水孔蛋白2(AQP2)在SHR和WKY大鼠肾脏的不同表达

目的本研究旨在探讨SHR和WKY大鼠肾脏中,AQP2 mRNA是否存在差异表达及其和精氨酸加压素(AVP)的关系.方法成年SHR和WKY大鼠各9只,12周龄,体重200～300 g.断头取血,放免法测定血浆AVP含量.取肾脏近髓组织100 mg,RT-PCR法检测大鼠肾脏AQP2mRNA的表达量,数据以-x±s表示.结果 SHR肾脏AQP2mRNA表达水平显著高于WKY(0.801±0.08vs0.571±0.06,P＜0.05),SHR血浆中AVP的浓度显著高于WKY(90±17.83 vs60.82±12.59)pg/mL.结论 SHR肾脏AQP2 mRNA表达量上调,可能在SHR高血压的发生发展中发挥着一定的作用,AVP可能介导了AQP2 mRNA表达.     

血管加压素对大鼠肾脏水孔蛋白2表达的影响

背景和目的水孔蛋白2(AQP2)是调节机体水平衡的通道蛋白,与多种具水盐代谢异常疾病的病理发生发展密切相关,本文观察血管加压素(AVP)对 WKY 大鼠肾脏 AQP2表达的影响。方法 WKY 大鼠16只,随机分成2组,一组 AVP[2.5 U/(kg·d)]腹腔注射,等量的生理盐水腹腔注射为对照。7天后处死大鼠,RT-PCR法检测两组大鼠。肾脏 AQP2的 mRNA 表达,免疫组化法检测 AQP2蛋白表达水平,放射免疫法检测大鼠血浆 AVP浓度。结果 AVP 注射组大鼠血浆 AVP 浓度明显升高[(65.7±7.9)vs 对照组(51.2±7.9)pg/mL,P<0.05],肾脏 AQP2 mRNA(0.68±0.14 vs 0.39±0.11,P<0.05)和 AQP2蛋白表达水平(0.71±0.09 vs 0.42±0.12,P<0.05)均显著高于对照组。结论 AVP 可刺激肾脏 AQP2的表达,AQP2可能是 AVP 调节肾脏水代谢的机制之一。提示水通道蛋白2表达的调节可能成为干预某些心血管疾病,如充血性心力衰竭、高血压的靶点。     

血管加压素对大鼠肾脏水孔蛋白2表达的影响

背景和目的 水孔蛋白2(AQP2)是调节机体水平衡的通道蛋白,与多种具水盐代谢异常疾病的病理发生发展密切相关,本文观察血管加压素(AVP)对wKY大鼠肾脏AQP2表达的影响.方法 WKY大鼠16只,随机分成2组,一组AVP[2.5 U/(kg·d)]腹腔注射,等量的生理盐水腹腔注射为对照.7天后处死大鼠,RT-PCR法检测两组大鼠肾脏AQP2的mRNA表达,免疫组化法检测AQP2蛋白表达水平,放射免疫法检测大鼠血浆AVP浓度.结果 AVP注射组大鼠血浆AVP浓度明显升高[(65.7±7.9)vs对照组(51.2±7.9)pg/mL,P<0.05],肾脏AQP2 mRNA(0.68±O.14 vs O.39±O.11,P<0.05)和AQP2蛋白表达水平(O.71±O.09 vs O.42±O.12,P<0.05)均显著高于对照组.结论 AVP可刺激肾脏AQP2的表达,AQP2可能是AVP调节肾脏水代谢的机制之一.提示水通道蛋白2表达的调节可能成为干预某些心血管疾病,如充血性心力衰竭、高血压的靶点.     

ACE2和ACE在自发性高血压大鼠心肌中的变化

目的:观察自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心肌的血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)和ACE2的表达,以探讨ACE2和ACE在高血压发生发展中的变化。方法:取15只SHR,处死,分离左心室,行RT-PCR、Western blot蛋白质免疫印迹和免疫组织化学检测ACE及ACE2表达;同步取10只WKY大鼠作为正常血压对照组。结果:SHR组心肌ACE的mRNA和蛋白质表达都显著高于WKY组[(1.68±0.34)∶(0.33±0.12),P<0.05;(1.21±0.14)∶(0.71±0.11),P<0.05],而ACE2的mRNA和蛋白质表达皆明显低于WKY组[(0.50±0.15)∶(1.16±0.24),P<0.05;(0.71±0.24)∶(1.22±0.14),P<0.05)]。免疫组织化学染色显示,SHR组ACE的阳性率明显高于WKY组(87%∶50%,P<0.05),而ACE2的阳性率明显低于WKY组(27%∶70%,P<0.05)。结论:SHR心肌ACE明显升高,ACE2显著降低;SHR高血压发生发展过程中存在着ACE和ACE2表达的失衡。     

自发性高血压大鼠心脏重构与ACE2 mRNA的表达

目的:观察不同月龄的自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)的心脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)mRNA表达水平,探讨心脏重构与ACE2的内在联系。方法:将12周龄雄性SHR 18只和12周龄WKY Wistar-Kyoto rats大鼠18只随机分为两组,从WKY大鼠组和SHR组中各抽取9只处死,剩余的9只再喂养12周后处死。测量大鼠心脏的质量(HW)与体质量(BW)并计算HW/BW的比值。以实时定量RT-PCR法检测ACE2 mRNA的表达。结果:①与同周龄WKY大鼠组比较,SHR组HW/BW的比值显著增加(P0.01);与12周龄SHR组比较,24周龄SHR组的HW/BW显著增加(P0.05)。②与同周龄的WKY大鼠组比较,SHR组ACE2 mRNA的表达显著降低(P0.01);与12周龄的SHR组比较,24周龄的SHR组ACE2 mRNA的表达显著降低(P0.01)。结论:自发性高血压大鼠心脏重构伴随着心脏中ACE2 mRNA的表达下调。     

苯那普利、缬沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2表达的影响

目的观察苯那普利与缬沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)和肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)表达水平的影响,探讨ACE2在高血压发病机制和药物治疗中的意义.方法12周龄雄性SHR 28只,分为空白对照组(Sc)、苯那普利组(10 mg/kg·d)(Sb)、小剂量缬沙坦组(10 mg/kg·d)(Sl)、大剂量缬沙坦组(30 mg/kg·d)(Sh),每组7只,7只雄性WKY大鼠为正常对照.药物治疗3月后,用放射免疫法测定血浆Ang Ⅱ含量,RT-PCR法测定肾脏中ACE和ACE2 mRNA的表达水平,免疫组化法比较肾脏中ACE2蛋白的表达.结果与WKY大鼠相比,SHR肾脏中ACE2 mRNA及其蛋白的表达均明显降低,而ACE mRNA的表达和血浆Ang Ⅱ水平则明显升高(P<0.05).缬沙坦治疗后SHR血压显著下降而血浆Ang Ⅱ水平则进一步升高,肾脏中ACE2的表达水平明显升高,且呈剂量依赖性(P<0.05).苯那普利治疗对SHR血浆Ang Ⅱ水平及肾脏ACE2的表达则无明显影响.结论SHR体内ACE和ACE2的表达失衡可能在高血压的发病机制中有重要意义.血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)可能通过升高SHR血浆Ang Ⅱ的水平而增加肾脏中ACE2的表达,ACE2表达的增加可能是ARB抗高血压治疗的一个新药理机制.     

自发性高血压大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2 mRNA转录及其蛋白表达

目的观察不同月龄自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2) mRNA转录及其蛋白表达,初步探讨ACE2在高血压发生、发展过程中的可能作用。方法雄性SHR1月龄组(S1)、2月龄组(S2)、3月龄组(S3)、6月龄组(S6)和9月龄组(S9)共5组,每组各6只,各组均有相应月龄匹配的Wistar-Kyoto(WKY)大鼠作对照。采用RBP-Ⅰ型大鼠血压心率测定仪测量大鼠尾动脉收缩压(SBP);逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法检测肾脏ACE2 mRNA的转录水平;免疫组化染色结合计算机图像分析方法测定肾脏ACE2蛋白的表达水平。结果1)SHR的SBP随着月龄的增加而上升,6月龄后趋于稳定。2)SHR和WKY肾脏ACE2蛋白和 mRNA水平均随着月份的增加而增加,3月龄时达高峰,6月龄后趋于稳定;且SHR肾脏ACE2蛋白和 mRNA水平均低于同龄的WKY。S1肾脏髓质内侧部ACE2免疫染色阳性面积百分比较皮质和髓质外侧部高,与1月后的分布相反。结论1)SHR肾脏ACE2 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平比WKY大鼠低。2)大鼠肾脏ACE2 mRNA和蛋白的表达具有时间和部位分布上的差异。     

自发性高血压大鼠肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2 mRNA转录及其蛋白表达

目的 观察不同月龄自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)肾脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)mRNA转录及其蛋白表达,初步探讨ACE2在高血压发生、发展过程中的可能作用.方法 雄性SHR 1月龄组(S1)、2月龄组(S2)、3月龄组(S3)、6月龄组(S6)和9月龄组(S9)共5组,每组各6只,各组均有相应月龄匹配的Wistar-Kyoto(WKY)大鼠作对照.采用RBP-Ⅰ型大鼠血压心率测定仪测量大鼠尾动脉收缩压(SBP);逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法检测肾脏ACE2 mRNA的转录水平;免疫组化染色结合计算机图像分析方法 测定肾脏ACE2蛋白的表达水平.结果 1)SHR的SBP随着月龄的增加而上升,6月龄后趋于稳定.2)SHR和WKY肾脏ACE2蛋白和mRNA水平均随着月份的增加而增加,3月龄时达高峰,6月龄后趋于稳定;且SHR肾脏ACE2蛋白和mRNA水平均低于同龄的WKY.S1肾脏髓质内侧部ACE2免疫染色阳性面积百分比较皮质和髓质外侧部高,与1月后的分布相反.结论 1)SHR肾脏ACE2 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平比WKY大鼠低.2)大鼠肾脏ACE2 mRNA和蛋白的表达具有时间和部位分布上的差异.     

自发性高血压大鼠肾上腺髓质素2水平的变化

背景肾上腺髓质素2(ADM2)是2004年2月由日本学者所报道的,被认为是降钙素/降钙素基因相关肽超家族的一个新肽。这与2003年11月美国斯坦福大学Dr.Roh等人发现的垂体中叶素在核苷酸和氨基酸序列上完全一致,二者被认为是同物异名。该家族的已有成员包括肾上腺髓质素、降钙素基因相关肽、降钙素和胰岛淀粉样多肽。目前研究结果表明,肾上腺髓质素2参与了心血管的调节。目的研究自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)血浆ADM2[即:垂体中叶素(IMD)]的含量和在组织中水平的升降、基因表达的变化、血浆ADM2含量与血压和心质量/体质量(HM/BM)的相互关系。方法11周龄的雄性SHR8只为实验组,同龄的雄性WistarKyoto(WKY)大鼠8只为对照组。放射免疫分析方法测定血浆和组织中ADM2的含量;RT-PCR方法测定组织中ADM2的mRNA表达;心室导管方法测定血压和心功能的变化。结果1)与WKY大鼠相比,SHR的血浆、心肌和主动脉中ADM2的含量显著增高,分别为50.0%[(317.2±25.2)vs(211.4±15.0)ng/L,P<0.01]、46.5%[(293.6±34.7)vs(200.4±21.6)ng/g,P<0.05]和32.1%[(1009.0±50.1)vs(763.8±35.0)ng/g,P<0.01];2)SHR心肌和主动脉中ADM2的mRNA水平高于WKY大鼠,分别升高76.11%[(0.75±0.33)vs(0.46±0.26)%,P<0.05]和171.1%[(1.43±0.36)%vs(0.66±0.35)%,P<0.01];3)实验组的ADM2血浆含量和收缩压呈显著负相关(r=-0.822,P<0.05)。结论ADM2作为一种心血管的活性肽,在血压调节和心肌保护过程中具有重要的意义。     

自发性高血压大鼠肾上腺髓质素2水平的变化

背景 肾上腺髓质素2(ADM2)是2004年2月由日本学者所报道的,被认为是降钙素/降钙素基因相关肽超家族的一个新肽.这与2003年11月美国斯坦福大学Dr.Roh等人发现的垂体中叶素在核苷酸和氨基酸序列上完全一致,二者被认为是同物异名.该家族的已有成员包括肾上腺髓质素、降钙素基因相关肽、降钙素和胰岛淀粉样多肽.目前研究结果表明,肾上腺髓质素2参与了心血管的调节.目的 研究自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)血浆ADM2[即:垂体中叶素(IMD)]的含量和在组织中水平的升降、基因表达的变化、血浆ADM2含量与血压和心质量/体质量(HM/BM)的相互关系.方法 11周龄的雄性SHR 8只为实验组,同龄的雄性Wistar Kyoto(WKY)大鼠8只为对照组.放射免疫分析方法测定血浆和组织中ADM2的含量;RT-PCR方法测定组织中ADM2的mRNA表达;心室导管方法测定血压和心功能的变化.结果 1)与WKY大鼠相比,SHR的血浆、心肌和主动脉中ADM2的含量显著增高,分别为50.0%[(317.2±25.2)vs(211.4±15.0)ng/L,P＜0.01]、46.5%[(293.6±34.7)vs(200.4±21.6)ng/g,P＜0.05]和32.1%[(1009.0±50.1) vs(763.8±35.0)ng/g,P＜0.01];2)SHR心肌和主动脉中ADM2的mRNA水平高于WKY大鼠,分别升高76.11%[(0.75±0.33)vs(0.46±0.26)%,P＜0.05]和171.1%[(1.43±0.36)%vs(0.66±0.35)%,P＜0.01];3)实验组的ADM2血浆含量和收缩压呈显著负相关(r=-0.822,P＜0.05).结论 ADM2作为一种心血管的活性肽,在血压调节和心肌保护过程中具有重要的意义.     

Role of the Kidney in the Pathogenesis of Primary Hypertension

Primary hypertension in animals and humans probably represents several different pathophysiological states rather than being a uniform nosological entity. Among other factors, renal mechanisms may be primarily and secondarily involved. The availability of genetically homologous animal models for hypertension has greatly promoted studies on the etiology and pathogenesis of high blood pressure disease. In particular, renal transplantation studies between genetically hypertensive and normotensive rats from three different models have provided strong evidence for a primary role of the kidney in genetic hypertension. Other factors, such as vascular, neural, and humoral mechanisms have also been shown to be involved and may be particularly effective in increasing blood pressure, when they act through the kidney. Several functional and biochemical differences have been identified between kidneys from genetically hypertensive and normotensive animals. However, the relative contribution of each of these factors to the development of primary hypertension remains to be determined. Evidence from studies on human renal graft recipients also indicates that, among other factors, the kidney plays an important role in the development of primary hypertension in humans.     

Neuropeptide Abnormalities Suggest a Dopaminergic Basis for High Blood Pressure in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and the stroke-prone substrain (sp-SHR) have been reported to have several abnormalities in levels of peptides both in tissue and in plasma (β- endorphin, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone and vasopressin) when compared to the Wistar Kyoto (WKY) normotensive control rat. As the secretion of these peptides is under dopaminergic control and the abnormalities consistently suggest under-activity of the dopaminergic control system in the brain, injections of dopamine (0.4 mg/kg) were given i.c.v. to 10 SHR, 10 renal artery stenosis hypertensive rats (LRAS) and 10 genetically hypertensive rats of the New Zealand strain (GHR). Mean blood pressure fell from 205±6(SEM) mmHg to 128±8 mmHg in the SHR (p<0.001), from 184±7 mmHg to 176±7 mmHg in the LRAS (p>0.05) and from 157±5 mmHg to 138±6 mmHg in the GHR (p<0.02). These effects were unlikely to be due to leakage of dopamine out into the periphery as i.v. dopamine (0.4 mg/kg) increased blood pressure in these animals.     

Prevention of diabetic glomerulopathy in streptozotocin diabetic rats by insulin treatment

Summary A single antibody radioimmunoassay has been used to measure albumin excretion in 3 groups of female Wistar rats. Two groups had Streptozotocin diabetes and were treated daily with insulin for 6 months. In one of the diabetic groups good glycaemic control was attempted and throughout the 6 months plasma glucose levels were fairly close to normal (92 ± 33 mg/100 ml at 2300 h and 186 ± 9 mg/100 ml at 0800 h). In the other diabetic group poor control was intended and the group had consistent high plasma glucose levels (576 ± 89 mg/100 ml and 460 ± 43 mg/100 ml). The third group was a non-diabetic control group. — Albumin excretion was measured on two occasions: before the induction of diabetes and after 6 months of diabetes. The geometric mean albumin excretion increased from 0.38 to 2.56 mg/24 h in the 18 non-diabetic controls. In the 20 diabetic rats in good control the geometric mean albumin excretion increased from 0.37 to 1.58 mg/ 24 h (NS compared with controls) and in the group of 22 rats in poor control albumin excretion increased from 0.35 to 6.54 mg/24 h. — The increase in albumin excretion in rats in poor control differed significantly both from that of the non-diabetic controls (2p = 0.023) and from that of the well-controlled diabetic rats (2p = 0.00011).     

Comparison of Simultaneous Measurements of Blood Pressure by Tail-Cuff and Carotid Arterial Methods in Conscious Spontaneously Hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto Rats

We determined the validity of systolic blood pressure (SBP) measured by tail-cuff blood pressure (TCBP) with direct intra-arterial measurements. In conscious, restrained Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), carotid artery (CA) BP and TCBP were simultaneously measured. In both WKY and SHR strains, highly significant correlations between CABP and TCBP were found and Bland-Altman analyses showed no bias when the two methods were compared. The limits of agreement between CABP and TCBP in WKY and SHR were wide and reproducibility of pressure measurements by either technique was poor, with some evidence for strain-dependent differences. Pressure measurements made over short time frames, however, showed close agreement between CABP and TCBP. Acetylcholine-induced reductions in pressure were equivalently detected by tail-cuff and direct arterial measurement in both strains but angiotensin II-induced pressure elevations were over-estimated by tail-cuff in SHR. Telemetered SBP measurements in conscious rats were highly variable in a strain-dependent manner.     

蜕皮甾酮对2型糖尿病大鼠肝细胞IR S-2蛋白表达的影响

目的：探讨蜕皮甾酮对2型糖尿病大鼠肝细胞胰岛素受体底物2（ IRS-2）蛋白表达的影响。方法选择42只大鼠,14只作为正常组,常规饲料喂养,余下28只先以高脂喂养加小剂量STZ注射诱导2型糖尿病大鼠模型,造模成功后,随机分为模型组和治疗组,分别给予高脂饲料喂养、高脂饲料喂养＋蜕皮甾酮灌胃治疗。5周后取大鼠肝组织标本,应用免疫组化和RT-PCR技术检测IRS-2蛋白和mRNA含量。结果正常组和治疗组肝细胞IRS-2蛋白及mRNA含量均明显高于模型组（ P＜0．05或＜0．01）。结论蜕皮甾酮可提高2型糖尿病大鼠肝细胞IRS-2蛋白和mRNA含量,这可能是蜕皮甾酮改善2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗的机制之一。     

Colonic tumorigenesis in rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine

Subcutaneous injections of the carcinogen dimethylhydrazine in inbred Fischer 344 male rats induced squamous-cell carcinomas in the ear canal, adenocarcinomas in the small bowel and duodenum, and adenomas and adenocarcinomas in the large bowel. The incidences of the tumors induced in the large bowel and ear canal were dose-related. As for tumors of the large bowel, the average size of adenomas was less than that of adenocarcinomas with massive infiltration beyond the muscularis mucosa. The average size of early adenocarcinomas was greater than that of adenomas but less than that of adenocarcinomas with massive infiltration beyond the muscularis mucosa. Supported by Medical Research Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky.     

D-半乳糖催老大鼠氧化水平和抗氧化能力的变化

目的　研究人工催老大鼠氧化水平和抗氧化能力的改变。方法　采用D 半乳糖 6 0mg/kg皮下注射 4 2d ,复制人工催老大鼠模型 ,以观察催老大鼠血中丙二醛 (MDA)、一氧化氮 (NO)的含量、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH Px)、一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)和脑单胺氧化酶 (MAO)等活性的变化。结果　催老大鼠与正常大鼠相比 ,血清中MDA含量增高 ,SOD和GSH Px活性降低 ,脑MAO活性增高 ,NO含量和NOS活性无明显改变。结论　D 半乳糖可以使催老大鼠氧化水平增加 ,抗氧化能力下降 ;且两者变化无性别差异。     

一氧化氮在肝硬化大鼠高动力循环状态中的作用实验研究

应用~(57)Co同位素标记微球技术,观察小剂量长期口服一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)对四氯化碳(CCl_4)所致肝硬化大鼠血流动力学的影响;应用荧光比色法测定大鼠血清一氧化氮(NO)含量。结果表明,肝硬化大鼠全部出现高动力循环状态,其平均动脉压(MAP)及内脏血管阻力(SVR)显著低于对照组(分别P<0.01),其心输出量(CO)、心脏指数(CI)、门静脉压(PP)、内脏器官血流量(SBF)及血清NO含量显著高于对照组(分别P<0.01);L-NAME治疗组高动力循环状态明显改善,血清NO含量较未治疗组显著降低(P<0.01)。提示,内源性NO在肝硬化血流动力学改变中起重要作用。长期小剂量L-NAME治疗可明显改善肝硬化大鼠的高动力循环状态。     

Early stage of adjuvant arthritis alters behavioral responses in male but not female rats

Anxiety and depression commonly occur in the pathology of rheumatic diseases. Little is known about how inflammatory disease in its early stage, before any clinical manifestation, may affect general activity. The aim of this study was to compare the anxiety-like behaviour in the early stage of adjuvant arthritis (AA), and the paw edema, and corticosterone (CORT) levels in the developed stage of AA among male and female Long Evans rats. The behavioural activity was evaluated by elevated plus maze tests. These revealed significantly reduced number of entries into the open arm of the maze in arthritic males compared to controls or to females 4 days after AA induction. Arthrihtic and control females did not differ. The number of entries into the closed arm of the maze was the same across the genders and studied intervals. Time spent in the open arm was significantly lower in arthritic males against controls or arthitic females. Time spent in the closed arm showed inverse picture to the time spent in the open arm. Hind paw swelling measured on day 23 of AA was the same in males and females, as was the elevation of CORT levels in plasma. Male rats showed anxiety-like behaviour on day 4 of AA, while female rats did not show any change, indicating different brain sensitivity to early inflammation among the genders.     

实验性大鼠脑出血后基底节区白三烯C_4的变化及意义

目的　探讨实验性大鼠脑出血后白三烯C4 (leukotrieneC4 ,LTC4 )的变化及意义。方法　应用胶原酶和肝素联合定向注射致大鼠壳核脑出血模型 ,采用放射免疫分析法检测注射侧基底节区组织中LTC4 的含量变化 ,并用氢清除法定量监测注射侧壳核和皮层血流量的相应改变。结果　大鼠脑出血后 ,注射侧基底节区组织中LTC4 含量在注射 1h后均显著增加。同时出血组壳核和皮层血流量在注射后 1、3h均显著下降。结论　实验性大鼠脑出血后注射侧基底节区组织中LTC4 的产生明显增加且持续时间长 ,可能是脑血流量减少的区域扩大和继发性神经损伤加重的重要原因之一