磷化铝堵洞灭鼠现场试验效果观察

<正> 磷化铝颗粒是一种主要用于粮食部门储粮熏蒸灭虫、灭鼠的剧毒药物,其作用是通过磷化铝与水分子发生化学反应产生高效剧毒、有大蒜味、比重为1:183的磷化氢气体而达到灭虫、灭鼠。为了解该药堵洞灭鼠效果,为大面积使用提供科学依据,我们于1997年9月下旬,选择市区内的垃圾处理     

大中型活动中心鼠类防制方法应用

目的:探索重要活动中大型场馆灭鼠方法。方法:通过鼠迹调查及笼夹法测鼠密度,了解鼠情;室内采用物理防制与完善防鼠设施相结合的方法进行鼠害防制,外环境用磷化铝进行堵洞灭鼠。结果:改善了场馆防鼠设施;用磷化铝进行堵洞灭鼠,有效地减轻了场馆鼠害。结论:通过加强防鼠设施建设可安全有效地降低鼠密度;用磷化铝进行堵洞灭鼠是外环境灭鼠最有效的方法之一。     

磷化铝对达乌尔黄鼠杀灭效果的试验观察

目的观察磷化铝对达乌尔黄鼠的杀灭效果,并对不同年代不同厂家生产的磷化铝灭鼠效果进行对比。方法查洞堵洞法。结果除1995年出厂的磷化铝灭效稍差外,其余年份磷化铝灭效均较好,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论不同年代的磷化铝用于杀灭达乌尔黄鼠均能起到很好的效果,选择适宜的使用方法和灭鼠时机效果更佳。     

江阴市2004-2011年化学性食物中毒情况分析

目的了解近年来江阴市化学性食物中毒事件发生的原因和流行特征,为制订有效控制措施提供依据。方法从2004-2011年江阴市食物中毒报表资料中收集有关化学性食物中毒的全部个案报表,按年度、季节、城乡、场所及发生原因等方面进行统计和分析。结果 2004-2011年江阴市发生化学性食物中毒事件16起,中毒153人,死亡1人,分别占江阴市同期食物中毒报告总数的15.69%、9.36%和100.00%。主要中毒因子是有机磷(50.00%)和亚硝酸盐(18.75%);中毒场所以家庭为主(50.00%),其次是集体食堂(37.50%);误食(68.75%)是化学性食物中毒的主要原因;农村发生中毒的起数(81.25%)远高于城市;2009-2011年中毒发生率呈明显下降趋势。结论进一步加强对有机磷农药、亚硝酸盐等剧毒化学品的监管,进一步提高社会公众的道德法制观念、卫生意识与自我保护能力,是减少化学性食物中毒事件发生的有效途径。     

2000～2004年我国食物中毒情况分析

目的 探讨近5来我国食物中毒发生规律和防控措施。方法 对中国2000～2004年食物中毒的发生起数、中毒人数、死亡人数、病死率等进行描述性分析。结果 集体食堂、家庭和饮食服务单位是中毒的高发场所；微生物污染是导致食物中毒的主要原因，化学性中毒死亡人数最多。结论 我国食物中毒形势依然严峻；应针对不同场所制定相应防控措施；微生物污染和化学性中毒的防控亟待加强；食物中毒种类鉴别方法尚需改进。     

上海市1990～2000年集体性食物中毒分析

目的：通过对1990－2000年上海市集体性食物中毒（指中毒人数≥10人的食物中毒）的分析，揭示其分布、原因及变化趋势，为预防集体性食物中毒提供依据。方法：对各区、县卫生监督部门上报的集体性食物中毒报告资料进行统计学、流行病学分析。结果：1990－2000年上海市集体性食物中毒发生率维持在较低水平，共发生集体性食物中毒356起、平均每年32．3起，中毒人数13925人、平均每年1265．9人，68．8％为细菌性食物中毒，23．9％为化学性食物中毒、7．3％为其他食物中毒。63．7％的细菌性食物中毒是由副溶血性弧菌性引起，占细菌性食物中毒的第1位，84．7％的化学性食物中毒是有机磷农药污染蔬菜引起，占化学性食物中毒的第1位。近年来盐酸克伦特罗残留肉品成为造成化学性食物中毒又一主要原因。结论：为预防集体性食物中毒的发生，应加强食品卫生监测，应用食品安全的危险分析手段，在食品行业推广HACCP（关键控制点危害因素分析）的管理方法     

突发食物中毒的理化分析检验

这几年发生的食物中毒中化学性食物中毒越来越多，随着有毒物质的日益增多，不明原因的食物中毒也增多，这对及时准确处理突发事件带来严重的影响。本实验室对四平市中心医院一名食物中毒患者的洗胃液，呕吐物，食物，食具进行分析检验，结果证实为有机磷引起的食物中毒。     

深圳市某中心区2006～2012年食物中毒情况分析

目的：了解深圳市某中心区食物中毒发病现状,为采取有效预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法：对某中心区2006～2012年食物中毒发生情况进行统计分析。结果：2006～2012年共处理确诊食物中毒36起,中毒319人,无重大食物中毒,无死亡。食物中毒场所分布主要分布在集体食堂、餐饮服务单位,中毒起数占总起数86.11%,家庭、商场、食品摊档次之。36起食物中毒中,细菌性食物中毒占总中毒起数63.88%,化学性食物中毒占19.44%,动植物性食物中毒占8.33%。主要发生在第二、三季度的中毒起数占总起数的69.44%,中毒人数占总中毒人数的65.20%。结论：某中心区食物中毒主要为细菌性食物中毒,食物中毒发生的起数和中毒人数总体呈逐年下降趋势,但近年化学性食物中毒比例有上升趋势。加强卫生监测和宣传食品安全教育是预防食物中毒的关键措施。     

26起化学性食物中毒分析

目的分析永城市化学性食物中毒资料,探索发生特点,找出关键控制环节,提出救治方法。方法对永城市1990-2009年26起化学性食物中毒资料按城乡分布、中毒场所分布、中毒食品、中毒因子、中毒原因等进行统计分析。结果化学性食物中毒人数及致死人数在本地占比分别为53.6%和100%,农村和餐饮经营单位发生较多,肉类及混合食品为主要载体,亚硝酸盐、鼠药类、农药类为主要致病因子,中毒原因主要是误用及不明污染。加强县级疾控机构实验室建设、部门联动加强食品安全监管、从食品添加剂中删除亚硝酸盐是本文提出的观点,并提出了亚硝酸盐、毒鼠强等化学性食物中毒的处置救治方法。     

群体性食物中毒的护理

食物中毒是指正常人在正常情况下经口摄入有毒有害物质污染的食物或含有生物性化学性有毒有害食物后发生的急性或亚急性非感染性疾病,以细菌性食物中毒最为常见。据统计,每年发生的细菌性食物中毒事件占食物中毒的60％左右,中毒人数占总数的70％-90％。特别是在夏秋季,由于温湿度高,细菌等微生物大量生长繁殖。而在此季节,人们又喜食瓜果或凉拌菜,容易发生食物中毒,特别是集体就餐场所更易发生群体性食物中毒。我科2008年7月份收治了一批76例群体食物中毒患者,通过及时治疗和护理均痊愈出院。报告如下。     

Aluminium phosphide poisoning: a prospective study of 16 cases in one year

Sixteen patients suffering from aluminium phosphide poisoning were treated during the year from January 1985 to December 1985. These accounted for approximately half the total number of cases of acute poisoning. Profuse vomiting, pain in the upper abdomen and shock were the most common presenting features. Six patients succumbed to their illness. Analysis of various prognostic factors revealed that ingestion of 'unexposed' tablets of aluminium phosphide taken from a freshly opened bottle was associated with a greater risk of fatal outcome. Aluminium phosphide poisoning has become an important matter of public health in parts of India.     

PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN ALUMINIUM PHOSPHIDE POISONING

A prospective study was done on 12 consecutive cases of aluminium phosphide poisoning admitted to a zonal hospital in Punjab. Patients were in 18-36 years age group and mortality was more in females. The dose of aluminium phosphide was more in non-survivors and fresh tablets were more likely to cause fatality. Early vomitting and prompt initiation of treatment resulted in better outcome. Survivors responded to treatment early, but duration of shock had no predictive value. Shock and cardiac arrhythmias were present in all cases and extracardiac complications occurred more commonly in fatal group. With vigorous treatment of shock and other complications 33 per cent of the cases could be saved.KEYWORDS: Aluminium phosphide poisoning, Complications, Mortality, Prognostic factors     

Current trend of poisoning--a hospital profile

A one-year study was carried out among the poisoning cases admitted in the emergency wing of Guru Nanak Dev Hospital attached to Government Medical College, Amritsar during the period from 10-5-1997 to 9-5-1998. Out of 10,664 admitt emergencies, 3.19% were poisoning cases. Male to female ratio was nearly 3:1. Majority (45.59%) of the victims were in the age group of 21-30 years, 69.12% were married and 51.47% belonged to urban area. At the time of admission 61.47% cases were conscious, 26.17% were partially conscious and 12.36% were unconscious. Majority (76.47%) of the victims committed suicide, in 20.88% cases manner of death was accident and homicide was reported in 1.76% cases. Commones poison was aluminium phosphide (38.23%) followed by organophosphorus compounds (17.64%). The study observed increasing trend of suicide by aluminium phosphide and organophosphorus compounds, whereas other poisons for committing suicide were less commonly used.     

Successful management of hypokalaemia related conduction disturbances in acute aluminium phosphide poisoning

A case of acute aluminium phosphide poisoning is described, who presented in shock secondary to electrolyte related cardiac rhythm disturbance and the judicious correction of the same could save his life without any consequence.     

Mortality in acute aluminium phosphide poisoning having hypomagnesaemia with and without ECG changes

Acute aluminium phosphide poisoning produces hypomagnesaemia with or without ECG changes. The mortality rate is significantly higher in those patients with hypomagnesaemia who have ECG changes.     

Dangerous bodies: a case of fatal aluminium phosphide poisoning

A case of fatal aluminium phosphide poisoning that forced the evacuation of the emergency department of a Sydney teaching hospital highlights the importance of hospitals being able to safely manage hazardous materials incidents.     

急性磷化铝中毒临床和胸部X线表现

对１０例经口服磷化铝急重重度中毒患者的临床和胸部Ｘ线表现进行了观察，发现临床和Ｘ线胸片均有肺水肿表现。肺水肿在Ｘ线胸片上分为间质性和肺泡性两类。讨论了Ｘ线表现与临床症状的关系；强调早期地重症磷化铝中毒患者进行Ｘ线胸片检查有助于生肺水肿的防治。     

Pesticide poisoning

Acute poisoning with pesticides is a global public health problem and accounts for as many as 300,000 deaths worldwide every year. The majority of deaths occur due to exposure to organophosphates, organochlorines and aluminium phosphide. Organophosphate compounds inhibit acetylcholinesterase resulting in acute toxicity. Intermediate syndrome can develop in a number of patients and may lead to respiratory paralysis and death. Management consists of proper oxygenation, atropine in escalating doses and pralidoxime in high doses. It is Important to decontaminate the skin while taking precautions to avoid secondary contamination of health personnel. Organochlorine pesticides are toxic to the central nervous system and sensitize the myocardium to catecholamines. Treatment involves supportive care and avoiding exogenous sympathomimetic agents. Ingestion of paraquat causes severe inflammation of the throat, corrosive injury to the gastrointestinal tract, renal tubular necrosis, hepatic necrosis and pulmonary fibrosis. Administration of oxygen should be avoided as it produces more fibrosis. Use of immunosuppressive agents have improved outcome in patients with paraquat poisoning. Rodenticides include thallium, superwarfarins, barium carbonate and phosphides (aluminium and zinc phosphide). Alopecia is an atypical feature of thallium toxicity. Most exposures to superwarfarins are harmless but prolonged bleeding may occur. Barium carbonate Ingestion can cause severe hypokalaemia and respiratory muscle paralysis. Aluminium phosphide is a highly toxic agent with mortality ranging from 37% to 100%. It inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and leads to pulmonary and cardiac toxicity. Treatment is supportive with some studies suggesting a beneficial effect of magnesium sulphate. Pyrethroids and insect repellants (e.g. diethyltoluamide) are relatively harmless but can cause toxic effects to pulmonary and central nervous systems. Ethylene dibromide-a highly toxic, fumigant pesticide-produces oral ulcerations, followed by liver and renal toxicity, and is almost uniformly fatal. Physicians working in remote and rural areas need to be educated about early diagnosis and proper management using supportive care and antidotes, wherever available.     

Corrosive-like strictures caused by ingestion of aluminium phosphide

Aluminium phosphide ingestion is a major cause of poisoning-related mortality in tropical countries. Local oesophageal complications due to aluminium phosphide have been reported to occur rarely. We describe 3 patients who survived the intake of aluminium phosphide tablets and developed oesophageal strictures.