥厚型心肌病患者心脏型肌球蛋白结合蛋白C基因突变特点分析

目的观察中国肥厚型心肌病(HCM)患者心脏型肌球蛋白结合蛋白C基因(MYBPC3)突变的特点。方法在100例中国HCM患者中对MYBPC3基因的所有外显子及其侧翼内含子序列进行基因扫描,聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增目的片段,双脱氧末段终止法测序。分析国人HCM患者基因突变的特点。结果 100例HCM患者中,10例患者携带9种MYBPC3基因突变,5种为错义突变,1种为剪接位点突变,1种为插入突变,2种为缺失突变。结论 MYBPC3基因是中国HCM人群的常见致病基因,并且MYBPC3基因突变形式多种多样,这是其主要的突变特点之一。     

心脏肌球蛋白结合蛋白C基因S236G新突变致肥厚型心肌病表型研究

目的 研究中国人肥厚型心肌病的致病基因突变位点,寻找国人特有的热点突变并分析基因型与临床表型的相互关系.方法 在100例肥厚型心肌病患者以及120名健康对照者中进行心脏型肌球蛋白结合蛋白C(MYBPC3)基因突变筛查,聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增基因功能区外显子片段并对PCR产物进行测序分析.结果 在3例肥厚型心肌病患者中发现MYBPC3基因第6号外显子第706位碱基由T转换为C,结果导致第236位的丝氨酸(Ser,s)转变为甘氨酸(Gly,G),正常对照组相同位置未发现异常.该突变在西方人中未见报道,携带该突变的肥厚型心肌病患者呈现不同的临床表型.结论 首次在中国人肥厚型心肌病患者中发现MYBPC3基因S236G突变,其在中国人肥厚型心肌病患者中占有一定的比例,是热点突变之一.     

Comprehensive analysis of the beta-myosin heavy chain gene in 389 unrelated patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the prevalence and phenotype of beta-myosin heavy chain gene MYH7 mutations in a large cohort of unrelated patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). BACKGROUND: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a heterogeneous cardiac disease. MYH7 mutations are one of the most common genetic causes of HCM and have been associated with severe hypertrophy, young age of diagnosis, and high risk of sudden cardiac death. However, these clinical findings from large, family studies have not been confirmed in a large unrelated cohort. METHODS: Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) samples obtained from 389 HCM outpatients seen at this tertiary referral center were analyzed for mutations, using polymerase chain reaction, denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography, and DNA sequencing for all 38 protein-coding exons of MYH7. Clinical data were extracted from patient records blinded to patient genotype. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients (15%) harbored 40 different mutations in MYH7. Compared with HCM patients without MYH7 mutations, HCM patients with MYH7 were younger at diagnosis (32.9 vs. 42.7 years, p = 0.0002), had more hypertrophy (left ventricular wall thickness of 24.2 vs. 21.1 mm, p = 0.0009), and more frequently underwent myectomy (60% vs. 38%, p = 0.002). The HCM patients with MYH7 mutations more often had a family history of HCM (43% vs. 29%, p = 0.006), but there was no difference in family history of sudden death (16% vs. 14%, p = NS). CONCLUSIONS: In this setting, HCM patients with MYH7 were diagnosed at a younger age and had more hypertrophy, but they had no greater frequency of sudden death among first-degree relatives. Although these associations may prove useful for targeted gene screening, caution should be exercised in terms of using pathogenic status in risk stratification.     

心脏型肌球蛋白结合蛋白C基因突变导致肥厚型心肌病的表型特点

目的观察心脏型肌球蛋白结合蛋白C基因(MYBPC3)突变所致的肥厚型心肌病(HCM)的表型特点。方法既往研究中,我们筛查到10例患者携带9种MYBPC3基因突变,收集患者及其家系患者(6例)的临床资料,总结其表型特点。并且根据突变的类型分为两组:单个氨基酸的错义或缺失突变组、突变改变阅读框而表达截短蛋白组,比较其表型特点。结果 16例携带MYBPC3基因突变的HCM患者发病年龄为48.4±13.4岁,最大室壁厚度19.8±6.1mm,在单个氨基酸的错义或缺失突变组和突变改变阅读框而表达截短蛋白组两组之间无明显差别(发病年龄:47.4±12.4岁vs50.0±16.1岁;最大心室壁厚度:19.0±3.8mmvs21.0±9.2mm;P>0.05)。但3例有晕厥史的患者均见于后一组。结论 MYBPC3基因突变导致的HCM发病年龄较晚,多在中年后发病,室壁肥厚程度不重,与突变的类型无明显关系。但突变改变阅读框而表达截短蛋白组的患者更容易出现晕厥等恶性的表型。     

目标基因捕获测序技术鉴定肥厚型心肌病致病突变的研究

目的:利用目标基因靶向捕获高通量测序方法鉴定肥厚型心肌病(hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,HCM)致病突变,并进行基因型-临床表型的分析,以期对临床诊治提供参考依据。方法:连续收集10例HCM患者血液与临床资料。提取全血基因组DNA、文库制备,靶向富集8个编码肌小节蛋白的HCM的致病基因,并行高通量测序。结果:10例患者[平均年龄为(46±7.9)岁,女性占50%]中,4例患者发现5个基因突变位点。双突变(TNNT2 R286H和MYH7 R663H)携带者具有HCM家族史,发病早,左心室重度肥厚,心电图呈现传导阻滞。MYBPC3 D770N和MYBPC3 S236G突变携带者发病年龄晚,左心室肥厚程度较轻。MYH7 R869C突变携带者年龄大,左心室肥厚程度较重,心电图呈现明显左心室肥大证据。结论:对10例HCM患者利用目标基因捕获测序技术筛选出5个致病突变。携带不同突变的患者其临床表型不一致,这对患者的预后和治疗提供了有利的依据。     

心脏型肌球蛋白结合蛋白CG416S突变导致肥厚型心肌病

目的观察肥厚型心肌病(HCM)患者心脏型肌球蛋白结合蛋白CG416S突变导致肥厚型心肌病的特点。方法在100例HCM患者中对心脏型肌球蛋白结合蛋白C基因(MYBPC3)的所有外显子及其侧翼内含子序列进行基因扫描,聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增目的片段,双脱氧末段终止法测序。分析携带基因突变患者的表型特点。结果在一例患者中发现MYBPC3第8697G>A基因突变,该突变位于外显子15,造成了心脏型肌球蛋白结合蛋白C第416位的甘氨酸转变成丝氨酸(G416S),该位置位于保守区。患者65岁时出现活动后胸痛不适,无高危因素。结论心脏型肌球蛋白结合蛋白CG416S错义突变能够导致HCM,携带该突变的患者表型轻、预后好。     

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a Portuguese population: mutations in the myosin-binding protein C gene.

BACKGROUND: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetic heart disease and is often a consequence of mutations in the myosin-binding protein C gene (MYBPC3). Until now, however, no systematic review has been published on mutations of this gene in a Portuguese population. OBJECTIVES: In a Portuguese population of HCM patients: 1) to determine the prevalence of mutations in the MYBPC3 gene; 2) to characterize the mutations genetically; 3) to analyze the phenotype and compare it with the genotype-phenotype correlations for mutations in this gene described in the literature. METHODS: We studied 45 consecutive index patients with HCM (41 with familial HCM). In each patient, we performed a genetic study to detect mutations in the MYBPC3 gene. Once a mutation was identified and genetically characterized, a broad phenotypic evaluation was performed. The genetic and clinical data were then compared with those described in the literature. RESULTS: Of the 45 patients, 5 (11.1%) showed mutations in the MYBPC3 gene (2 deletions and 3 missense mutations), all in patients with familial HCM. Of these, 4 were 'new' mutations: Ala 522 Thr (exon 17); Gli 1205 Asp (exon 32); Lis 505 Del (exon 17) and Lis 813 Del (exon 25). The other mutation, Arg 502 Gln (exon 17), had been previously described in the literature. Three of the 5 mutations were located in exon 17. Four of these 5 patients were symptomatic, mainly with heart failure and supraventricular arrhythmias. No patient was at high risk for sudden cardiac death. Most of the patients had non-obstructive HCM. The ECG, echocardiogram, Holter monitoring and treadmill exercise test showed highly variable results, reflecting the heterogeneity typical of this disease. CONCLUSIONS: In a Portuguese population of 45 HCM patients, 5 (11.1%) had mutations in the MYBPC3 gene (3 missense mutations--theoretically less frequent in the MYBPC3 gene--and 2 deletions). Four of these were 'new' mutations and 3 of them were located in exon 17 (which may be a 'hot spot' for MYBPC3 gene mutations in the Portuguese population). In all the patients, the phenotypic expression was different from that usually described for these mutations; in 3 of our patients, the clinical manifestations and penetrance were of early onset and one patient had a highly symptomatic form of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. These data reflect the large number of exceptions to the classic genotype-phenotype correlations in HCM, highlighting the role of other factors, genetic and non-genetic, in regulating penetrance, clinical expression and prognosis in each family and in each individual patient.     

十个汉族家族性肥厚型心肌病MYH7、MYBPC3和TNNT2基因筛查结果及相应的临床特征

目的研究10个汉族家族性肥厚型心肌病的致病基因及突变特点,分析基因型与临床表型的相互关系。方法对10个无血缘关系的汉族家族性肥厚型心肌病的家系的MYH7基因、MYBPC3基因和TNNT2基因进行扫描,聚合酶链式反应扩增其外显子及剪接部位基因组DNA片段,直接测序分析,并分析各突变患者相应临床表型特点。结果10个汉族家族性肥厚型心肌病的家系中5个家系发现上述基因突变,3个家系MYH7基因发生错义突变,分别为Arg663His、Glu924Lys和Ile736Thr,Glu924Lya在中国患者中首次发现。这3个家系中3例患者猝死;2个家系MYBPC3基因发生错义突变、剪接突变和移码突变,1个家系先证者为复合突变即18外显子错义突变ArgS02Trp及27外显子剪接突变即IVS27＋12C〉T,先证者之母携带错义突变,先证者之父携带剪接突变;在另一家系首次发现Gly347fa移码突变,该家系中1例猝死。10个家系中未发现TNNT2基因的功能区突变,但在内含子3中发现一个STR多态性即CTTCT5个碱基的插入／缺失,7个家系先证者发现D基因型。结论MYH7基因为中国汉族家族性肥厚型心肌病最常见致病基因,临床表现较重,猝死率较高。MYBPC3突变也较常见,症状较轻,发病较晚,但复合突变发病早、症状重。同一突变的临床表型存在异质性提示多因素参与了肥厚型心肌病的发生与发展。     

肥厚型心肌病患者肌球蛋白结合蛋白C基因筛查及其相应的临床特征

目的 研究国人肥厚型心肌病(HCM)患者的致病基因一肌球蛋白结合蛋白C基因(myosin binding protein C gene,MYBPC3)的突变位点,分析基因突变类型与临床表型的相互关系.方法对66例HCM患者的MYBPC3基因进行扫描,聚合酶链反应扩增其外显子及剪接部位的基因组DNA片段,直接测序分析.分析各突变患者相应的临床表型特点.结果经测序分析,发现Lys30lfs移码突变、Asp463stop无义突变、Gly523Arg错义突变和Tyr847His错义突变.MYBPC3导致的HCM为3例,占病例总数的4.5%.其临床表型各异,患者H30(Lys301fs)47岁发病,活动后胸闷、气短,超声显示室间隔肥厚达18.7 mm,左心室后壁14.7 mm.患者H48(Asp463stop)为25岁男性,24岁发病,室问隔肥厚达15.4 mm.患者H53(Gly523Arg和Tyr847His)发病年龄36岁,活动后胸闷、憋气,伴心前区疼痛,室间隔肥厚达27 min.结论 MYBPC3突变为HCM主要致病原因之一.MYBPC3突变基因携带者临床表型差异大.国人MYBPC3突变患者多在青壮年期发病,不同于国外报道的多发病较晚.     

β肌球蛋白重链及心脏型肌球蛋白结合蛋白C基因突变的肥厚型心肌病患者生存分析

目的探讨携带β肌球蛋白重链(MYH7)及心脏型肌球蛋白结合蛋白C(MYBPC3)基因突变的肥厚型心肌病患者的6年生存情况。方法对采用测序方法确定的携带MYH7及MYBPC3基因突变的70例肥厚型心肌病患者进行前瞻性的随访。结果平均随访时间为(5.8±1.8)年,期间共有14例患者死亡,其中MYH7突变患者10例(32.1%/1000人年,95%CI为12.5～51.5),MYBPC3突变患者4例(35.2%/1000人年,95%CI为13.9～68.9),两者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。7例携带MYH7突变的患者发生猝死,基因突变的部位均位于MYH7基因的头部;而携带MYBPC3突变的患者均未发生猝死,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论携带MYH7基因突变的肥厚型心肌病患者发病年龄和死亡年龄均较早,猝死发生率高。携带位于MYH7基因头部突变的肥厚型心肌病患者较杆部突变患者的左心室最大室壁厚度更厚,猝死发生率高,更容易发生心力衰竭。对肥厚型心肌病患者进行基因检查十分必要。     

肥厚型心肌病患者心脏肌钙蛋白T基因变异及其相关临床表型分析

目的 探讨中国人群肥厚型心肌病(HCM)患者中心脏肌钙蛋白T(cardiac troponin T,TNNT2)基因变异的情况,并分析基因型与临床表型的关系.方法 对100例确诊为HCM的患者及部分家属进行临床评估分析并随访,聚合酶链反应扩增所有编码序列及内含子-外显子拼接部位,直接测序法分析TNNT2基因多态/突变情...     

心脏型肌球蛋白结合蛋白C基因13261 G＞A突变导致肥厚型心肌病的临床表型分析

目的研究中国人肥厚型心肌病致病基因,分析基因型与临床表型的关系。方法在一肥厚型心肌病家系中进行心脏型肌球蛋白结合蛋白C基因（MYBPC3）和β-肌球蛋白重链基因（MYH7）突变筛查,利用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增其功能区的外显子片段,双脱氧末段终止法测序。家系调查资料包括临床表现、体格检查、心脏超声和心电图。结果在该家系27例有血缘关系的研究对象中9例携带MYBPC3 13261 G〉A（G758D）突变,正常对照组同一位置未见异常。该突变位点是MYBPC3基因第23号外显子的甘氨酸突变为天冬氨酸,其中2例携带者发病,一例表现为心室扩大,左室射血分数减低等扩张型心肌病样表现,伴室间隔不对称肥厚,厚度为14mm,另外一例患者为典型的肥厚型心肌病表现。MYH7基因未发现突变。结论MYBPC3基因13261 G〉A突变是该肥厚型心肌病家系的致病突变,其外显率为22％,其中一例患者表现为肥厚型心肌病的扩张相,MYBPC3基因G758D突变可能是肥厚型心肌病进展为扩张型心肌病样改变的原因之一。对临床表现为扩张型心肌病的患者进行家族史调查及基因检查十分必要。     

The 2373insG mutation in the MYBPC3 gene is a founder mutation, which accounts for nearly one-fourth of the HCM cases in the Netherlands.

AIMS: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is caused by mutations in genes that encode sarcomeric proteins. In this study we investigated the involvement of the sarcomeric myosin binding protein C in the Dutch HCM population. METHODS AND RESULTS: We initially screened 22 Dutch index patients for mutations in the MYBPC3 gene, which revealed four different mutations in 14 patients. The 2373insG mutation was identified in 10 apparently unrelated patients. A subsequent screening for the 2373insG mutation in a group of another 237 unrelated HCM patients revealed 50 additional carriers of the same genetic defect. Genotyping with polymorphic repeat markers and intragenic SNPs of the 60 Dutch as well as two German and five North American 2373insG carriers indicated they all share the same haplotype. CONCLUSION: The 2373insG mutation accounts for almost one-fourth of all HCM cases in the Netherlands (60/259), which is predominantly present in the northwestern part of the country (22/66) and is a founder mutation probably originating from the Netherlands.     

MYBPC3基因G12101A和MYH7基因G15391A突变与肥厚型心肌病临床表型

目的 研究中国人家族性肥厚型心肌病(HCM)的致病基因突变位点,分析基因型与临床表型的相互关系.方法 在2个中国汉族HCM家系中进行心脏肌钙蛋白T基因(TNNT2)、心脏肌球蛋白结合蛋白C基因(MYBPC3)和心脏β-肌球蛋白重链基因(MYH7)的突变筛查,聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增基因功能区外显子片段并对PCR产物进行测序分析.结果 在ZZJ家系接受调查的8名成员中有4名成员携带MYBPC3基因G12101A杂合突变,该突变位点位于MYBPC3基因的21号外显子并使668位的精氨酸(R)转换为组氨酸(H),携带该突变的家族成员发病年龄较晚且均无梗阻及晕厥史.在FHL家系接受调查的6名成员中有3名成员携带MYH7基因G15391A杂合突变,该突变位点位于MYH7基因的23号外显子并使930位的谷氨酸(E)转换为赖氨酸(K),该突变导致的临床表型呈现发病年龄早、梗阻率高以及外显率高的特点.两家系成员TNNT2基因未发现突变,且正常对照组相同位置未发现异常.结论 MYBPC3基凶和MYH7基因是我国家族性HCM的致病基因,MYBPC3基因G12101A突变所致HCM临床症状相对较轻,而MYH7基因G15391A突变所致HCM临床症状出现早、进展较快且预后较差,是一种恶性突变.     

Novel deletions in MYH7 and MYBPC3 identified in Indian families with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Mutations causing familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) have been described in at least 11 genes encoding cardiac sarcomeric proteins. In this study, three previously unknown deletions have been identified in the human cardiac genes coding for beta-myosin heavy chain (MYH7 on chromosome 14) and myosin-binding protein-C (MYBPC3 on chromosome 11). In family MM, a 3-bp deletion in MYH7 was detected to be associated with loss of glutamic acid in position 927 (DeltaE927) of the myosin rod. In two other families (HH and NP, related by a common founder) a 2-bp loss in codon 453 (exon 16) of MYBPC3 was identified as the presumable cause of a translation reading frame shift. Taken together 15 living mutation carriers were investigated. Six deceased family members (with five cases of premature sudden cardiac death (SCD) in families MM and NP) were either obligate or suspected mutation carriers. In addition to these mutations a 25-bp deletion in intron 32 of MYBPC3 was identified in family MM (five carriers) and in a fourth family (MiR, one HCM patient, three deletion carriers). In agreement with the loss of the regular splicing branch point in the altered intron 32, a splicing deficiency was observed in an exon trapping experiment using MYBPC3 exon 33 as a test substrate. Varying disease profiles assessed using standard clinical, ECG and echocardiographic procedures in conjunction with mutation analysis led to the following conclusions: (1) In family MM the DeltaE927 deletion in MYH7 was assumed to be associated with complete penetrance. Two cases of reported SCD might have been related to this mutation. (2) The two families, HH and NP, distantly related by a common founder, and both suffering from a 2-bp deletion in exon 16 of MYBPC3 differed in their average phenotypes. In family NP, four cases of cardiac death were documented, whereas no cardiac-related death was reported from family HH. These results support the notion that mutations in HCM genes may directly determine disease penetrance and severity; however, a contribution of additional, unidentified factors (genes) to the HCM phenotype can-at least in some cases-not be excluded. (3) The deletion in intron 32 of MYBPC3 was seen in two families, but in both its relation to disease was not unequivocal. In addition, this deletion was observed in 16 of 229 unrelated healthy individuals of the population of the South Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It was not seen in 270 Caucasians from Russia and western Europe. Hence, it is considered to represent a regional genetic polymorphism restricted to southern India. The association of the deletion with altered splicing in transfected cells suggests that this deletion may create a "modifying gene", which is per se not or only rarely causing HCM, but which may enhance the phenotype of a mutation responsible for disease.