残余肌松与全麻术后呼吸功能不全关系的临床研究

目的 了解全麻手术后在麻醉恢复室(postanesthesia care unit,PACU)内呼吸功能不全的发生率,并评估其与残余肌松的关系.方法 择期全麻手术成年患者623例,术后PACU内用4个成串刺激(TOF)监测肌松,按临床指征拔管,根据拔管后即刻测量TOF值将患者分成3组,TOF＞0.9为A组;TOF 0.7～0.9为B组;TOF＜0.7为C组,记录每组出现呼吸功能不全的例数.结果 全麻手术后在PACU内呼吸功能不全的发生率为4.5％,A组患者472例,其中有7例(1.5％)出现呼吸功能不全,B组患者112例,9例(8.0％)出现,C组患者39例,有12例(30.8％)出现,最常见的是低氧血症和上呼吸道梗阻.C组与A组和B组比较及B组与A组比较,出现呼吸功能不全比例明显增高(P＜0.01).结论 存在残余肌松(TOF＜0.9)的患者更易出现术后呼吸功能不全,应加强围手术期肌松监测,掌握恰当的拔管时机.     

肌松药残余阻滞作用与呼吸功能恢复

肌松药的残余阻滞作用对呼吸功能的恢复有一定的影响，将呼吸力学监测、肌松监测以及临床征象相结合进行合理的判断，对肌松药残余阻滞作用可能造成的呼吸系统并发症有较好的预防作用。     

肌松药残余阻滞作用与呼吸功能恢复

肌松药的残余阻滞作用对呼吸功能的恢复有一定的影响 ,将呼吸力学监测、肌松监测以及临床征象相结合进行合理的判断 ,对肌松药残余阻滞作用可能造成的呼吸系统并发症有较好的预防作用。     

术后残余肌松作用的研究进展

肌松药已广泛应用于临床麻醉，但术后肌松药残余作用在临床上仍时有发生，严重者可危及患者生命安全。本文讨论了神经肌肉阻滞恢复的标准，肌松药残余作用的发生率及其影响因素，肌松监测，拮抗药的使用，并发症等问题。     

维库溴铵用于肝功能损害病人残余肌松与呼吸功能恢复的研究

目的研究肝功能损害病人使用维库溴铵术后残余肌松及在肌松恢复不同程度下拔管后呼吸功能恢复的情况。方法60例择期手术病人,肝功能正常及轻度肝功能损害病人各30例,随机分为六组,每组10例。Ⅰ组：肝功能正常,根据临床征象判断拔管;Ⅱ组：肝功能正常,四个成串刺激率（TOFR）0．7拔管;Ⅲ组：肝功能正常,TOFR0．9拔管;Ⅳ组：肝功能损害,根据临床征象判断拔管;Ⅴ组：肝功能损害,TOFR0．7拔管;Ⅵ组：肝功能损害,TOFR0．9拔管。比较各组肌松恢复指标：末次给药至拔管时间、临床时效、恢复指数;术前和拔管后呼吸动力学参数：吸气潮气量（VT）、RR、分钟通气量（Ve）、自主呼吸做功（WOBp）、肺动态顺应性（Cdyn）、平均气道阻力（RAWm）、呼吸驱动力（P0．1）。结果Ⅰ组和Ⅳ组拔管时分别有5例和6例TOFR％0．7,Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组肌松恢复指标均较Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组延长。Ⅰ、Ⅳ组拔管后VTi、VE较术前减小,RR加快,P0．1、WOBp、RAWm增大,Cdyn减小（P％0．05或P％0．01）。Ⅱ、Ⅴ组仅WOBp较术前增大（P〈0．05）。Ⅲ、Ⅵ组拔管后呼吸动力学参数与术前相比差异无统计学意义。结论维库溴铵用于肝功能轻度损害病人术后肌松恢复时间延长,在未使用量化肌松监测的情况下根据临床征象判断拔管存在一定比例的残余肌松,同时多项呼吸动力学参数存在损害。而在肌松监测下TOFR0．7拔管,呼吸动力学参数基本能恢复至术前水平。     

残余肌松对全麻患者术后拔管早期呼吸功能的影响

目的 观察术后残余肌松发生率及其对全麻患者术后拔管早期呼吸功能的影响.方法 选择择期全麻手术患者124例,术前测定肺功能,术毕保留气管内导管转入麻醉后恢复室(PACU).根据临床征象判断拔管,测定拔管后患者拇内收肌TOFr及拔管后10、40 min的肺功能.根据TOFr,将患者分为无残余肌松组(NR组,TOF≥0.9)和残余肌松组(R组,TOF<0.9),对两组患者肺功能指标进行比较.结果 124例患者中,NR组78例,R组46例,术后残余肌松发生率为37.1%.NR组和R组患者术前肺功能差异无统计学意义.拔管后10 min,NR组的用力肺活量(FVC)、一秒钟用力呼气容积(FEV1)、最大通气量(MVV)分别可恢复至术前的(65.6±17.7)%、(63.3±18.4)%和(62.2±17.4)%,R组可恢复至术前的(56.1±17.6)%、(52.2±16.4)%和(53.3±15.9)%,NR组恢复程度显著优于R组(P<0.05).拔管后40 min,NR组患者的FVC、FEV1、MVV可恢复至术前的(73.3±16.0)%、(72.3±18.9)%和(72.2±17.2)%,R组可恢复至术前的(66.1±17.9)%、(61.3±17.1)%和(61.8±17.4)%,NR组恢复程度显著优于R组(P<0.05).结论 依据临床征象判断拔管的患者,拔管后残余肌松发生率较高,且拔管后早期呼吸功能明显受损.     

重视肌松药残余作用的几点建议

晚近 ,欧美先后对全麻后并发症进行了大量的调查 ,而肌松药残余作用所致的并发症发生率之高已引起高度重视。Ｔｉｒｅｔ等调查与分析法国 2 0万例全麻病人 ,因麻醉原因致死的 65例病人中 ,近半数系肌松药残余作用所致。英国Ｌｕｎｎ等报道 1 1例全麻后呼吸抑制患者 ,其中 6例为肌松药残余作用所引起。英格兰Ｃｏｏｐｅｒ总结 5年的全麻后并发症 ,53例中即有 2 4例系因应用肌松药后拮抗不充分致呼吸抑制。澳大利亚、威尔士的学者分析近 2 0年的全麻并发症 ,应用肌松药后拮抗不充分乃系死亡的主因之一。国内肌松监测乃系一薄弱环节 ,此方面的…     

术后残余肌松的危险因素分析

目的 探讨术后麻醉恢复室(PACU)中患者残余肌松的主要危险因素.方法 全麻下择期手术患者208例,常规麻醉诱导和维持.术毕在PACU根据临床拔管指征拔除气管导管.拔管后即刻测定肌力恢复情况.根据四个成串刺激比值(TOF-R)将患者分为非残余肌松组(TOF-R≥0.9,n=147)以及残余肌松组(TOF-R<0.9,n=61).分别对两组患者24个术前变量、15个术中变量和10个术毕变量进行比较.结果 各临床指标的统计分析显示患者的肾病病史、血肌酐(Cr)、血尿素氮(BUN),失血量、术中低温、应用肌松拮抗药等6种指标与术后残余肌松密切相关.结论 肾病病史、Cr、BUN、失血量、术中低温、应用肌松拮抗药是术后发生残余肌松的主要危险因素.     

术后非去极化肌松药肌松残余拮抗新进展

背景非去极化肌松药在临床麻醉中使用非常普遍,术后不可避免地发生肌松残余作用,其危害主要为呼吸不良事件,严重可导致死亡。 目的有效合理的肌松拮抗能降低术后肌松残余的发生率,减少相关并发症,因此,拮抗至关重要。内容阐述非去极化肌松药使用后手术结束时是否需要拮抗、拮抗的时机、拮抗剂的剂量和新的拮抗模式。趋向选择性肌松拮抗可...     

Respiratory paralysis to improve oxygenation and mortality in large newborn infants with respiratory distress

The nonsynchronous respiratory efforts of neonates with surgically correctable disorders may inhibit effective mechanical ventilation. The records of 25 infants treated with metocurine for muscular paralysis to improve mechanical ventilation were reviewed. All patients were greater than 35 (37.6 +/- 2.1) weeks gestation and 2.27 (2.98 +/- .47) kg. All required ventilatory support with an FiO2 of 100%. The mortality rate of this group of infants was 20% as compared with 73% (p < .001) in a similar group of 26 infants managed without paralysis. In 10 of the 25 infants treated with metocurine, pre- and 1 hr postparalysis paO2 values were available. The mean paO2 prior to paralysis was 62 (45--111) mm Hg and the mean post-paralysis paO2 was 144 (75--227) mm Hg, representing at 132% increase in paO2 (p < .001). The mean dosage for metocurine was 3.5 (1.45--6.79) mg/kg/day; however, those requiring paralysis for greater than 7 days showed a dramatically increasing requirement. These preliminary data suggest that respiratory paralysis reduces right-to-left shunting, improves paO2 and decreases mortality in large infants with severe respiratory distress requiring ventilatory support.     

A retrospective observational study of neuromuscular monitoring practice in 30,430 cases from six Danish hospitals

Timely application of objective neuromuscular monitoring can avoid residual neuromuscular blockade. We assessed the frequency of objective neuromuscular monitoring with acceleromyography and the last recorded train-of-four ratio in a cohort of Danish patients. We extracted data from all patients receiving general anaesthesia from November 2014 to November 2016 at six hospitals in the Zealand Region of Denmark. Acceleromyography was available in all operating rooms and data were recorded automatically. The primary outcome measure was acceleromyography use in patients receiving neuromuscular blocking agents, divided into non-depolarising agents and succinylcholine only. The dataset included 76,743 cases, of which 30,430 received a neuromuscular blocking drug. Non-depolarising drugs were used in 16,525 (54%) and succinylcholine as the sole drug in 13,905 (46%) cases. Acceleromyography was used in 14,463 (88%) patients who received a non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking drug and in 4224 (30%) receiving succinylcholine alone. Acceleromyography use varied between the departments from 58% to 99% for non-depolarising drugs and from 3% to 79% for succinylcholine alone. The median (IQR [range]) of the last recorded train-of-four ratio before tracheal extubation was 0.97 (0.90–1.06 [0.01–2.20]) when non-depolarising drugs were used, and was less than 0.9 in 22% of cases. The OR for oxygen desaturation was higher with the use of succinylcholine [2.51 (95%CI 2.33–2.70) p < 0.001] and non-depolarising drugs [2.57 (95%CI 2.32–2.84) p < 0.001] as compared with cases where no neuromuscular blockade drug was used. In conclusion, acceleromyography was almost always used in cases where non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs were used, but a train-of-four ratio of 0.9 was not always achieved. Monitoring was used in less than 30% of cases where succinylcholine was the sole drug used.     

Cibenzoline-induced respiratory muscular paralysis in a hemodialysis patient

A 69-year-old man was admitted to our kidney center with endstage renal failure. We started intermittent peritoneal dialysis immediately because of severe azotemia, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis. Two weeks after admission, he developed uremic pericarditis with frequent ventricular premature contractions and supraventricular premature contractions. The intermittent peritoneal dialysis was then replaced by intensive hemodialysis, and oral administration of 300 mg/d of cibenzoline was started. Four days later, he developed thirst, weakness, and dyspnea due to respiratory muscular paralysis. We initiated respiratory support with a respirator because analysis of his blood gases revealed marked hypercapnia and hypoxia. He also developed hypoglycemia and prolonged PQ and QRS intervals on the electrocardiogram, which we believed were due to cibenzoline intoxication; we discontinued the cibenzoline immediately. All symptoms improved, and he was extubated 5 days later. After 2 months, his pericardial effusion disappeared. He now continues maintenance hemodialysis as an outpatient. We suspect that the cibenzoline induced the respiratory muscular paralysis for 2 reasons: 1) the patient experienced the respiratory muscular paralysis, at the same time he also experienced thirst, weakness, hypoglycemia, and prolonged PQ and QRS intervals on electrocardiogram, and all of these symptoms improved after the discontinuation of cibenzoline, and 2) his plasma concentration of cibenzoline became remarkably elevated, to 20 times above the standard therapeutic level. This patient's clinical course indicates that hemodialysis might be superior to intermittent peritoneal dialysis for treatment of cibenzoline intoxication.     

Hamstring transfer for quadriceps paralysis in post polio residual paralysis

Context:

Paralysis of quadriceps muscle leads to severe disability as the knee is unstable and cannot be fully extended and locked in extension, which results in giving way of the knee joint. Because of this, the patient tries to get stability of the knee by various means like hand to knee gait, extreme internal or external rotation of the affected limb to stabilize knee by support of medial or lateral collateral ligament, respectively, or by tilting pelvis. When there is concomitant weakness of gluteus maximus quadriceps and hamstrings (MRC muscle power less than grade III), patient may develop compensatory hyperlordosis of spine. Hamstring (H) transfer is a well-accepted procedure for patients with quadriceps (Q) weakness. For hamstring transfer, we have used a modified technique of anchoring of biceps femoris and semitendinosus tendon to patella. Instead of cutting the periosteum over the patella in an I-shaped manner, an osteoperisoteal flap was raised after two parallel incisions over the patella and both tendons were sutured under the flap with each other. We conducted a retrospective evaluation of the results of modified hamstring transfer in 267 patients of post polio residual paralysis with residual quadriceps paralysis.

Materials and Methods:

Two hundred and fifty young patients (100 male and 150 female patients) who had quadriceps paralysis due to polio were managed by hamstring transfer at a single center between 1984 and 1996 and were followed for a mean of 5 years (range 4–12 years). Age of patients ranged from 7 to 18 years in 238 patients and 12 patients were above the age of 18 years. All cases were followed periodically, and assessment of knee extension, extension lag, knee flexion, elimination of calliper, and avoidance of hand to knee gait was done.

Results:

One hundred and sixty two patients (65%) showed excellent results, 38 patients (15%) had good results, and 50 patients (20%) showed poor results. Ninety three patients had major complications like genu recurvatum, restricted knee flexion, and extension lag. Ten patients had minor complications like superficial infection and epidermal edge necrosis.

Conclusions:

H to Q transfer in the presence of quadriceps paralysis with good power in hamstring is a better alternative than supracondylar osteotomy because it is a dynamic correction and it produces some degree of recurvatum with increasing stability of knee in extension while walking. While inserting hamstring over patella the periosteum is not cut in an I-shaped fashion to create a flap which gives additional strength to new insertion and also patella act as a fulcrum during the extension of knee by producing the bowstring effect.     

The advancement of pediatric anesthesia pharmacology: David Ryan Cook (scions,serendipity, and six degrees of separation)

Dr David Ryan Cook, Professor Emeritus of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology at the University of Pittsburgh and Chief of Anesthesiology at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (1977‐1999), is a pioneer in the field of pediatric anesthesiology and pharmacology. Dr Cook contributed significantly to the understanding of pharmacologic differences among infants, children, and adults. His work as a clinician‐scientist, educator, and mentor defined the pharmacology of many of the anesthetic agents we continue to use today. He brought science to the art of anesthesia and enhanced the safety of pediatric perioperative care. Based on a 2017 interview with Dr Cook, this article outlines the development of his career and his contributions to the field of anesthesiology and pharmacology.