X线放射吸收法指骨骨密度测定在绝经后女性骨质疏松症诊断中的应用

目的:评价X线放射吸收法(Radiographic Absorptiometry,RA)测定指骨骨密度与双能X线吸收法(Dual energy X-ray radiogrammetry,DEXA)测定腰椎和股骨颈骨密度在诊断绝经后女性骨质疏松症的一致性。方法:选取65名绝经后女性,均用RA测定指骨骨密度和DEXA测定腰椎和股骨颈骨密度,用线性回归分析比较两种方法所测的骨质量(Bone mineral density,BMD),用Bland-Altman(B-A)作图法分析比较两种方法所测T值。结果:RA测定指骨BMD与DEXA测定腰椎和股骨颈BMD呈线性关系,相关系数R2分别为0.64、0.56(P<0.01)。B-A分析法显示两种方法检测T值的一致性较好。结论:RA指骨骨密度测定法可应用于绝经后女性骨质疏松症的筛查。     

超声骨密度检查对社区绝经后妇女骨质疏松症筛查效果评价

目的 观察超声骨密度检查（QUS）对社区绝经后妇女骨质疏松症的筛查效果。方法 2011年8月-2012年7月,采用目的抽样法,在北京市西城区北区、西城区南区、东城区、海淀区各选择1个社区卫生服务机构,分别是首都医科大学附属复兴医院月坛社区卫生服务中心、广内社区卫生服务中心、天坛社区卫生服务中心、双榆树社区卫生服务中心,各社区卫生服务中心通过募集志愿者的方式征集研究对象,最终共选择符合纳入与排除标准的绝经后妇女717例为研究对象。根据年龄分为3组,≤59岁组304例,60~69岁组231例,≥70岁组182例。所有研究对象同时进行双能X线吸收仪（DXA）骨密度检测和QUS,以DXA骨密度检测为金标准。DXA骨密度检测股骨颈骨密度值,检查结果用T值表示;QUS测量双足跟骨骨密度,检查结果用T值表示,选取最低T值作为本研究数据。结果 DXA骨密度检测结果显示,717例绝经后妇女中,241例（33.6%）骨量正常,341例（47.6%）骨量低下,135例（18.8%）骨质疏松症。各组绝经后妇女DXA骨密度比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。随年龄增加,低T值（T值≤-2.5）比例增加（χ2趋势=123.381,P＜0.001）。QUS结果显示,717例绝经后妇女中,53例（7.4%）T值≥-1.0,152例（21.2%）-1.5≤T值＜-1.0,243例（33.9%）-2.0≤T值＜-1.5,156例（21.8%）-2.5＜T值＜-2.0,113例（15.8%）T值≤-2.5。各组绝经后妇女QUS骨密度比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。随年龄增加,低T值比例增加（χ2趋势=47.643,P＜0.001）。DXA骨密度与QUS骨密度呈正相关（r=0.488,P＜0.05）。QUS诊断骨质疏松症的受试者工作特征曲线下面积（AUC）为0.793,95%CI（0.752,0.834）。QUS骨密度T值＜-2.0诊断骨质疏松症的AUC为0.734,95%CI（0.687,0.781）,T值=-2.0诊断骨质疏松症的灵敏度为75.6%、特异度为71.3%、总符合率为72.1%、Youden′s指数为46.9%、Kappa值=0.339;T值＜-2.2诊断骨质疏松症的AUC为0.716,95%CI（0.664,0.768）,T值=-2.2诊断骨质疏松症的灵敏度为60.7%、特异度为82.5%、总符合率为78.4%、Youden′s指数为43.2%、Kappa值=0.379。结论 QUS可以作为绝经后妇女骨质疏松症的筛查工具应用于社区;取T值=-2.0作为诊断的临界值有较好的灵敏度和特异度;确诊仍需进一步行DXA骨密度检测。     

DXA腰椎骨密度诊断评价超声诊断骨质疏松的阈值研究

目的以金标准DXA对骨定量超声的实用性进行评价.方法对291例20～79岁的妇女,排除了继发性骨质疏松,同时做腰椎正侧位骨密度测定和用CM-100型超声骨密度仪做右跟骨SOS测量;用SOS不同的诊断阈值与DXA T≤-2.5的阈值的结果比较.结果SOS诊断阈值为T≤-2.5时,敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为13.46%、86.10%和60.14%;SOS的T≤-2.0时,敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为32.69%、67.38%和54.98%;SOS的T≤-1.0时,敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为64.42%、37.97%和47.42%.以SOS的T≤-2.0的敏感度、特异度和准确度较为适宜.当超声T≤-2.5则敏感度太低,反之T≤-1.0则误诊率高达62.03%且准确度也低.结论建议骨定量超声的诊断阈值为T≤-2.0较为适宜.     

QCT与DXA对绝经后妇女骨质疏松症检出率的对比

目的 对比定量计算机断层扫描法（quantitative computed tomography,QCT）与双能X线吸收法（dual energy X-ray absorptiometry,DXA）在绝经后妇女中骨质疏松症的检出率,并分析两者差异性的原因。方法 收集的148例绝经后妇女,平均年龄（63.7±10.4）岁,分别采用DXA、QCT测量腰椎骨密度（bone mineral density,BMD）,计算2种方法对骨质疏松症的检出率,并对测量的结果进行分析比较,查看诊断不一致患者的腰椎CT平扫图像,以评估是否有椎体骨折、脊柱退行性改变和腹主动脉钙化等情况。结果 148例受试者,QCT的检出率为45.9%(68/148),DXA的检出率为26.4%(39/148),差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。92例受试者（62.2%）的DXA和QCT的诊断是一致的;56例（37.8%）受试者DXA和QCT的诊断不一致,其中QCT诊断为骨质疏松,DXA为骨量减少的例数占48.2%(27/56);QCT为骨量减少,DXA为骨量正常的例数占33.9%(19/56)。在56例诊断不一致的患...     

从脆性骨折患者的骨密度结果看骨质疏松症的早期诊断

目的 提高对骨质疏松症(OP)早期诊断的认识.方法 回顾性研究279例确诊脆性骨折患者,经双能X线骨密度仪(DXA)测定骨密度(BMD),探讨不同诊断标准(T值≤-2.5SD和T值≤-2.0SD)对OP的诊断检出率,并对相应的临床特征和危险因素进行比较分析.结果 279例脆性骨折患者以T值≤-2.5SD和T值≤-2.0SD为标准OP诊断检出率分别为51.6%和75.6%,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);其中以T值≤-2.5SD为标准,OP检出组的年龄、有症状者的比例高于非检出组(67.5±12.3 vs 65.3±11.6;27.6% vs 14.7%,P＜0.05),但危险因素总数低于非检出组(36.2% vs 63.8%,P＜0.05);股骨颈BMD随年龄的增长而下降(F=4.3,P＜0.05).结论 以骨密度T值≤-2.0SD作为国人OP诊断标准可能比T值≤-2.5SD的标准更为合适;OP早期诊断需结合临床特征及高危因素,并选择合理BMD测量部位.     

2型糖尿病患者指骨骨密度的比较研究

目的 观察2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者指骨骨密度（BMD）改变并与正常人群比较。方法 采用Metriscan骨密度仪检测指骨BMD。结果 （1）指骨BMD与腰椎（L2-4）和股骨颈BMD呈正相关（r=0．737，0．715，P〈0．05）；（2）正常女性峰值骨量为31～40岁；（3）糖尿病组指骨BMD与正常组间差异有显著性意义，绝经后T2DM妇女指骨BMD与正常组、T2DM组绝经前的妇女及男性间差异有显著性意义。结论 指骨BMD与腰椎及股骨颈BMD有明显相关性。2型糖尿病患者骨量丢失的规律与正常人相近，而LDM患者指骨BMD明显低于正常人。     

前臂骨密度测定诊断绝经后类风湿关节炎合并骨质疏松的价值

目的观察绝经后女性类风湿关节炎（RA）患者前臂骨密度（BMD）的变化,探讨前臂BMD对骨质疏松的诊断价值。方法选取绝经后女性RA患者193例,双能X线吸收法（DXA）测量非受力（左）侧前臂远端1/3处BMD,并测量中轴部分[正位腰椎（L2~4段）及左髋部]BMD。根据中轴部位BMD值,将RA患者分为正常及异常者,比较不同患者前臂BMD、骨矿含量及T值。采用ROC曲线分析前臂BMD对不同部位骨质疏松的预测价值。结果中轴BMD值异常164例,其中骨量减少71例,骨质疏松74例,严重骨质疏松19例;中轴BMD值正常仅29例。前臂BMD值异常146例,其中骨量减少60例,骨质疏松67例,严重骨质疏松19例;前臂BMD值正常47例。中轴BMD正常者年龄明显小于异常者,前臂BMD、骨矿含量及T值均明显优于异常者,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.01）。腰椎、左髋部BMD正常者年龄均明显小于异常者,前臂BMD、骨矿含量及T值均明显优于异常者,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.01）。ROC曲线显示：前臂BMD诊断腰椎骨质疏松的AUC为0.932,最佳T值为0.355,灵敏度为0.814,特异度为0.951;前臂BMD诊断左髋部骨质疏松的AUC为0.955,最佳T值为0.365,灵敏度为0.776,特异度为0.973。结论前臂BMD对腰椎、左髋部骨质疏松的诊断准确性较高,可作为诊断绝经后女性RA患者椎体、髋部骨质疏松的辅助工具。     

定量超声测定法与双能X线吸收法评估18～40岁成人骨健康的比较分析

目的 比较定量超声测定法(QUS)与双能X线吸收法(DXA)测量广州市18～40岁成人骨密度的一致性，评估QUS识别低骨量的诊断价值。方法 在731名研究对象中，采用DXA测量骨密度(BMD),QUS测量超声传导速度(SOS)。采用Bland-Altman分析评价SOS与BMD Z值的一致性。以BMD Z≤-2.00作为低骨量的诊断标准，绘制QUS的受试者工作特征曲线，并计算曲线下面积(AUC)以及SOS Z值最佳截断值的灵敏度、特异度和正确诊断指数。结果 Bland-Altman分析结果显示，男、女性的SOS和BMD Z值的均值差值分别为1.27(-0.94～3.47)和0.93(-1.33～3.18)。男、女性中SOS Z值诊断低骨量的AUC分别为0.734(95%CI=0.380～0.788)、0.679(95%CI=0.625～0.732)。男性中，低骨量的SOS Z值最佳截断值为-0.35,灵敏度、特异度和正确诊断指数分别为64.1%、68.6%和0.327;女性中，低骨量的SOS Z值最佳截断值为-1.14,灵敏度、特异度和正确诊断指数分别为73.9%、54.8%和0.28...     

双能X线骨密度仪评估绝经后妇女椎体脆性骨折及相关危险因素的分析

目的：通过双能X线骨密度仪对绝经后女性椎体脆性骨折的评估,探讨其发生的危险因素。方法：对来院体检的203例50岁以上绝经妇女用双能X骨密度测量仪（dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry,DXA）进行椎体骨折评估（verterbral fracture as－sessment,VFA）,并检测不同部位骨密度及相应T值,收集所有受检者一般资料。根据有无椎体骨折及椎体骨折部位分组。结果：胸椎及胸腰椎骨折组骨密度及T值均低于无椎体骨折组;骨质疏松时与无椎体骨折组比较差别有统计学意义（P<0.05）。腰椎骨折组骨密度、T值及骨量变化则均与无椎体骨折组差别无统计学意义。增龄、全髋骨密度及T值降低是椎体骨折的危险因素。结论：骨密度（bone mineral density,BMD）及T值的降低对绝经后妇女胸椎及胸腰椎骨折椎体脆性骨折有重要的预测价值,对腰椎骨折则有局限性。增龄、全髋骨密度及T值降低是椎体脆性骨折的危险因子。对绝经后妇女椎体脆性骨折的防治在重视骨密度的同时要联合进行椎体骨折评估。     

DXA测定大鼠离体骨骨密度的精确性及其初步应用

目的探讨应用双能X线吸收法(DXA)骨密度仪测量大鼠离体骨骨密度(BMD)的精确性及其实用性。方法用DXA骨密度仪(NorlandExcellplus)重复测量10只Wistar大鼠离体的第5腰椎、双侧股骨BMD,获得其批内、批间变异系数(CV);测量90只Wistar大鼠离体的未去椎弓及去椎弓的第5腰椎、双侧股骨的BMD;测量去卵巢(Ovx)与假手术(Sham)大鼠离体的未去椎弓及去椎弓的第5腰椎、双侧股骨的骨密度。结果(1)各离体骨BMD值的批内CV:腰椎为1.58%、左侧股骨为0.90%、右侧股骨为0.86%;上述相应各部位的批间CV分别为2.22%、1.09%和1.20%;(2)DXA测量90只大鼠未去椎弓及去椎弓的腰椎、左侧股骨、右侧股骨的BMD值分别为(127.5±12.3)、(82.6±11.3)、(150.7±10.6)及(149.9±10.6)mg/cm2,左右股骨BMD值的相关系数为0.792(P<0.001);(3)去卵巢18周组与同龄假手术组BMD值比较,去椎弓的第5腰椎、左右两侧股骨远端干骺端的骨丢失率较大,下降率为10.0%～17.5%。结论以NorlandExcellplus型DXA测量大鼠离体骨的骨密度,其精确性良好,能较敏感地反映大鼠骨量的变化。     

定量超声骨质测量仪在骨质疏松症诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨定量超声骨质测量仪在骨质疏松症诊断中的临床应用价值。方法对180例50～79岁体检的绝经后健康女性人群,按不同年龄段分组,用双能X线吸收法（DXA）测定L1～L4、左股骨近端（股骨颈、ward三角、大转子）骨矿密度（BMD）、T值,定量超声法（QUS）测定左跟骨强度指数（SI）、T值,比较各年龄组间QUS较之DXA诊断骨质疏松症的敏感性及特异性,并采用ROC曲线探讨QUS诊断骨质疏松的临界点。结果各年龄组QUS与DXA常规测定部位诊断结果相比,诊断骨质疏松症的灵敏度为45．83％～70．00％,特异度73．33％～89．29％。根据QUS诊断骨质疏松症的ROC曲线,以T值-2．0为临界点,灵敏度与特异度较好。结论QUS与DXA相比,诊断骨质疏松症敏感性较差,特异性尚可。随年龄的增长,敏感性增加,但特异性降低。QUS值诊断骨质疏松症以T值-2．0为临界点较好。     

社区绝经后妇女骨质疏松症筛查结果及影响因素研究

目的 分析社区绝经后妇女骨质疏松症筛查结果及影响因素,评价亚洲绝经后妇女骨质疏松自我筛查(osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians,OSTA)指数评分对绝经后妇女骨质疏松风险的预测能力,为同行开展社区骨质疏松症相关人群识别提供经验借鉴。 方法 以2019年3—4月期间在上海市浦东新区曹路社区卫生服务中心参加骨质疏松筛查的5 191名绝经后妇女为研究对象。采用调查问卷结合跟骨超声骨密度检测进行骨质疏松筛查。采用SPSS 24.0统计学软件进行数据分析。 结果 5 191名绝经后妇女中,1 502人(28.93%)有中级及以上骨质疏松风险,且跟骨超声结果显示,1 280人(24.66%) T值≤-2.0。年龄越大、BMI越小、OSTA评分越低,T值越低(均P＜0.05),有无低体重、脆性骨折史、腰背部疼痛、跌倒史、帕金森、子宫及卵巢癌以及骨松风险分级不同,跟骨超声测量出的T值差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)。OSTA评分是否≤-1,与跟骨超声测出的T值是否≤-2.0,有较差的一致性(Kappa=0.197<0.4,P＜0.05)。 结论 社区骨质疏松风险人群的识别,可将OSTA评估、跟骨超声,与BMI或低体重、脆性骨折史、腰背部疼痛、跌倒史、帕金森、子宫及卵巢癌等个人健康并既往病史情况结合使用。      

亚洲骨质疏松筛查工具在健康体检中的筛查准确性评价及适宜切点研究

目的 探索亚洲骨质疏松筛查工具(osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians, OSTA)在中国健康体检人群中的筛查价值,探索适宜中国健康体检人群的最佳切点值。方法 选取2013—2016年在北京大学第三医院体检中心进行骨密度筛查的体检人群作为研究对象,定量超声骨密度检测(quantitative ultrasound, QUS)结果T值≤-2.5者定义为骨质疏松症患者。分析OSTA在不同切点时的灵敏度、特异度、似然比和曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC),比较不同切点时OSTA的筛查准确性,寻找适宜的切点值。结果 共纳入研究对象5 833名,平均年龄(48.3±17.5)岁,其中女性2 594人(占44.5%)。QUS检测结果显示骨质疏松患者403人(占总人群6.9%),女性患者343人(占女性人群13.22%)。在全年龄组人群中,OSTA国际常规切点值(≤-1)筛查骨质疏松的AUC为0.815(95%CI:0.804~0.825),女性人群筛查准确性(AUC=0.837,95%CI:0.823~0.851)优于男性人群(AUC=0.767,95%CI:0.752~0.781;P<0.05)。在全年龄组人群中以OSTA≤0为筛查切点值筛查骨质疏松的AUC为0.842(95%CI:0.832~0.851),准确性优于以-1为切点值(P<0.01),净重分类指数(net reclassification improvement,NRI)提高5.5%。40~65岁人群中,以OSTA≤0为筛查切点值时,筛查准确性较-1时提高明显(NRI=19.5%,P=0.003)。结论 OSTA筛查工具在健康体检人群中具有较好的骨质疏松筛查价值,且女性人群的筛查准确性优于男性,适度提高OSTA的筛查切点值能够在全年龄组人群和40~65岁年龄组人群中有更好的筛查获益。     

QUS与DXA在绝经期女性骨质疏松伴有胸肋关节痛患者中的诊断价值

［摘要］ 〖HTH〗目的〖HTSS〗〖KG*2〗探讨定量超声（quantitative ultrasound,QUS）与双能X线吸收仪（dual energy X-ray absorptiometer,DXA）对绝经期女性骨质疏松伴有胸肋关节痛患者骨密度检测的诊断价值。 〖HTH〗方法〖HTSS〗〖KG*2〗将行健康体检的260例绝经期女性且伴有胸肋关节痛患者作为研究对象,均行DXA监测（B组）、QUS检测（A组）,以DXA诊断结果作为金标准,比较2组检测准确率、敏感度及特异度的差异,分析QUS检测在绝经期女性骨质疏松伴有胸肋关节痛患者中的诊断价值。 〖HTH〗结果〖HTSS〗〖KG*2〗B组检出骨质疏松症52例,不同年龄组患者之间骨密度差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;A组检出骨质疏松症48例,不同年龄组患者之间骨密度差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。以B组诊断结果作为金标准,A组诊断骨质疏松症的敏感度为92.31%,特异度为99.42%,阳性预测值为97.22%,阴性预测值为96.10%。 〖HTH〗结论〖HTSS〗〖KG*2〗QUS用于诊断绝经期骨质疏松伴有胸肋关节痛患者具有较好的敏感度和特异度,阳性预测值较高,且无辐射,故有较好的临床应用前景。     

上海市绝经后妇女低骨量的简易筛选方法的建立和验证

目的建立一项简易的绝经后妇女低骨量筛选的方法。方法经筛选获得405名上海市绝经后健康妇女,填写有关低骨量危险因素的问卷调查表,并使用双能X线吸收仪测定股骨颈骨密度（BMD）以诊断骨质疏松（T值≤-2．5）。将股骨颈BMD与危险因素进行单元回归分析,得到有统计学意义的变量与股骨颈BMD进行多元回归分析,以进一步剔除无统计学意义的变量,将筛选出来的变量建立筛选指数模型,应用此模型中的变量计算筛选指数（Index）。将筛选指数做工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）,分析曲线下面积（AUC）,决定最终模型的参数。结果建立筛选指数仅由年龄和体重两个参数组成。筛选指数=2X体重（kg）／10＋[-1×年龄（岁）／10]。这项Index的灵敏度为93．4％,特异度为52．6％,它的AUC为0．818（95％可信度：0．766～0．870）。高危险人群组骨质疏松的患病率为58％,中等危险人群和低危险人群的患病率各为26％和2％。结论此筛选方法,可以帮助临床简便评价绝经后妇女的骨量状况,筛选出骨质疏松高危和低危人群。对低危险人群组,可能不必进行BMD检查,以节省检测费用。     

Development and validation of the Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument to facilitate selection of women for bone densitometry

BACKGROUND: Although mass screening for osteoporosis is not recommended among postmenopausal women, there is no consensus on which women should undergo testing for low bone mineral density. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a clinical tool to help clinicians identify which women are at increased risk for osteoporosis and should therefore undergo further testing with bone densitometry. METHODS: Using Ontario baseline data from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study, we identified all cognitively normal women aged 45 years or more who had undergone testing with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at both the femoral neck and the lumbar spine (L1-L4). Participants who had a previous diagnosis of osteoporosis or were taking bone active medication other than ovarian hormones were excluded. The main outcome measure was low bone mineral density (T score of 2 or more standard deviations below the mean for young Canadian women) at either the femoral neck or the lumbar spine. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were used to identify the simplest algorithm that would identify women at increased risk for low bone mineral density. RESULTS: The study population comprised 1376 women, of whom 926 were allocated to the development of the tool and 450 to its validation. A simple algorithm based on age, weight and current estrogen use (yes or no) was developed. Validation of this 3-item Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument (ORAI) showed that the tool had a sensitivity of 93.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 86.3%-97.0%) and a specificity of 46.4% (95% CI 41.0%-51.8%) for selecting women with low bone mineral density. The sensitivity of the instrument for selecting women with osteoporosis was 94.4% (95% CI 83.7%-98.6%). Use of the ORAI represented a 38.7% reduction in DXA testing compared with screening all women in our study. INTERPRETATION: The ORAI accurately identifies the vast majority of women likely to have low bone mineral density and is effective in substantially decreasing the need for all women to undergo DXA testing.     

骨转换指标测定在绝经后妇女骨质疏松症诊疗中的临床意义

目的研究骨转换指标在绝经后骨质疏松症患者中的变化,探讨骨转换指标测定在绝经后骨质疏松症中的临床应用价值。方法选择90例绝经后妇女为受试对象,包括58例骨质疏松患者,21例正常对照者和11例骨量减低者,采用化学发光法和酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清中骨转换指标。结果正常对照组与骨质疏松组相比PINP（血清I型胶原氨基端前肽）、OC（骨钙素）和Sclerostin均有显著性差异,并与骨密度存在显著相关性;单项指标中OC具有最佳灵敏度和特异性分别为68.7%和72.4%;OC和PINP联合检测具有最佳特异性和阳性预测值（76.5%和88.2%）;OC、PINP和Sclerostin联合检测具有最佳灵敏度和阴性预测值（81.8%和69.2%）。结论骨代谢指标可用于绝经后骨质疏松症的诊断,多指标联合检测可以显著提高检测性能。     

Accuracy study on "Osteorisk": a new osteoporosis screening clinical tool for women over 50 years old.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Osteoporosis is the greatest cause of quality-of-life reductions, morbidity and mortality among postmenopausal women, with growing incidence as populations age. Clinical tools like Osteorisk provide an easy-access and low-cost alternative method that helps physicians to reduce the need for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), the expensive gold standard examination for diagnosing osteoporosis. The aim here was to study the accuracy of Osteorisk using heel ultrasonography for bone mineral density (BMD). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study, at Faculdade de Medicina do ABC. METHODS: A structured questionnaire was applied to 615 postmenopausal women, with anthropometric measurements, Osteorisk calculations and quantitative ultrasound on the heel using Sonost 2000 equipment. RESULTS: 461 women were included, with mean age 60 +/- 9 years, weight 67.6 +/- 12.9 kg and body mass index (BMI) 28.8 +/- 5.0 kg/m(2). Their Osteorisk classifications were: 61.0% low-risk, 28.4% medium-risk and 10.6% high-risk. Quantitative ultrasound showed 81.3% low-risk, 10.0% medium-risk and 8.7% high-risk regarding osteoporosis. Statistically significant results were observed (p < 0.001) when Osteorisk was correlated with age, years since menopause and BMI. Correlating these same variables with quantitative ultrasound, statistically significant results were observed for age (p < 0.001), years since menopause (p < 0.001) and BMI (p < 0.006). The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value for Osteorisk were 64%, 6.7%, 89% and 30.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Osteorisk is a valid tool for screening for women at low risk of osteoporosis, making it possible for these women not to have to undergo densitometry.     

Assessment of bone marrow changes in postmenopausal women with varying bone densities: magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging

Background Recent studies suggest that bone marrow adipose tissue might play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. There are inconsistent findings on the relationship among marrow fat content, bone mineral density and apparent diffusion coefficient （ADC）. This study aimed to prospectively explore the efficacy of MR spectroscopy （MRS） and diffusion-weighted MR imaging （DWl） in detecting vertebral marrow changes in postmenopausal women with varying bone densities. Methods Both MRS and DWl of the lumber spine were performed in 102 postmenopausal women （mean age, （67.3±6.5） years; range, 55-83 years）, who underwent dual X-ray absorptiometry. Marrow fat content and ADC were compared and correlated among three groups： 24 with normal bone density, 31 with osteopenia and 47 with osteoporosis. Results Vertebral marrow fat content was significantly increased in the osteoporotic group （（65.60±7.68）%, P 〈0.001） and the osteopenic group （（57.68±6.45）%, P 〈0.001）, when compared with the normal bone density group （（51.67±3.27）%）. ADC values were significantly decreased in the osteoporotic group （（0.39±0.03）×10^-3mm^2/s, P 〈0.001） and in the osteopenic group （（0.42±0.02）×10^-3mm^2/s, P 〈0.001）, when compared with the normal bone density group （（0.47±0.03）×10^-3mm^2/s）. The marrow fat content negatively correlated with both bone density （r=-0.731, P 〈0.001） and marrow ADC （r=-0.572, P 〈0.001）. The bone density positively correlated with the ADC values （r=0.802, P 〈0.001）. Conclusions Postmenopausal women experience a corresponding increase in vertebral marrow fat content as the bone density decreases. Marrow fat content and ADC correlate to the bone density. MRS and DWl may indirectly assess the early bone marrow changes in postmenopausal women.     

Quantitative heel ultrasound as a predictor for osteoporosis

OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic value of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) to predict bone mineral density (BMD) categories as defined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Rheumatology department of a tertiary care hospital (Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW), 1997-1998. SUBJECTS: 326 healthy women aged 45-80 years who had volunteered for a twin study. Our study included both members of non-identical twin pairs but only one randomly selected member of identical twin pairs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: BMD categories as defined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry of lumbar spine and left hip, and QUS of calcaneus; sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios (LRs) of QUS parameters to diagnose osteoporosis as defined by BMD. RESULTS: The sensitivity of QUS to diagnose BMD osteoporosis varied between 9% and 47%, depending on the QUS parameter. The specificity of QUS was high (88%-100%). If all QUS parameters were normal, osteoporosis was unlikely (LR, 0-0.2). One QUS parameter, broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), was highly predictive of osteoporosis by BMD when in the osteoporotic range (LR, infinity), but had low sensitivity (9%). QUS results in the osteoporotic range for other parameters and all QUS results in the osteopenic range were less predictive (LR, 1.0-5.2) of osteoporotic BMD. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that, for most of those tested for osteoporosis by QUS in the community, uncertainty remains about expected BMD.