大鼠脑干SP能神经元向腰骶髓后连合核的投射

采用荧光金逆行标记和免疫荧光组织化学技术，观察了大鼠脑干ＳＰ能神经元向腰骶髓后连合核（ＤＣＮ）的投射状况。将ＦＧ压力注入ＤＣＮ后，脑干中缝苍白核、中缝隐核、中缝大核和巨细胞网状核α部腹外侧部的一些ＦＧ逆标神经元呈现ＳＰ样免疫反应阳性。结果表明，脑干的ＳＰ能下行纤维可终止于脊髓ＤＣＮ区。     

大鼠三叉-小脑投射神经元表达磷酸激活的谷氨酰胺酶——双标法研究

磷酸激活的谷氨酰胺酶(phosphate activated glutaminase,PAG)可作为谷氨酸能神经元的标志物.采用逆行束路追踪技术和PAG免疫荧光组织化学法,研究脑干三叉核团复合体中向小脑袢状小叶Crusl区投射神经元是否呈PAG样免疫反应阳性.结果表明:将荧光金(Fluoro-Gold,FG)注入小脑袢状小叶Crusl区后,在三叉神经感觉主核(Pr5)、三叉神经脊束核极间亚核(Sp5I)和吻侧亚核背内侧部(Sp5DM)、三叉间核(15)以及三叉神经运动核与上橄榄核之间的一个小区域(nucleus J)中均可见到FG逆行标记细胞.标记细胞出现在上述核团的双侧,但以同侧为主.PAG免疫荧光组织化学反应结果显示:许多FG标记神经元呈强PAG样免疫阳性,其中FG/PAG双标神经元占FG逆行标记神经元总数的73%～94%.结果提示:脑干三叉神经核团中的谷氨酸能神经元可能参与触觉信息从面口部向小脑的传递.     

大鼠三叉—小脑投射神经元表达磷酸激活的谷氨酰胺酶——双标法研究

磷酸激活的谷氨酰胺酶 (phosphateactivatedglutaminase,PAG)可作为谷氨酸能神经元的标志物。采用逆行束路追踪技术和PAG免疫荧光组织化学法 ,研究脑干三叉核团复合体中向小脑袢状小叶Crus1区投射神经元是否呈PAG样免疫反应阳性。结果表明 :将荧光金 (Fluoro Gold ,FG)注入小脑袢状小叶Crus1区后 ,在三叉神经感觉主核 (Pr5 )、三叉神经脊束核极间亚核 (Sp5I)和吻侧亚核背内侧部 (Sp5DM)、三叉间核 (I5 )以及三叉神经运动核与上橄榄核之间的一个小区域 (nucleusJ)中均可见到FG逆行标记细胞。标记细胞出现在上述核团的双侧 ,但以同侧为主。PAG免疫荧光组织化学反应结果显示 :许多FG标记神经元呈强PAG样免疫阳性 ,其中FG/PAG双标神经元占FG逆行标记神经元总数的 73%～ 94 %。结果提示 :脑干三叉神经核团中的谷氨酸能神经元可能参与触觉信息从面口部向小脑的传递。     

大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质和中缝核簇内P物质受体定位分布的免疫细胞化学研究

本研究用免疫细胞化学染色技术对大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质（ＰＡＧ）和中缝核簇内Ｐ物质受体的精确定位分布进行了系统地观察。Ｐ物质受体阳性的神经元胞体和纤维主要密集地分布于ＰＡＧ吻段的背侧部、中段的外侧部和尾段的腹侧部。在线形核、中缝背核、中缝正中核、中缝桥核、中缝大核和中缝隐核可见中等密度至高密度的阳性神经元胞体和纤维；在中央下核和中缝苍白核内仅见少量阳性纤维。     

大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质和中缝核簇内P物质受体定位分布的免疫细胞化 …

本研究用免疫细胞化学染色技术对大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质（ＰＡＧ）和中缝核簇内Ｐ物质受体的精确定位分布进行了系统地观察，Ｐ物质受体阳性的神经元胞体和纤维主要密集地分布于ＰＡＧ组织的背侧部，中段的外侧部和尾段的腹侧部，在线形核，中缝背核，中缝正中核，中缝桥核，中缝大核和中缝隐核可见中等密度至高密度的阳性神经元胞体和纤维，在中央下核和中缝苍白核内仅见少量阳性纤维。     

鱼藤酮对大鼠脑内5-羟色胺能神经元损伤的机制研究

目的研究鱼藤酮对大鼠脑内5-羟色胺能神经元的毒性作用及其机制。方法健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠背部皮下注射鱼藤酮制备帕金森病动物模型。采用免疫组化、蛋白印迹及分光吸光度法检测大鼠中脑中缝背核5-羟色胺能神经元的损伤及中缝背核氧化应激参数(丙二醛和还原型谷胱甘肽)的改变。结果和对照组相比,鱼藤酮组大鼠脑内中缝背核5-羟色胺(5-HT)免疫反应阳性神经元数明显少于对照组(P<0.01),Western blot结果显示中缝背核5-HT表达在鱼藤酮组明显降低(P<0.01);鱼藤酮组大鼠中缝背核区域丙二醛含量明显增高(P<0.01)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量明显减少(P<0.01)。结论鱼藤酮在损伤大鼠脑内多巴胺能神经元的同时对5-HT能神经元也具有明显的毒性作用,氧化应激可能是导致5-HT神经元损伤的主要原因。     

皮下注射多聚甲醛诱导大鼠脊髓和三叉神经脊束核向延髓网状背侧亚核传入投射的fos表达

目的:研究外周伤害性刺激下大鼠脊髓和三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核向延髓网状背侧亚核传入投射的神经元中的Fos表达.方法:采用荧光金逆行追踪及Fos免疫组化染色相结合的方法.结果:脊髓和三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核均有神经元投射到延髓网状背侧亚核.在颈髓背角浅层,FG/Fos双标神经元分别占FG阳性神经元和Fos阳性神经元的9.3%和7.5%;在三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核浅层,FG/Fos双标神经元分别占FG阳性神经元和Fos阳性神经元的9.5%和14.2%.结论:在颈髓背角浅层和三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核浅层向延髓网状背侧亚核传入投射的神经元中,部分神经元可能与伤害性刺激有关.     

胃肠道伤害性刺激引起大鼠孤束核与中脑导水管周围灰质神经元表达FOS

为研究中脑导水管周围灰质（PAG）与孤束核（NTS）内脏伤害性信息传递和调控之间的相互关系，采用免疫荧光组织化学方法结合荧光金（FG）逆行追踪技术，观察了大鼠NTS和PAG之间相互投射神经元在给予胃肠道伤害性刺激后的FOS表达情况。给胃肠道以1％多聚甲醛的伤害性刺激后，FOS阳性细胞主要出现于中尾段NTS的内侧亚核；在PAG内，则主要出现于足段PAG的腹外侧区。将FG微量注射于PAG后，再给予动物刺激，发现NTS内部分FG逆行标记细胞同时为FOS阳性，它们主要分布于中尾段NTS的内侧亚核，双标细胞占FG标记细胞的十分之一左右。同上，将FG注射于中尾段NTS后再施予伤害性刺激，在PAG内发现有FOS阳性的FG道标细胞，它们集中分布于尾段PAG的腹外侧区，双标细胞约占FG标记细胞的五分之一。此外，在中缝背核内也发现有一定数且的双标细胞。本文结果提示PAG可能对NTS内内脏伤害性信息的传递具有调控作用。     

大鼠脑干内三叉神经本体觉中枢通路中小白蛋白样阳性神经元的分布与发育

应用免疫组织化学技术对脑干内三叉神经本体觉中枢通路中PV样阳性神经元的分布与发育进行了观察.结果发现:①早在胚胎13 d时,首先在三叉神经中脑核(Vme)内观察到许多含小白蛋白(Parvalbumin,PV)样阳性神经元,主要为大的假单极神经元,呈中等阳性反应.②生后3 d时,Vme内PV样阳性神经元的数量明显增多,免疫反应呈强阳性,并可观察到Probst束呈强阳性反应.③生后10 d时,在三叉神经脊束核吻侧亚核背内侧部(Vodm)及三叉神经感觉主核背内侧部(Vpdm)均出现少量中等强度的PV样阳性神经元.④生后14 d时,三叉神经脊束核吻侧亚核邻接的外侧网状结构(LRF),三叉上核尾外侧部(Vsup-CL),三叉神经运动核腹侧区(AVM)及上橄榄核背侧区(ADO)均出现PV样阳性神经元.⑤生后21 d时,Vodm和LRF(Vodm-LRF)区、"带状区"包括Vpdm,Vsup-CL,ADO,AVM及Probst束内的PV样阳性神经元及纤维的分布均达成年大鼠水平.上述结果表明,大鼠脑干内三叉神经本体觉中枢通路中PV样阳性神经元的分布、发育以及PV样阳性纤维的形成可能与胚胎及生后发育期该通路中神经元的功能成熟有关.     

皮下注射多聚甲醛诱导大鼠脊髓和三叉神经脊束核向延髓网状背侧亚核传入投射的fos表达

目的：研究外周伤害性刺激下大鼠脊髓和三叉神经脊束核向延髓网状背侧亚核传入投射的神经元中的Fos表达。方法：采用荧光金逆行追踪及Fos免疫组结合的方法。结果：脊髓和三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核均有神经元投射延髓网状背侧亚核。在颈髓背角浅层FG／Fos双标神经元占FG阳性神经元和Fos双标神经元的9．3％和7．5％；在三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核浅层，FG／Fos双标神经元分别占FG阳性神经元和Fos双标神经元的9．5％和14．2％，结论：在颈髓背角浅层和三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核浅层向延髓网状背侧亚核传入投射的神经元中，部分神经元可能与伤害性刺激有关。     

Dysthymic disorder in the aged in the community

Summary The prevalence of dysthymic disorder and and its relationship to social and health variables were investigated in a Finnish population aged 60 years or over. The prevalence was lower in men (17.2 per 100) than in women (22.9 per 100). In the total population the occurrence was higher in the widowed (24.9 per 100) than in the married (18.3 per 100). In men, dysthymic disorder was more common in those with a lower educational level (22.6 per 100) than with a higher educational level (15.1 per 100), and more common in persons receiving long-term institutional care or home nursing or home help (28.7 per 100) than in persons living independently at home (14.6 per 100). The rate was not related to age, marital status or occupation. In women, the occurrence was not related to age, marital status, education, occupation or form of social and health care. The female rate was higher than the male in the older group (70 yrs. +), in married persons, in those with a higher educational level and in those living independently at home. Underdiagnosing was evident. The occurrence of dysthymic disorder was related to poor health and poor functional status and to the occurrence of social and health stressors. No differences were found in the occurrence of the related factors between persons with dysthymic disorder and persons with major depression. Our results support the conclusion that the majority of cases of dysthymic disorders in the elderly are affective illnesses and not personality disorders.     

Inhomogeneities in the propagation of the slow wave in the stomach

The propagation of the slow wave in the stomach and its role in inducing sweeping peristaltic contractions toward the pylorus, essential for a proper digestion and emptying, have been studied for many years. Irregularities in the timing or in the pattern of propagation of the slow wave have been known to induce various gastric malfunctions and, recently, several types of gastric dysrhythmias have been described which could lead to gastric contraction abnormalities. In this study, Du et al. have analyzed the disturbances caused by a simple transmural incision in a human stomach, performed to obtain a biopsy of the muscle, on the propagation pattern of the slow wave. In addition, they show that such an incision may by itself also induce new types of gastric dysrhythmias. These results are important in demonstrating that the function of the stomach can easily be disturbed by such procedures. This mini‐review describes several ways in which inhomogeneities in propagation may affect the conduction pattern of the slow wave, including the genesis of several dysrhythmias, and what is currently known about their impact on gastric contraction and digestion.     

Early stages in the formation of the cerebellum in the frog

The formation of the cerebellum was studied during the first 6 months of the tadpole stage of the bullfrog by using standard histological methods and reconstructions from serial horizontal sections. Three major developmental phases were noted in the formation of the cerebellum. (1) During the first 5 weeks of development, the neuroepithelium proliferated and the dorsal mesencephalic plates increased in size. (2) Starting in the sixth week, a patch of neuroepithelium began to differentiate and gave rise to a small population of Purkinje cells. In subsequent weeks, the area of differentiation continued to spread and a Purkinje cell layer became established along the dorsal margin of the cerebellar plate. (3) In the 12th week, the ventrolateral part of the cerebellar plate began to increase in size and generate two populations of small cells. The lateralmost part of the neuroepithelium in this area generated a group of cells that formed an external granular layer that was one cell deep. Cells of this external granular layer migrated inward into the primitive molecular layer, and by the 26th week only a remnant of an external granular layer remained in the cerebellum. The more medially situated part of the neuroepithelium gave rise to another population of small cells that formed a column, which appeared to be continuous with the Purkinje cells, but differed from them in size. It should be noted that full maturation of the cerebellum occurs during metamorphosis, which in this species remains some 2 years away.     

Cells in the pretectal olivary nucleus are in the pathway for the direct light reflex of the pupil in the rat

Extracellular microelectrode recordings from 148 single cells in the pretectum of the hooded rat were classified according to their temporal response properties to light stimulation of their retinal receptive fields. Fifty-six cells were classified as tonic-on cells, 22 cells were classified as tonic-off cells, and 53 cells were classified as phasic cells. Seventeen cells could not be assigned to one of these 3 groups. The diameters of the receptive field centers of the tonic-on pretectal cell were clustered about a mean of 31° and the temporal response of these cells was sustained. Constriction of the contralateral pupil was produced by electrical stimulation through the recording electrode at sites containing tonic-on pretectal cells, but not at sites containing tonic-off pretectal cells or phasic pretectal cells. For this reason, we argue that tonic-on cells are likely to mediate constriction in the light reflex of the rat's pupil. Receptive field maps together with electrolytic marking lesions at recording and stimulation sites showed that tonic-on pretectal cells are retinotopically organized and are aggregated in a strip running from the dorso-medial tip of the pretectum to the ventro-lateral boundary. The anatomical distribution of these cells is coextensive with the region known as the pretectal olivary nucleus (PO) in the rat^26,27.Using fine microelectrodes, recordings were obtained from 27 axons presumed origin (fibers). Of these, 14 were tonic-on, 10 were phasic, 2 were tonic-off, and 2 were unclassified. Recordings from tonic-on fibers were obtained near tonic-on pretectal cells, typically in the most dorsal light-responsiveness region of the pretectum. These fibers were activated by single pulse electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm. The mean receptive field center diameter of 6 tonic-on fibers was 10.1°, or about a factor of 3 less than that of pretectal tonic-on cells. The mean conduction velocity of 14 tonic-on fibers was 3.1 m/s.We argue that the tonic-on cells of the PO serve to integrate signals from tonic-on center retinal ganglion cells with adjacent receptive fields to provide signals for constriction of the pupil to neurons in the oculomotor nucleus.     

Organization in the descending tracts of the dorsolateral funiculus in the cat

Organization of the fibers in the descending tracts of the dorsolateral funiculus of the cervical spinal cord was investigated in cats. The spinal cord was penetrated with microelectrodes at 400 mum intervals in the medio-lateral direction at the c5/c6 and c6/c7 segmental borders. Silicon substrate microelectrodes with a linear arrangement of activated iridium contacts were used. The stimulus consisted of a 20 ms train of charge balanced biphasic current pulses at 330 Hz. The evoked activities from selected forelimb muscles were acquired into computer. Only the data points with an activation threshold of less than 35 muA were considered in the analysis. Muscle contractions were mostly in the form of short twitches. In both spinal segments, an area of high threshold was found in the middle of the dorsolateral funiculus. Majority of the muscles studied had a dorsal or ventral concentration of activation points. The distal muscles were mostly activated in the ventro-lateral aspect of the funiculus, while the elbow muscle maps spread to both dorsal and ventral sides. These results show a functional organization in both cervical segments studied, with overlapping regions between the areas dedicated for each forelimb muscle.     

Experiences in the United States--a difference in the status in the United States and that in Japan]

Child and adolescent psychiatry has been established as a subspecialty in the United States. The systematic education, training and research opportunities are currently available and child and adolescent psychiatry is a major part of psychiatric practice in the US. However, there are many burdens to overcome to provide adequate child mental health care. Several important focus on child mental health care in US are to 1) improve the assessment of and recognition of mental health needs in children, 2) promote scientifically-proven and evidence based interventions and 3) increase access to and coordination of quality mental health care services. To understand the current status and problems in child and adolescent psychiatry in US may help the Japanese psychiatrists to develop and establish child and adolescent psychiatry in Japan.     

Apoplexy in the everyday practice in the eighteenth century

We report the original recipes applied to treat apoplexy in the eighteenth century, as written in the personal notes of doctor of that century.     

Asymmetry in the structural organization of the ganglion layer of the retina in the frog

Silver-impregnated retinal preparations were used to study the distribution density and topographic features of small and large ganglionic cells (GC) of Rana ridibunda and Rana temporaria. For both species the increased density of GC (a streak) stretched higher than the naso-temporal axis passing through the optic disk. Beyond the streak the density of small GC was maximal in the central zone of the retina and decreased towards its periphery. For the upper quadrants of the retina the density of small GC was higher than that for the lower ones by 26% on the average. On the contrary, the density of large GC was higher in the lower part of the retina as compared to the upper one, the difference being more pronounced for R. temporaria. The density of large GC was also asymmetric with respect to the dorso-ventral axis being higher in nasal quadrants than in temporal ones by 40-55%. The highest density of large GC was found in the middle zone of the retina. The found structural asymmetry in the retinal output raster may bear an adaptively ecological meaning and may condition the particularities of the formation of the visually guided prey-catching and avoidance reactions.     

Local nonuniformities in the syncytium of the horizontal cells of the retina in the turtle

Electrical coupling between horizontal cells of the turtle retina was investigated by means of two microelectrodes (current and recording ones) penetrating neighbouring cells at a fixed distance from each other. The morphological coupling was revealed by means of fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow. The electrical coupling was confirmed between elements of similar type (L1--axonal terminals, or L2--cell bodies, or R/G type cells) and no coupling was found between elements of different types, though L1 and L2 are directly connected through thin axons. In the L1 syncytium the electrical coupling at small (less than or equal to 50 microns) but fixed distances between microelectrodes could differ several times depending on the minimal displacement of microelectrodes. This local nonuniformity of coupling can be explained on the basis of structural nonuniformities in the L1 (axon terminal) network. It is unlikely however that the structural nonuniformities can influence the functional properties of horizontal cell network when the retina is stimulated adequately (by light).