钝性与穿透性膈肌损伤临床比较研究

膈肌损伤约占创伤的5%～7%,由于腹部钝性暴力使腹内压瞬间急剧升高,下胸肋骨对膈肌的机械作用,以及穿透伤时锐器的直接损伤导致膈肌破裂,分为钝性与穿透性膈肌损伤.其早期诊断面临巨大挑战,而且其并发症和病死率高.手术前难以做准确诊断,成功处理有赖于对临床高度可疑者进行仔细的胸部X线、CT检查和尽早的手术探查.由于膈肌损伤机制不同,各有其临床特点和处理上的特殊性,本文就穿透性和钝性膈肌损伤的临床处理研究进展做一比较讨论,以期进一步提高膈肌损伤的救治水平.     

钝性伤致膈肌破裂的治疗

总结29例钝性伤致膈肌破裂的外科治疗体会。认真、仔细观察X线检查征象,结合上消化道造影是早期诊断的关键,一经确诊应立即手术治疗。     

穿透性胸伤致膈肌破裂的伤情评估与疗效分析

目的 探讨穿透性胸伤致膈肌破裂的创伤评分特点，并评价救治质量。方法 1970～1999年，我科收治穿透性胸伤致膈肌破裂患者28例，运用各种院内创伤评分指标对其进行评价。结果 创伤严重度评分（ISS）与穿透伤指数（PTI）、综合评分方法（TRISS、ASCOT）评分呈显著性相关，PTI仅与TRISS评分有相关性。全组生存率概率计算均≥0.5，即28例患者预测都应生存，实际死亡2例。休克组与无休克组比较，修正创伤评分（RTS）、ASCOT评分有显著性差别。结论（1）ISS较PTI评价穿透性胸伤合并膈肌破裂更合理，且宜以ISS≥20定为重伤标准。（2）解剖损害（ISS、PTI）在休克组与无休克组无明显差别，此为该类伤的重要特征。（3）仍须加强对此类伤的认识，以进一步提高救治水平。     

创伤性膈肌破裂

创伤性膈肌破裂是严重威胁人类健康的疾病。目前,提高创伤性膈肌破裂诊断率的最好方法是提高临床医生面对严重胸腹部伤的警惕性。本文综述了国内外创伤性膈肌破裂的研究进展,重点介绍了创伤性膈肌破裂的不同诊断及治疗方法。     

钝性胸部伤临床诊治新进展

随着胸部心血管外科技术的发展，重症钝性胸部伤的疗效也有了显著提高。本文重要介绍了重症连枷胸、创伤性膈肌破裂、肺挫伤致ARDS、钝性心脏伤包括心脏破裂以及钝性胸主动脉撕裂的临床诊断与治疗新进展，并作了简要评述。     

鼓肺排气缝合膈肌在腹部外伤合并钝性膈损伤术中的应用

2005年1月—2011年3月,我们在处理腹部外伤过程中,发现并发钝性膈损伤的情况逐渐增多,而且术前难以发现。手术过程中,我们采取了一种特别的手术方法,即鼓肺排气缝合膈肌,一期处理膈肌病损,并避免了胸腔闭式引流的放置,取得了良好的临床效果,现报告如下。     

创伤性膈肌损伤45例

创伤性膈肌损伤４５例曾会昌王明荣高景源我院自１９６７年６月～１９９５年６月共收治创伤性膈肌损伤４５例．现报告如下．临床资料１．一般资料：本组男４１例，女４例；平均年龄２５岁（４～６０岁）．穿透性膈肌损伤３９例，其中刀刺伤２４例，枪伤９例，炸伤６例，闭...     

413例穿透性胸部损伤的治疗

探讨穿透性胸部损伤的诊断和治疗，对穿透性胸部损伤的正确诊断和紧急处理是提高抢救成功的关键，临床中还要注意适当地胸腔引流、创面处理和合并损伤的治疗。     

穿透性胸部损伤711例的救治分析

198 8年 1月～ 2 0 0 0年 12月我科收治穿透性胸部损伤 711例 ,现总结救治体会如下。临　床　资　料1.一般情况 :本组 711例 ,占同期2 0 0 5例胸部创伤的 3 5 .5 %。男 63 5例 ,女 76例 ;年龄 11～ 69岁 ,平均 2 4.2岁。刀刺伤 675例 (94.9% ) ,霰弹伤 2 0例 ,制式枪弹伤 8例 ,食管异物穿透伤 3例 ,气管插管致医源性胸段气管损伤 2例 ,钢筋贯通伤 2例 ,牛角伤 1例。主要穿透伤入口在左前胸壁占 2 98例 (41.9% ) ,在前胸壁占 12 7例 (17.9% ) ,右背部占10 2例 (14.3 % ) ,左背部占 78例 (11.0 % ) ,颈根部占 5 9例 (8.3 % ) ,剑突下占47例 (6…     

穿透性胸腹联合伤与胸腹多发伤的比较研究

目的　比较穿透性胸腹联合伤 (TACI)和胸腹多发伤 (TAMI)的临床特点和伤情 ,以指导创伤的救治。　方法　 2 5 1例穿透性胸腹腔脏器同时损伤的患者 ,根据膈肌是否损伤 ,分为TACI组和TAMI组 ,比较两组的损伤情况和临床特点 ,并应用创伤评分系统进行创伤严重度评估。　结果　TACI 177例 ,TAMI 74例。TACI和TAMI的院前时间 (T1)、入院时修订创伤计分 (RTS1)分别为(1.86± 2 .2 7)h、6 .4 5± 1.6 4和 2 .81± 3.98h、6 .97± 1.18(P <0 .0 5 ) ;手术麻醉时修订创伤计分(RTS2 )、器官穿透伤指数 (PTI)则分别为 4 .90± 2 .4 2、2 2 .30± 9.72和 7.2 3± 0 .95、17.5 5± 6 .95 ) (P<0 .0 1) ;而两组的损伤严重度评分 (ISS)差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。TACI易累及心脏、大血管和肝脾等重要脏器 ,伤势重 ,伤情进展快。全组死亡 18例 ,总死亡率为 7.2 % ,而TACI的死亡率为9.0 % (16 177) ,明显高于TAMI组 (2 .7% ,2 74 ) (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论　TACI和TAMI在临床进程、伤情轻重及治疗结果等方面都有明显的差别。采用生理评分RTS与解剖评分PTI评估TACI和TAMI的创伤严重度较为可靠。正确选择手术入路和受损器官处理先后顺序能提高抢救成功率。     

Evaluation of the multi-slice computed tomography outcomes in diaphragmatic injuries related to penetrating and blunt trauma

PurposeTraumatic diaphragmatic rupture is a diagnostic challenge for both surgeons and radiologists and generally occurs secondary to blunt and penetrating trauma of thoracoabdominal region.Material and methods56 patients who underwent surgical procedure due to blunt or penetrating trauma were included to the study.ResultsThere were 37 diaphragmatic ruptures in the left side and 19 patients in the right side. The most common radiological finding was “the direct monitoring of defect” (54,3%).ConclusionFindings suggestive of diaphragmatic rupture must be carefully evaluated in patients with blunt or penetrating thoracoabdominal trauma.     

MDCT diagnosis of penetrating diaphragm injury

The purpose of the study was to determine the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of multidetector CT (MDCT) in detection of diaphragmatic injury following penetrating trauma. Chest and abdominal CT examinations performed preoperatively in 136 patients after penetrating trauma to the torso with injury trajectory in close proximity to the diaphragm were reviewed by radiologists unaware of surgical findings. Signs associated with diaphragmatic injuries in penetrating trauma were noted. These signs were correlated with surgical diagnoses, and their sensitivity and specificity in assisting the diagnosis were calculated. CT confirmed diaphragmatic injury in 41 of 47 injuries (sensitivity, 87.2%), and an intact diaphragm in 71 of 98 patients (specificity, 72.4%). The overall accuracy of MDCT was 77%. The most accurate sign helping the diagnosis was contiguous injury on either side of the diaphragm in single-entry penetrating trauma (sensitivity, 88%; specificity, 82%). Thus MDCT has high sensitivity and good specificity in detecting penetrating diaphragmatic injuries.     

Imaging of diaphragm injuries

Diaphragm injuries are uncommon consequences of blunt and penetrating trauma. Early diagnosis and repair prevent potentially devastating complications that typically result from visceral herniation through the posttraumatic diaphragm defect. Although clinical and radiographic manifestations frequently are nonspecific, the stalwarts of trauma imaging--chest radiography and CT--typically demonstrate these injuries. To render the appropriate diagnosis, the radiologist must be familiar with the varied imaging manifestations of injury, and maintain a high index of suspicion within the appropriate clinical setting.     

Imaging of blunt cerebrovascular injuries

Blunt cerebrovascular injuries are uncommon but potentially devastating injuries that can lead to stroke and death. While uncommon, appreciation of the seriousness of these injuries, a high index of suspicion in high risk patients, and aggressive screening of multitrauma patients leads to early diagnosis of asymptomatic lesions that may be amenable to treatment prior to the onset of ischemia. The radiologist can play a vital role in the early diagnosis, follow-up, and, in some cases, treatment of these challenging injuries.