85例肺栓塞临床心电图分析

目的 分析心电图改变在临床肺栓塞诊断中的作用。方法 病例选自我院1995年1月至2003年2月期间住院的85例经肺CT、灌注／通气扫描或肺动脉造影明确诊断的肺栓塞患者，主要分析患者住院期间的心电图特征以及治疗前后心电图改变的对比。结果 肺栓塞患者出现心电图改变者为98．8％，其中最多见的为QⅢ，达到60．0％，其它SI 55．3％，TⅢ 44．7％，同时具备SⅠQⅢTⅢ占32．9％，右胸导联Vl—V3T波倒置占42．4％，aVR导联出现终末R波占36．5％，右束支阻滞占25．9％，ST段下移改变占25．9％，肺型P波仅占5．9％。结论 心电图在临床肺栓塞的诊断虽然是非特异性和非诊断性的，但有许多特征对提示肺栓塞有一定价值。     

心电图在急性肺栓塞诊治中的应用

目的探讨心电图在诊治急性肺栓塞中的作用。方法回顾性分析38例确诊的急性肺栓塞患者入院时及溶栓后1周的心电图变化。结果入院时S1〉0．1mV者32例次（84．21％），S1QⅢTⅢ型23例次（60．53％）。QⅢTⅢ型21例次（55．26％），TⅢ倒置29例次（76．32％），Tv1-v3倒置26例次（68．42％），Tv1-v3倒置19例次（50．0％），Tv1-v4倒置15例次（39．47％），Tv1-v5R倒置4例次（10．53％）。T波倒置均呈对称性，不完全性右束支传导阻滞7例次。Sv1-vm粗钝、挫折17例次（44．74％）。溶栓后1周S1〉0．1mV、S1QⅢTⅢ型、QⅢTⅢ型、顺钟向转位、电轴右偏、窦性心动过速、房性心律失常及aVR终末R波等指标阳性率均有减少。差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。溶栓后胸导联T波倒置较溶栓前大多加深。结论急性肺栓塞心电图改变是非特异性的．但如能紧密结合临床、动态观察心电图改变，则有助于诊断急性肺栓塞。有效溶栓治疗后胸导联T波倒置加深可能是右心室负荷减轻的一种表现。     

急性肺栓塞的心电图变化

目的 　 探讨心电图在诊断急性肺栓塞中的作用。　方法　回顾性分析近两年收治的 13例急性肺栓塞患者入院时、溶栓后及治疗 2～ 4周后心电图的变化。　结果　 (1)入院时心电图变化 :心动过速 8例 ,右束支阻滞 3例 ,V1 导联T波、V1 ～V2 导联T波、V1 ～V3导联T波、V1 ～V4 导联T波、V1 ～V5导联T波、V1 ～V6 导联T波倒置为 10、 6、 4、 3、 2和 1例 ,SⅠ >0 1mV、TⅢ 、QⅢ 、SⅠQⅢTⅢ 分别为 7、 7、 9和 7例 ;(2 )溶栓后心电图变化 :心动过速消失 7例 ,右束支阻滞消失 1例 ,胸前导联T波倒置加深 4例 ,SⅠ 变浅 ,QⅢ 减小或消失 ,TⅢ 倒置变浅或直立 3～ 4例 :(3)治疗 2～ 4周后心电图变化 :心动过速消失 ;胸前导联T波直立数增加 ,ST段回基线 ,QⅢ 进一步减小或消失 ,TⅢ 倒置变浅或直立。　结论　急性肺栓塞心电图变化是多变的 ,需动态观察并密切结合临床加以识别。     

心电图与超声心动图诊断急性肺栓塞

目的探讨心电图与超声心动图在诊断急性肺栓塞中的应用及临床意义。方法对近年来我院收治的68例经心电图检查高度怀疑急性肺栓塞患者行经胸超声心动图和肺动脉造影检查,并对检查结果进行分析。结果心电图示：典型的SⅠQⅢTⅢ型27例,V1、V2导联T波倒置48例,V1-V3导联T波倒置59例,V1、V2导联ST段抬高〈0.1mV者19例,V1、V2导联ST段抬高0.1-0.2mV者12例,IRBBB45例,肺型P波27例,心房颤动4例,窦速63例。超声心动图示：肺动脉分叉处血栓2例,30例典型右心增大并中度以上肺动脉高压;28例未见明显右心系统形态改变但出现轻度肺动脉高压;典型肺动脉栓塞改变32例。肺动脉造影显示：双侧肺动脉栓塞38例,右肺动脉栓塞11例,右下肺动脉栓塞10例,左侧肺动脉栓塞9例。结论心电图对急性肺栓塞的诊断和判断严重程度及预后虽然作用有限,但紧密结合病情及肺动脉造影和超声心动图检查,可减小肺栓塞心电图误诊几率。     

20例犬急性肺栓塞模型的心电图改变及意义

目的分析20例犬急性肺栓塞（PE）模型溶栓前后心电图改变及意义。方法建立20例犬急性PE动物模型后,在急性期及溶栓后行12导联常规心电图检查,分析其心电图表现。结果 20例急性期中,窦性心动过速20例（占100%）;V1导联T波倒置18例（占90%）;V1～V2导联T波倒置17例（占85%）;心房颤动伴心室率〉100次/分13例（占65%）;SⅠ〉0.1mV 11例（占55%）;TⅢ倒置9例（占45%）;QⅢTⅢ8例（占40%）;SⅠQⅢTⅢ5例（占25%）;高度顺钟向转位3例（占15%）;V1～V4导联T波倒置3例（占15%）;电轴右偏（〉＋90°）3例（占15%）;不完全性或完全性右束支阻滞（RBBB）2例（占10%）;V1～V5导联T波倒置2例（占10%）;V1～V6导联T波倒置1例（占5%）;肺型P波1例（占5%）。溶栓后20例中,窦性心动过速或心房颤动伴心室率〉100次/分消失28例（占85%）;胸导联T波倒置加深或由直立变为倒置18例（占90%）;SⅠ变浅或消失10例（占50%）;QⅢTⅢ消失8例（占40%）;TⅢ倒置消失7例（占30%）;SⅠQⅢTⅢ消失5例（占25%）;高度顺钟向转位消失3例（占15%）;不完全性或完全性RBBB消失2例（占10%）;电轴右偏（〉＋90°）消失2例（占10%）;肺型P波消失1例（占5%）。结论急性PE心电图表现是非特异性、非诊断性和有价值的,正确应用有助于急性PE诊断。     

Niagara瀑布样T波2例

例1,患者女性,77岁。因3天内晕厥5次于2002年4月3日就诊我院。入院时在急诊科心电图描记示：交接性心律,可见室上性心动过速（图略）,心率波动于42～48次／分之间。体检：T36．6℃,P45次／分,R20次／分,BP128／60mmHg,心前区无隆起,未见异常搏动,叩诊心界无扩大,律不齐,各瓣膜听诊区未闻及杂音,周围血管征阴性。4月4日收住心内科,描记心电图示：V2～V6导联T波倒置,最深达1．7mV,双支不对称;aVR、V1、Ⅲ导联T波直立且宽大,QT间期0．72～0．80s,伴有二度房室传导阻滞（AVB）,无明显的ST段改变。次日描记心电图示：V5、V6导联T波倒置变直立,V2～V4导联T波倒置较前变浅,aVR导联T波由直立变倒置,余大致相似（图略）。心电图诊断：①Niagara瀑布样T波;②二度房室传导阻滞。     

aVR、V1导联心电图对左主干及前降支近端明显狭窄的诊断价值

目的探讨aVR、V1导联对冠状动脉左主干及前降支近端狭窄诊断的阳性预测价值。方法对比分析120例冠造结果为左主干病变患者典型aVR、V1导联心电图改变的几率，对比分析120例心电图有典型变化患者的冠脉造影结果。结果①有68例（占56．7％，68／120，）的左主干病变患者出现了典型的aVR、V1导联心电图表现，即典型“左主干”心电图对左主干病变诊断的敏感性为56．7％；②有31例（占37.3％，31／83）典型aVR、V1导联心电图患者冠造结果为左主干病变，有81例（占97．6％，81／83）的典型aVR、V1导联心电图患者冠造结果为左主干及前降支病变，37例患者未检查冠造，典型“左主干”心电图对左主干病变的阳性预测价值为37.3％．而对左主干及／或前降支近段狭窄病变的预测价值为97．6％，二者的差异有显著性（p〈0．001）。结论心电图出现aVR、V1导联ST抬高〉1mm，且aVR导联ST段抬高〉V1导联，V4-6导联ST段下移≥2mm，Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段下移≥1mm对诊断左主干或前降支近段明显狭窄有很好的阳性预测价值。     

心电图在急性肺栓塞诊断中的应用

目的 探讨心电图在诊断急性肺栓塞中的作用。方法 回顾性分析25例（26例次）确诊的急性肺栓塞患住院首次,溶栓后及出前系列心电图变化。结果 （1）急性肺栓塞心电图改变：SI＞0.1mV22例次（84．6％）,SIQⅢTⅢ型16例次（61．5％）。QⅢTⅢ型16例次（61．5％）。TⅢ倒置23例次（88．5％）,TV1－V2倒置19例次（73．1％）,TV1－V3倒置13例次（50．0％）,TV1－V4倒置11例次（42．3％）,TV1－V5倒置3例次（11．5％）。T波倒均呈对称性,不完全性右束支传导阻滞3例次,SV1－V5R粗纯,挫折13例次（50．0％）。（2）溶栓后心电图变化：SⅠ变浅,QRS电轴左移,QⅢ减小或消失,TⅢ倒置变浅5例次,加深6例次,TV1－V2倒加中直立变倒置13例次（56．5％）,T波倒变浅或直立4例次,不完全性右束支传导阻滞消失2例次,SV1－V5R挫折,粗钝消失8例次（61．5％）。（3）出院前变化,RⅡ增加,RⅢ减小,QⅢ减小,TⅢ变直立10例次（38．5％）。TV2直立7例次（26．9％）。结论 急性肺栓塞心电图改变是非特异性的,但加能紧密结合临床,动态密切观察心电图典型,不典型或所谓“大致正常”的轻微改变是对筛选急性肺塞是有帮助的。有效溶栓治疗后,胸前导联T波倒置加深可能是右室荷减轻的一种表现。     

急性肺动脉栓塞的心电图演变

为探讨心电图在急性肺动脉栓塞 (简称肺栓塞 )诊断与对治疗效果评价中的作用 ,回顾性分析 18例急性肺栓塞患者入院时、溶栓后及治疗 2～ 4周后的心电图变化。研究显示 :①急性大块肺栓塞后即可出现sⅠqⅢ 及右束支阻滞的心电图表现 ;②TⅢ 及TV1 ～V3倒置往往在发病 1～ 2h后按一定的顺序相继出现 ,依次为TV1 →TV2 →TV3→TV4 ,倒置的深度TV1 →TV2 →TV3→TV4 ;经适当的治疗 ,随病情好转 ,上述导联倒置T波恢复的顺序则相反 ;③经溶栓或抗凝治疗后 ,下列心电图变化是病情缓解或肺动脉开通的征象 :a .窦性心动过速消失 ;b .Ⅰ和V5～V6导联的s波明显缩小甚至消失 ;c.V1～V3 (V4)导联T波倒置加深 ;d .右束支阻滞消失 ;e .TⅢ 、qⅢ 及rⅢ 的变化则呈双向性 ,当肺栓塞发病后数小时至 3天内即溶栓者溶栓后rⅢ 递减、qⅢ 进行性加深增宽、TⅢ 倒置进行性加深 ;反之 ,肺栓塞发病一周后进行溶栓者溶栓后qⅢ 明显缩小、TⅢ 由倒置很快变直立。结论 :急性肺栓塞的心电图变化呈一过性及多变性 ,动态观察心电图演变有助于诊断及对疗效的判断。     

aVR导联ST段抬高对阵发性室上性心动过速的鉴别价值

目的探讨aVR导联ST段抬高及其持续时间对阵发性室上性心动过速（PSVT）的鉴别价值。方法126例行射频消融治疗成功的PSVT患者，其中房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）65例，房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）61例。分析其aVR导联ST段抬高幅度及持续时间。结果65例AVRT中aVR导联ST抬高且持续时间≥0．08s有46例，61例AVNRT中有13例，诊断AVRT的敏感性、特异性及阳性预测值分别为70．8％，78．7％，78．0％；46例aVR导联ST段抬高的AVRT中左侧旁道占38例，诊断左侧旁道的敏感性、特异性及阳性预测值分别为79．2％，52．9％，82．6％。结论aVR导联ST段抬高及其持续时间有助于鉴别阵发性室上性心动过速，且其多发生于左侧旁道。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.