获得性感染金黄色葡萄球菌耐药的现状及治疗对策

目的：分析医院与社区获得性感染金黄色葡萄球菌（SAU）耐药现状,给临床合理用药提供参考。方法：收集2005年～2007年临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌,培养鉴定,采用纸片扩散法（K—B法）测定16种抗菌药物的敏感情况。用WHONET5软件进行分析。结果：440株金黄色葡萄球菌,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）为260株,占59．1％：甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）为180株,占40．9％;SAU对16种抗菌药物的耐药率最高的是青霉素G为85．5％、万古霉素耐药率为0。结论：MSSA对大部分抗菌药物仍保持较好的敏感性。而MRSA表现为多重耐药性．但万古霉素例外。所以对耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌（VISA及VRSA）的连续监测、了解葡萄球菌属的耐药机制具有重要的临床意义。     

2010-2012年院内金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药情况分析

目的 对本院3年来金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药情况进行分析,并且对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）与甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）的耐药性差异做对比,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据.方法 对临床分离的442株金黄色葡萄球菌,采用PHOENIX100全自动微生物分析仪和WHONET软件,按照美国实验与临床标准协会（C LSI）的标准对金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药情况进行回顾性分析.结果 3年内共分离金黄色葡萄球菌442株,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）281株.分离出金黄色葡萄球菌的标本中以痰标本为主,占68.0％,其次为分泌物和血液.除万古霉素、利奈唑胺、奎奴普丁/达福普丁外,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）对其余抗菌药物的耐药率均高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.除万古霉素、利奈唑胺、奎奴普丁/达福普丁保持较低的耐药率外,其余常规抗生素的耐药率均保持在30％以上.结论 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）对大部分抗菌药物仍维持较高的耐药率,应定期监测临床标本中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌耐药率,合理使用抗菌药物,延缓金黄色葡萄球菌临床株耐药性的增长,控制医院感染的发生及暴发.     

金黄色葡萄球菌167株耐药性分析

目的分析金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对临床标本分离的金黄色葡萄球菌167株,采用K—B纸片法进行药敏试验,耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）检测采用头孢西丁纸片扩散法。结果MRSA141株占84．4％,甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）26株占15．6％。MRSA对万古霉素、呋喃西林的耐药率为0、18．4％,对其他抗菌药物呈多重耐药;除万古霉外,MRSA对其余11种抗菌药物的耐药率均高于MSSA,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论MRSA已成为医院感染的重要病原菌,万古霉素、呋喃西林对MRSA有较高活性。重视临床微生物学检查,依据药敏结果优化选择抗菌药物,是提高感染治愈率的关键。     

对108株金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性分析

目的了解我院金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株对抗菌药物的耐药性及感染现状,以指导临床医生更科学合理用药。方法收集我院2009年11月-2011年9月间住院及门诊患者的标本,对分离出的108株金黄色葡萄球菌进行药敏试验。结果对甲氧西林耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）有76株,占70．4％;对甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）有32株,占29．6％。菌株主要分离于痰液／咽拭子,占42．6％;其次是分离于脓液／创面,占36．1％;其他的菌株分离于阴道分泌物、血液、尿液和精液,占21．3％。金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA对16种抗菌药物的耐药率最高的是青霉素和苯唑西林,均为100．0％,而MSSA仅对青霉素的耐药率较高,达83．2％,对其余15种药物的耐药率都低于50％。万古霉素、呋喃妥因、替考拉宁耐药率在两者均为0。结论甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌除了青霉素外对大多数的抗菌药物有较好的敏感性,而耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的检出率仍然很高且多为多药耐药性。     

夫西地酸对耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性研究

目的:了解夫西地酸对多重耐药的耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌临床分离株的体外抗菌活性。方法:采用血浆凝固酶、金黄色葡萄球菌单克隆抗体及Vitek-32型仪进行菌株鉴定,纸片琼脂扩散(K-B)法进行药物敏感性试验,头孢西丁纸片法检测耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌。结果:97株金黄色葡萄球菌中,检测到耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)56株,占57.7%;119株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中,检测到耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)77株,占64.7%。全部菌株均对万古霉素敏感,MRSA及MRCNS对夫西地酸的耐药率分别为1.8%和7.8%,耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌对其它抗菌药物的耐药率在25%～100%之间。结论:夫西地酸对耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌有较强的体外抗菌活性。     

金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

目的：了解金黄色葡萄球菌感染的分布与耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供病原学调查及实验室依据。方法：收集临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌,培养鉴定按《全国临床检验操作规程》进行,药敏试验采用纸片扩散法（K-B法）。结果：检出的金黄色葡萄球菌以痰标本为主,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的检出率为66.4%,甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）为33.6%;MRSA对常用抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌,未检出耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌。结论：加强临床金黄色葡萄球菌耐药情况监控,根据药物敏感试验合理用药十分重要。     

湖北地区2003-2004年葡萄球菌临床分离株的耐药性监测

目的：了解湖北地区葡萄球菌临床分离株的分布及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药率。方法：采用纸片扩散法检测1600株金黄色葡萄球菌和2596株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对11种抗菌药物的耐药性。结果：共检出甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌824株，分离率为51．5％；检出甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌1896株，分离率为73．03％。耐甲氧西林对庆大霉素、环丙沙星、克林霉素的耐药率分别为77％、91％、88％，比耐甲氧西株凝目酶阴性葡萄球菌对上述3种抗菌药物的耐药率28％、66％、56％均高，而耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对复方磺胺甲嗯唑及氯霉素的耐药率较金黄色葡萄球菌为高。甲氧西林敏感的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对环丙沙星、复方磺胺甲嗯唑、四环素、氯霉素的耐药率较甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌为高。但仍对庆大霉素、环丙沙星、氯霉素、克林霉素表现出较好的抗菌活性。结论：湖北地区葡萄球菌耐药现状不容忽视，加强对葡萄球菌耐药性的监测，并根据药敏试验结果合理使用抗菌药物对控制感染及防治耐药菌的传播非常必要。     

夫西地酸和万古霉素对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌体外抗菌活性的研究

目的了解耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对夫西地酸和万古霉素的耐药率动态变化。方法应用回顾性调查方法,对本院从2004年1月至2008年12月间临床样本分离的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌夫西地酸和万古霉素药敏试验进行统计分析。结果所分离出的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌772株,占金黄色葡萄球菌的78．1％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素高度敏感,夫西地酸耐药率有整体上升趋势。结论本地区耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率维持在较高水平,夫西地酸和万古霉素是治疗MRSA感染的理想药物,但要注意耐夫西地酸菌株的爆发流行和耐万古霉素菌株的出现。     

夫西地酸和万古霉素对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌体外抗菌活性的研究

目的了解耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对夫西地酸和万古霉素的耐药率动态变化。方法应用回顾性调查方法,对本院从2004年1月至2008年12月问临床样本分离的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌夫西地酸和万古霉素药敏试验进行统计分析。结果所分离出的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌772株,占金黄色葡萄球菌的78．1％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素高度敏感,夫西地酸耐药率有整体上升趋势。结论本地区耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率维持在较高水平,夫西地酸和万古霉素是治疗MRSA感染的理想药物,但要注意耐夫西地酸菌株的爆发流行和耐万古霉素菌株的出现。     

耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌耐药性分析

为了解耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌的耐药状况，并为临床预防与治疗提供依据，我们对６１株葡萄球菌进行耐甲氧西林及１４种常用抗菌素的耐药率测定。结果：耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为５２．６％；耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率为４７．６％；耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌对１４种抗菌素的耐药率及多重耐药性均高于甲氧西林敏感葡萄球菌。耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌对万古霉素敏感，提示该药可作为临床治疗这类细菌感染的首选药物     

The treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: The neurodevelopmental risks associated with exposure to antiepileptic drugs

A number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been confirmed as teratogens due to their association with an increased malformation rate. The majority of research to date does not find an association between prenatal exposure to monotherapy carbamazepine, lamotrigine or phenytoin and neurodevelopmental outcome in comparison to control children and noted higher abilities in comparison to children exposed to valproate; but further work is needed before conclusions can be drawn. Data for levetiracetam was limited to one study, as was the evidence for topiramate. Sodium valproate exposure appeared to carry a dose dependent risk to the developing brain, with evidence of reduced levels of IQ, poorer verbal abilities and increased rate of autistic spectrum disorder both in comparison to control children and children exposed to other AEDs. The severity of the neurodevelopmental deficits associated with prenatal exposure to valproate highlight the critical need to consider neurodevelopmental outcomes as a central aspect of teratological research.     

Chemotherapy individualization

The current practice of dosing patients with anticancer drugs based on body size, leads to a large degree of inter-patient variation in clinical outcome following standard doses of chemotherapy. Some patients may fail to respond to treatment, whilst others experience unacceptable side effects. Recent studies have identified more rational approaches to drug dosing, based on patient characteristics such as renal function, pharmacogenetic factors, and drug metabolizing activity. These can be used together with therapeutic drug monitoring and adaptive dosing to achieve a targeted systemic drug exposure in each patient, which may lead to more consistent clinical outcomes in patients receiving comparable chemotherapy dosing regimens. The purpose of this review is to present some approaches to chemotherapy individualization, examples of how this might be applied, and speculation as to how recent advances in pharmacogenetics may lead to further dose-optimization.Whilst it is hoped that the design of new agents, targeted to specific genes involved in oncogenesis, will lead to increased success in the treatment of cancer patients, it is essential that the drugs currently available are used to their maximum potential.     

Readiness to change smoking behavior in adolescents with psychiatric disorders

There has been recent increased interest in utilizing motivational interviewing (MI) to increase adolescent readiness to quit smoking, but attempts to impact quit rates have thus far been discouraging. A better understanding of factors associated with adolescent readiness to quit smoking prior to receiving any intervention may provide guidance when tailoring future MI interventions in order to increase their effectiveness with this population. Adolescent smokers (N=191) who had been admitted to a psychiatric hospital and enrolled in a clinical trial evaluating MI completed questionnaires that assessed smoking behavior and variables thought to be related to smoking. Confidence to quit smoking and negative beliefs about smoking were significant predictors of adolescents' baseline readiness to quit smoking. The failure to demonstrate relationships between health consequences and readiness suggest that caution may be warranted in the use of feedback, a common component of MI-based interventions. Such feedback tends to focus on health consequences, which was unrelated to adolescent baseline readiness to change smoking behavior in the current study. Parallels between current results and the Theory of Planned Behavior are discussed in consideration of developing more effective MI-based interventions for adolescent smokers.     

Improving the Remediation Process for Skills-based Laboratory Courses in the Doctor of Pharmacy Curriculum

When students fail to meet minimum competence standards on summative pharmacy skills-based assessments, remediation can be used to ensure student readiness for progression. Skills-based remediation is challenging as a high volume of resources is required to develop an action plan that addresses the heterogeneity in student needs and to create and execute another assessment equivalent to the initial assessment. Although many Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) programs face these same challenges, there is no consensus on how to best address them. Recently, faculty from six PharmD programs convened to share ideas and approaches to overcoming these challenges. This commentary aims to define remediation as it pertains to summative skills-based assessments, share our consensus views regarding remediation best practices, and highlight areas where there is more work to be done. Our intent is to advance the ongoing conversation and empower institutions to develop their own effective and impactful skills-based remediation policies, procedures, and activities.     

Research on Moflo XDP high speed cell sorting techniques and parameter optimization

This article aims to discuss strategies to operate Moflo XDP high-speed sorting equipment for cell sorting and optimize the instrument to run in the best operating state. Using fluorescent microspheres to quickly calibrate the position of the main liquidflow and the laser beam, adjust the amplitude and frequency according to different size CytoNozzles to find the best breakoff point, and adjust the four-way side flow to achieve the stable maintaining of the equipment, so as to quickly sort sample at high-speed. The absence of air bubbles in the sheath liquid barrel and the liquid path is the key to achieving a stable sorting-maintaining in the sorting process. The accurate calculation of the breakoff point and drop delay is the key to improve sorting efficiency and cell activity.     

Effects of methysergide, pizotifen and ergotamine in the monkey cranial circulation.

Internal and external carotid vascular resistances were measured, in anaesthetized monkeys, to asses the direct cranial vascular effects of i.v. methysergide, pizotifen and ergotamine, and their effects on the cranial vascular responses to the constrictors 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline and the dilators histamine, prostaglandin E1 and bradykinin. Methysergide reduced responses to 5-HT, and tended to potentiate the external carotid responses to noradrenaline. Pizotifen blocked responses to histamine; it tended to reduce internal carotid responses to 5-HT, but it potentiated external carotid 5-HT responses. Ergotamine reduced responses to 5-HT and noradrenaline, but this was probably related to its cranial vasoconstrictor effects, especially in the external carotid circulation. Methysergide induced weak transient cranial vasoconstriction and pizotifen had no direct effects. These findings may be relevant to the therapeutic actions of these drugs in migraine, since the doses used approximated to those used clinically.     

Smokers' beliefs about the inability to stop smoking

We recruited 367 current daily smokers via the Internet and randomized them to rate the causes of an inability to stop smoking, inability to stop problem alcohol use, or inability to lose excess weight in a fictional scenarios. Most smokers attributed inability to stop smoking to addiction (88%), habit (88%) and stress (62%). Surprisingly, equal numbers of smokers agreed and disagreed that inability to stop smoking was due to lack of willpower or motivation. Most disagreed that it was due to biological factors, denial, family/upbringing, genetics, mental disease, personality problem, psychological problems, or weakness of character. Many expected correlations among perceived causes were not found; e.g. endorsement of addiction was not inversely related to endorsement of willpower. Most smokers endorsed treatment. Higher ratings of addiction were related to endorsing treatment, and higher ratings of motivation were related to endorsing no need for treatment; however, these relationships were of small magnitude. Ratings of almost all the causes varied across the three problems; e.g. ratings of addiction were greater for smoking than for problem alcohol use. In summary, smokers appear to view the inability to stop smoking as multicausal; however, their views of causes are only weakly related to attitudes towards treatment. Given the several unexpected findings, qualitative research into smokers' conceptualizations about smokers' inability to stop smoking is indicated.     

Binding of propofol to blood components: implications for pharmacokinetics and for pharmacodynamics

AIMS: Propofol is a widely used i.v. anaesthetic agent. However, its binding properties to blood components have not been fully studied. METHODS: We studied the binding of propofol to erythrocytes, to human serum and to isolated serum proteins. Because propofol bound to ultrafiltration and equilibrium dialysis membranes, we used a co-binding technique with dextran coated charcoal and with erythrocytes. RESULTS: Propofol free fraction in blood was 1.2-1.7% at total concentrations ranging from 2.80 to 179 microM (0.5 to 32 microg ml(-1)). Fifty percent was bound to erythrocytes and 48% to serum proteins, almost exclusively to human serum albumin. In the clinical range of concentrations (0.5-16 microg ml(-1)) 40% of the molecules bound to erythrocytes are on the red blood cells membranes. No binding to lipoproteins occurred and binding to alpha1-acid glycoprotein was less than 1.5% CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that hypoalbuminaemia may increase propofol free fraction particularly during prolonged administration. Since propofol is non-restrictively cleared, no change in clearance is expected to occur, and the increase in free fraction will not be compensated by a parallel increase in clearance. It is also noted that many in vitro studies used concentrations 50 to 500 times the concentration expected to be encountered in the immediate cellular environment.     

Renal vascular effect of dipyridamole: Potentiation of norepinephrine and adenosine

The effect of dipyridamole on the renal vascular responses to adenosine and to norepinephrine was examined in the dog. When dipyridamole was infused in a concentration of 0.05 to 0.3 μg/ml of perfused blood, vasoconstrictor responses to adenosine and norepinephrine were potentiated by 50 to 70 percent. Similar potentiation was observed on the responses to renal nerve stimulation and to tyramine. Potentiating effects of dipyridamole were reduced when the infusion rate was increased to 0.4 to 1.0 μg/ml. The mechanism remains unexplained.     

Differential effects of chronic treatment with chlorpromazine versus cocaine on behavioral responsiveness to nigral GABA receptor stimulation

We examined whether any locus postsynaptic to the GABAergic striatonigral projection might be involved in the enhancement of behavioral response to dopaminergic stimulants induced by chronic treatment with either neuroleptic drugs or stimulants. Rats exposed chronically to either chlorpromazine or cocaine were tested for behavioral responses to bilateral intranigral microinfusions of muscimol (2.5 ng bilaterally). Chronic chlorpromazine-treated rats responded with more intense stereotypy to nigral muscimol than controls, but chronic cocaine-treated rats were less responsive than controls to intranigral muscimol. It therefore appears that changes in the responsiveness of neural outputs from, or distal to, substantia nigra may contribute to the enhanced behavioral effects of dopaminergic stimulants caused by chronic exposure to dopaminergic antagonists, but that the critical neural changes responsible for cocaine sensitization probably do not occur at, or distal to, the nigral outflow from the basal ganglia. At least at the nigral level, different neural mechanisms evidently mediate the increased stereotypy response to dopaminergic stimulation induced by chronic administration of either neuroleptic or stimulant drugs.