皂角刺提取物体外抑菌杀菌作用研究

目的探讨皂角刺提取物对实验室常见菌(大肠埃希菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白念珠菌、铜绿假单胞菌)的体外抑菌杀菌作用。方法制备不同溶剂不同浓度的皂角刺提取物,采用滤纸片法测其抑菌杀菌作用,二倍稀释法测其最低抑菌浓度。结果皂角刺提取物对大肠埃希菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白念珠菌和铜绿假单胞菌的抑菌杀菌作用不明显,对金黄色葡萄球菌有一定的抑菌杀菌作用。皂角刺水提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度为25.0 mg.mL-1;皂角刺乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度为12.5 mg.mL-1。结论不同溶剂、不同浓度的皂角刺提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑菌和杀菌作用。     

淫羊藿不同提取物的体外抑菌实验研究

摘 要 目的：考察淫羊藿不同提取物的体外抑菌作用。方法: 采用倍比稀释法考察淫羊藿不同提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、白色念珠菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌作用,测定抑菌圈大小、最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（MBC）。结果: 淫羊藿提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、白色念珠菌和枯草芽孢氏菌均呈现不同程度的抑菌能力,水提物的抑菌能力强于醇提物（P<0.05或P<0.01）;水提物经过不同温度热处理后对各菌株的抑菌能力无显著差异（P>0.05）,醇提物经高温处理后抑菌能力呈下降趋势,温度越高抑菌能力越弱（P<0.05）。淫羊藿水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的MIC和MBC相同,分别为7.81,1.95,31.25 mg·mL^-1,白色念珠菌的MIC和MBC分别为15.63,31.25 mg·mL^-1;淫羊藿醇提物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌的MIC和MBC相同,分别为15.63,3.91,62.5,62.5  mg·mL^-1。结论:淫羊藿提取物具有明显的抑菌效果,其中水提物优于醇提物。淫羊藿不同化学成分的极性会对抑菌效果产生影响。     

3种常用藏药的体外抑菌活性研究

目的 测定藏药七十味珍珠丸、八味秦皮丸、仁青常觉的体外抑菌活性。方法 用肉汤稀释法和牛津杯法研究体外抑菌活性,根据最小抑菌浓度(MIC)及抑菌圈大小判断3种藏药的抑菌活性。结果 七十味珍珠丸的抑菌作用由强到弱为金黄色葡萄球菌>枯草芽孢杆菌>铜绿假单胞菌>乙型副伤寒沙门菌>白色念珠菌>大肠埃希氏菌;八味秦皮丸的抑菌作用由强到弱依次为金黄色葡萄球菌>枯草芽孢杆菌>铜绿假单胞菌>乙型副伤寒沙门菌>大肠埃希氏菌>白色念珠菌;仁青常觉的抑菌作用由强到弱依次为金黄色葡萄球菌>枯草芽孢杆菌>铜绿假单胞菌>白色念珠菌>乙型副伤寒沙门菌>大肠埃希氏菌。结论 3种藏药对6种试验菌株的生长均具有不同程度的抑制作用,普遍对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌具有较强的抑制作用,其中八味秦皮丸对大肠埃希菌的生长具有显著的抑制作用,仁青常觉对白色念珠菌的生长抑制作用强于七十味珍珠丸和八味秦皮丸。     

甘蔗叶提取物的体外抑菌作用研究

目的 研究甘蔗叶提取物的抑菌作用.方法 采用琼脂稀释法对甘蔗叶提取物进行体外抑菌试验.结果 甘蔗叶提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、伤寒沙门氏菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,对链球菌作用较差.其中,50%和70%醇提物作用效果较好.结论 甘蔗叶提取物在体外有抑菌活性,在抑菌方面有一定的开发前景.     

参菊洗剂体外抑菌作用

目的：研究参菊洗剂的体外抑菌作用。方法采用琼脂扩散纸片法测定抑菌圈直径,采用液体培养液连续稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度( MIC),采用琼脂培养液平板法测定最低杀菌浓度( MBC),并与市售某妇科洗液比较抑菌作用。结果参菊洗剂对5种病原菌株的抑菌作用明显优于相同浓度的市售某妇科洗液,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);参菊洗剂对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白念珠菌的MIC分别为33.75,67.5,67.5,67.5,33.75 mg·mL-1;参菊洗剂对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白念珠菌的MBC分别为33.75,67.5,67.5,135,33.75 mg·mL-1。结论参菊洗剂具有较明显的抑菌和杀菌作用。     

紫苏不同部位的体外抑菌作用简

目的 研究紫苏不同部位、不同提取物的体外抑菌实验效果.方法 采用药敏纸片法分别测定紫苏籽油、紫苏叶和紫苏籽皮不同提取物对大肠埃希菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、八叠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径,采用二倍稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC). 结果紫苏叶和紫苏籽皮水浸液对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌最强,MIC分别为62.5和125 mg.mL^-1.结论 紫苏叶和紫苏籽皮水浸液、水煎液、醇提液对4种菌均有抑菌作用,水浸液对4种菌的抑菌作用较强,尤其是对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌作用最强.     

核桃青皮体外抑菌活性的研究

目的 研究核桃青皮的体外抑菌活性.方法 选取金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和深红酵母等重要指示菌为标靶,以最低抑菌浓度为指标,采用杯碟法对核桃青皮乙醇提取物的不同极性萃取部位进行抑菌活性的筛选.结果 核桃青皮提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和深红酵母不敏感,对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌有显著的抑制作用;氯仿萃取部位对大肠杆菌...     

乙二胺四乙酸钠铁口服液微生物限度检查方法验证

目的：建立乙二胺四乙酸钠铁口服液的微生物限度检查法。方法：通过加菌回收的方法对不同批次产品进行验证。对照菌株为金黄色葡萄球菌，大肠埃希菌，枯草芽孢杆菌，白色念珠菌，黑曲霉。结果：常规法对照用阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌回收率〈70％，薄膜过滤法回收率均〉80％。结论：薄膜过滤法可有效去除乙二胺四乙酸钠铁口服液的抑菌活性。用该法进行微生物限度检查。可行性强。能达到检测目的。     

千金妇炎舒的抗菌实验研究

目的研究千金妇炎舒在体内和体外实验中的抗菌作用。方法①体外培养大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、肺炎链球菌、嗜血杆菌、甲型溶血性链球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、淋球菌等标准菌株和不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、洋葱假单孢杆菌、枸橼酸肠杆菌、肺炎双球菌等临床分离菌株,观察千金妇炎舒的体外抗菌作用;②体内实验观察了千金妇炎舒对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌对小鼠的保护作用。结果千金妇炎舒体外给药对上述细菌均有抑制作用,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌、甲型溶血性链球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、洋葱假单孢杆菌抑制作用较强,其最小抑菌浓度（MIC）在12.5～50mg/ml。千金妇炎舒体内给药对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌所致感染的小鼠具有保护作用,能降低感染小鼠的死亡率。结论千金妇炎舒具有较明显的抗菌作用。     

北五味子乙醇提取物对肠道杆菌抑菌活性的测定

目的探讨北五味子乙醇提取物对肠道杆菌的抑菌活性,以期为防治肠道杆菌的感染提供试验依据。方法测定北五味子乙醇提取物对供试菌的抑菌圈直径和最低抑菌浓度。结果北五味子乙醇提取物对供试菌的抑菌圈分别为,大肠埃希菌:19.17 mm;乙型副伤寒沙门菌:18.06 mm;宋内志贺菌:22.84 mm;变形杆菌:18.78 mm。北五味子乙醇提取物对供试菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为,大肠埃希菌:25 mg/m L,乙型副伤寒沙门菌、宋内志贺菌、变形杆菌:均为12.5 mg/m L。结论北五味子乙醇提取物对肠道杆菌均有一定的抑菌作用。其中对宋内志贺菌的抑菌作用显著,对大肠埃希菌的抑菌作用相对较弱。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.