原发性高血压患者动态血压参数与左室肥厚的关系

目的:探讨原发性高血压患者24h动态血压参数与左室肥厚的关系。方法:选择我院收治的106例原发性高血压患者(高血压组)和50例健康志愿者(健康对照组)进行24h动态血压监测。原发性高血压组患者按临床情况分为Ⅰ期(43例)、Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期(63例),根据左室质量指数(LVMI)分为不伴左室肥厚(NLVH)组(56例)和伴左室肥厚(LVH)组(50例),对其血压负荷和血压变异监测指标进行比较。结果:与Ⅰ期高血压患者相比,Ⅱ和Ⅲ期患者的24hSBP负荷≥25%(20.93%比77.78%)、24h平均SBP(24hmSBP)≥130mmHg(30.23%比73.02%)、24hSBP标准差(24hSSD)≥11.9(16.27%比82.54%)比例显著升高(P均=0.001)。与健康对照组比较,NLVH组和LVH组日间平均DBP(dmDBP)、夜间平均DBP(nmDBP)、24hSBP负荷、24hDBP负荷和夜间SBP(nSBP)负荷均显著增加(P0.05或0.01);与NLVH组比较,LVH组的24hmSBP、夜间平均SBP(nmSBP)、日间SBP(dSBP)负荷、24hSSD和日间SBP标准差(dSSD)均显著增加(P0.05或0.01);与Ⅰ期高血压组比较,Ⅱ和Ⅲ期高血压组24hmSBP、nmSBP、24hSBP负荷、nSBP负荷、24hSSD、dSSD和夜间SBP标准差(nSSD)均显著增加(P0.05或0.01)。结论:原发性高血压患者24h动态血压参数与左室肥厚有密切关系,降低24h动态血压负荷和变异性可降低左室肥厚的风险。     

原发性高血压患者血压变异性及昼夜节律与左室肥厚的关系

目的 探讨原发性高血压患者血压变异性及血压昼夜节律与心室肥厚的关系.方法 连续入选2010 年8 月至2012 年1 月,于中国医科大学附属第一医院心血管内科住院的原发性高血压患者共93例,根据超声心动图测量指标计算所得的左心室重量指数(LVMI)分为左心室肥厚(LVH)组与无LVH 组;再根据24 h 动态血压监测获得的结果分为血压晨峰组与无血压晨峰组,杓型血压组与非杓型血压组.分析比较24 h 血压、白昼和夜间血压均值、血压变异性、血压昼夜节律及晨峰与心室肥厚的相关性.结果 ①与无LVH 组相比,LVH 组24 小时收缩压(24 h SBP)、24 小时舒张压(24 h DBP)、白昼收缩压(dSBP)、白昼舒张压(dDBP)、夜间收缩压(nSBP)和夜间舒张压(nDBP)均升高,P<0.01;LVH 组24 小时平均收缩压标准差(24 hSSD)高于无LVH 组,P<0.05,但两组24 小时平均舒张压标准差(24 h DSD)无差别;与无LVH 组相比,LVH组夜间收缩压标准差(nSSD)和夜间舒张压标准差(dDSD)升高,P<0.01;但白昼收缩压标准差(dSSD)和白昼舒张压标准差(dDSD)无差别.②血压晨峰组LVMI 高于无血压晨峰组,P<0.05;血压晨峰组LVH 比率也高于无血压晨峰组,P<0.01;与无血压晨峰组相比,血压晨峰组24 h SBP、dSBP 和nSBP 均增高,P<0.05,但两组24 h DBP、dDBP 和nDBP 无差别.③杓型血压组LVMI 低于非杓形血压组,P<0.05;杓型血压组LVH 比率低于非杓形血压组,P<0.01;与非杓形血压组相比,杓型血压组nSBP、nDBP 均降低,P<0.01;而两组24 hSBP、24 h DBP、dSBP、dDBP 差异无统计学意义.结论 原发性高血压患者LVH 的发生与血压变异性和血压晨峰密切相关.具有血压晨峰的患者和血压昼夜节律消失的非杓型高血压患者更易出现LVH.     

动态血压监测高血压与左心室肥厚的关系

目的探讨高血压者(EH)血压负荷值与血压昼夜节律与左心室肥厚(LVH)的关系。方法采用24h动态血压(ABPM)监测100例EH者并应用心电图、超声心动图确定的有LVH和无LVH各50例,以24h白天、夜间平均血压(SBP和DBP)及血压负荷值,计算出血压昼夜节律值:(日间均值-夜间均值)/日间均值×100%,为参数指标。结果两组血压昼夜节律、血压负荷值、血压均值比较差异有显著性统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论血压昼夜节律及血压负荷值与高血压LVH密切相关,并对LVH的发生和预后有重要的指导价值。     

老年原发性高血压患者动态血压指标与靶器官损害的关系

目的:探讨老年原发性高血压(EH)患者动态血压各指标与靶器官损害的关系。方法:选择200例老年EH患者进行24h动态血压监测,其中45例无靶器官损害为EH对照组,155例并发心、脑、肾及多器官损害分别为心损害组(48例)、脑损害组(35例)、肾损害组(38例)、多器官损害组(34例),分析各组24h、白昼、夜间血压负荷值、血压昼夜节律、血压变异性。结果:与EH对照组比较,心损害、脑损害、肾损害、多器官损害组的24h、白昼、夜间血压负荷值明显升高[24h(64±13/53±12)%比(73±13/73±14)%比(77±12/74±11)%比(79±13/78±13)%比(85±12/86±13)%,P<0.01],夜间血压下降率明显降低[(10.6±0.6/10.7±0.6)%比(5.5±0.5/7.8±0.6)%比(5.4±0.5/7.6±0.5)%比(4.3±0.5/6.9±0.4)%比(1.8±0.5/3.0±0.5)%%,P<0.01或P<0.001],血压变异性明显增大[24h血压变异性(9.2±2.1)mmHg比(12.2±2.3)mmHg比(12.5±2.4)mmHg比(12.9±2.1)mmHg比(13.2±2.9)mmHg,P<0.05或P<0.01)];多器官损害组24h、白昼、夜间血压负荷值较心、脑、肾损害组明显升高(P<0.05),夜间血压下降率明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),血压变异性明显增大(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:老年原发性高血压伴靶器官损害者的血压负荷值明显升高,夜间血压下降率明显降低,血压变异性明显增大。     

原发性高血压病左室肥厚与血压变异性及血压昼夜节律的关系

目的 探讨原发性高血压病左室肥厚(LVH)与24h血压变异性及血压昼夜节律的关系。方法 运用无创性动态血压仪对56例原发性高血压患者(EH)进行24小时监测，分析其24h血压变异性系数和昼夜节律。并通过超声心动图进行左室重量测定，根据左室重量将其分为左室肥厚组(30例)和无左室肥厚组(26例)，同时将左室重量指数(LVMI)与上述参数进行相关性分析。结果 LVH组血压变异性平均血压水平较无LVH组明显增大，LVH组夜间血压下降率低于无LVH组。LVMI与血压变异性系数及平均血压水平呈正相关，与夜间血压下降率呈负相关。结论 EH平均血压升高、血压变异性增大及昼夜节律消失是导致LVH的原因之一。     

原发性高血压患者24h平均脉压与靶器官损害的关系

目的探讨原发性高血压(EH)患者24 h平均脉压(PP)与靶器官损害(TOD)的关系.方法对58例EH患者进行24 h无创性动态血压监测,并根据有无左室肥厚(LVH)分为两组非LVH组(21例)、LVH组(37例),其中LVH伴心功能不全者17例,心功能正常者20例进行观察.结果①LVH组心功能正常者24 h平均收缩压(SBP)、24 h平均PP显著大于非LVH组(P＜0.01);②左室质量指数、相对室壁厚度与24 h平均SBP、PP呈正相关(P＜0.01);③LVH组伴或不伴心功能不全者24 h平均SBP、PP明显高于非LVH组(P＜0.01),LVH组伴心功能不全者24 h平均PP高于LVH心功能正常组(P＜0.05).结论24 h平均PP增大在EH伴LVH的发展中起作用,且对靶器官损害程度有预测价值.     

原发性高血压左室肥厚与动态脉压及血压变异性的关系

目的探讨原发性高血压（EH）病人左室肥厚（LVH）与动态血压及血压变异性的关系。方法EH病人121例,行心脏彩色B超及24h动态血压检查。根据左室质量指数（LVMI）将EH病人分为LVH组与无LVH组,LVH组63例,无LVH组58例,分析两组病人的动态血压各参数的变化。结果LVH组动态脉压（包括24h、白天及夜间平均脉压）均高于无LVH组（P〈0.01）,而24h收缩压变异性低于无LVH组（P〈0.01）,LVMI与夜间平均脉压及24h收缩压变异性分别呈独立相关（偏回归系数分别为0.303与-0.165）。结论动态脉压及血压变异性是EH病人合并LVH的独立预测指标,它们在LVH的发生发展中所起的作用仍有待进一步研究。     

老年高血压患者动态血压负荷值与靶器官损害相关性分析

目的:探讨老年EH患者的动态血压负荷值与其靶器官损害的相关性。方法:选择178例老年EH患者进行24h动态血压监测,其中46例无靶器官损害为A组,132例并发心、脑、肾靶器官损害分别为B、C、D组,分析其24h、白昼和夜间血压负荷值。结果:A组血压负荷值明显高于正常值,但夜间血压负荷值较白昼血压负荷值明显降低。B、C、D组血压负荷值均较A组血压负荷值明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),且其白昼与夜间血压负荷值较接近。结论:与不存在靶器官损害的老年EH患者相比,存在靶器官损害者的夜间血压负荷值明显增高。     

原发性高血压患者血压变异性与左心室质量指数的相关性分析

目的探讨原发性高血压患者血压变异性(blood pressure variability,BPV)与左心室质量指数(left ventricular mass index,LVMI)的相关性。方法选择我院住院的原发性高血压患者95例,根据心电图、彩色超声心动图检查确定是否伴有左心室肥厚(left ventricular hypertrophy,LVH)分为LVH组42例及无LVH组53例,另选择血压正常且无LVH的健康体检者40例为对照组,收集3组一般临床资料,检测同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平,进行24 h动态血压监测,比较3组24 h、夜间、昼间平均血压、收缩压标准差和舒张压标准差及LVMI。结果3组年龄、体质量指数、吸烟、尿酸、血红蛋白、血脂、糖化血红蛋白及各时间段内平均血压比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组性别、糖尿病比例、Hcy、肌酐、LVMI及24 h、夜间、昼间收缩压标准差和舒张压标准差比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。LVH组男性比例、Hcy、LVMI及24 h、夜间、昼间收缩压标准差和舒张压标准差明显高于无LVH组和对照组(P<0.05),LVH组和无LVH组糖尿病比例和肌酐水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义[59.5%和56.6%vs 7.5%,(92.0±4.8)μmol/L和(81.3±15.9)μmol/L vs(65.4±13.2)μmol/L,P<0.05]。无LVH组与对照组LVMI及24 h、夜间、昼间收缩压标准差和舒张压标准差比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.01)。LVH组非杓型高血压比例明显高于无LVH组和对照组(85.7%vs 34.0%、5.0%,P=0.000)。结论BPV与高血压患者的LVH关系密切,其可能作为靶器官损伤最新的独立预测因素。     

高血压患者24h动态血压的昼夜规律及变异性研究

目的 探讨原发性高血压（EH）患者血压昼夜规律及血压波动程度即变异性的临床意义.方法 回顾分析65例EH患者24 h动态血压（24 h ABPM）监测报告.将65例EH患者分为两组：一组为高血压伴左心室肥大（LVH）30例,另一组为高血压不伴左心室肥大35例.选择同期健康体检者30名为正常血压对照组.对下列参数进行分析：①24 h平均收缩压（24 h SBP）与舒张压（24 h DBP）;②白昼平均收缩压（dSBP）与舒张压（dDBP）;③夜间平均收缩压（nSBP）与舒张压（nDBP）;④24 h收缩压标准差（24 h SSD）与舒张压标准差（24 h DSD）;⑤白昼收缩压标准差（dSSD）与舒张压标准差（dDSD）;⑥夜间收缩压标准差（nSSD）和舒张压标准差（nDSD）;⑦夜间/白昼平均收缩压比值（nSBP/dSBP）与舒张压比值（nDBP/dDBP）.结果 高血压伴LVH组与正常对照组或高血压无LVH组比较,24 h各时间段的血压均值及血压变异性差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,血压昼夜（清醒/睡眠）规律性不明显,nSBP/dSBP比值显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）.高血压无LVH组与正常对照组比较,血压均值差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,血压大多有较明显昼夜（清醒/睡眠）变化规律,血压变异性比较除白昼收缩压变异性有明显差异外,其余差异无统计学意义.结论 高血压不合并靶器官损害时,血压的变异性不显著,有明显昼夜规律性;高血压合并靶器官损害时,血压的变异性增大,无明显昼夜规律性,nSBP/dSBP比值明显增高.利用这些指标可评估高血压患者是否有靶器官损害,以便更有效地控制血压,减少并发症.     

Overview of blood pressure measurement by Brazilian health professionals

Although automated monitors for blood pressure (BP) measurement are used increasingly worldwide, understanding of how such devices are used in Brazil is low. This study analyzed the status of BP measurement by Brazilian health professionals. A questionnaire regarding experience with BP measurement was sent electronically to Brazilian nurses, nursing assistants, and doctors. It had 2004 responses. Previous experience with use of automated monitors was most frequent in men (71.2%), nursing technicians (65.5%), specialists (61.1%), secondary care (71.9%), emergency care (70.6%), or the private sector (66.3%). The least complied aspects of the standardized measurement protocol were availability of various cuff sizes (53.9% and 72.9% for auscultatory and oscillometric methods, respectively) and proper calibration checks (21.5% and 46.8% for auscultatory and oscillometric methods, respectively). Brazilian health professionals report not adequately performing all the necessary aspects to measure BP in accordance with the standardized protocol in both methods, but mainly regarding the oscillometric.     

Calculated mean arterial blood pressure in critically ill neonates

Summary Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the area under the pressure wave form averaged over the cardiac cycle. A widely used rule of thumb to estimate MAP of peripheral arterial pressure waves in adults is adding one-third of the pulse pressure (PP) to diastolic arterial pressure (DAP). However, radial artery pressure waves in newborns differ from those in adults and resemble proximal aortic pressure waves, so that the above-mentioned calculation of MAP may not be correct. The present study was set up to obtain an arithmetical approximation to derive MAP from blood pressure waves measured in the radial artery of the neonate. We accurately recorded about 300 invasively obtained blood pressure curves in the radial artery of 10 neonates admitted for intensive care. We found that MAP in the radial artery in these neonates can be well approximated by adding 46.6% PP to DAP (range 43.0–50.1%). We suggest that the rule of thumb to derive MAP from radial artery waves in the neonate to be approximately the average of systolic and diastolic pressure, as opposed to adding one-third of the pulse pressure to the diastolic value in the adult.Abbreviations ABP Arterial blood pressure - SAP Systolic arterial pressure - DAP Diastolic arterial pressure - MAP Mean arterial pressure - PP Pulse pressure - MAP% (MAP-DAP)/(SAP-DAP)×100% (i.e., level of the MAP in the wave, expressed in % PP) - PDA Patent ductus arteriosus - IRDS Idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome     

Noninvasive Estimation of End-Systolic Aortic Pressure in Children

To simplify the estimation of end-systolic aortic pressure ( P _es) noninvasively, a regression equation was derived from intra-arterial measurements. Peak-systolic ( P _ps), P _es, and diastolic aortic pressure ( P _d), pulse pressure ( P _p), heart rate, hemoglobin, body weight, and height were measured. Cardiac index and body surface area were calculated in 66 patients (17 with aortic runoff lesions, group I; 49 without lesions, group II) with various heart diseases without aortic stenosis (35 males, 31 females, mean age 4.6 years) during the course of diagnostic catheterization. Using a stepwise regression analysis, the following relationship was determined from the combined groups: P _es= 0.422* P _ps+ 0.617* P _d+ 1.377. The correlation between P _es measured directly and P _es calculated from our formula was quite strong( r = 0.957, P = 0.0001), as was the correlations between each subgroup ( r = 0.948, group I; r = 0.959, group II). The correlation between P _es calculated and that estimated using an indirect carotid pulse tracing method was also strong ( r = 0.912, P = 0.0001, n = 31). This regression equation appears applicable to infants or children with aortic runoff lesions in whom it is difficult to measure P _es by noninvasive methods using the carotid pulse. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 8, September 1991)     

Method for noninvasive measurement of central aortic systolic pressure

A method for noninvasive generation of central aortic systolic pressure curves is presented. The method is based on plotting the occlusive pressure values applied at the brachial artery level against the time intervals needed for the aortic pressure wave to equalize and break through the occlusive pressure at the brachial artery level. These time intervals were obtained by measuring the time from the beginning of depolarization (the QRS complex) to the detection of the pressure wave at the temporarily occluded brachial artery. The validity of the method was documented by 3 different approaches. The pressure values measured by a device developed by us were superimposed on the simultaneously measured central intra-aortic pressure waves and all values were within one standard deviation from the central aortic recordings in 8 of the 10 patients studied. At the same time, the noninvasively recorded pressure waves were completely different from the peripheral artery pressure recorded simultaneously at the femoral artery site. The DP/DT values derived from the central aortic recordings and the noninvasive device correlated (r = 0.83). These results indicate that the noninvasive device measures the central aortic pressure or a close approximation of it. By combining noninvasive pressure measurements with volume measurements obtained by radionuclide angiography, noninvasive pressure-volume curves were generated in 10 subjects. Possible clinical application of the systolic noninvasive pressure-volume curves is suggested.     

血脂康在老年高血压患者降压治疗中对血压和脉压的影响

目的 观察血脂康在老年高血压患者降压治疗中对血压和脉压的影响.方法 将经氨氯地平(5 mg,1次/d)降血压治疗后达到轻度高血压标准的老年高血压患者58例随机分为两组,血脂康组30例和对照组28例.对照组采用低脂、低盐饮食及按原剂量服用氨氯地平;血脂康组在此基础上加用血脂康600 mg,2次/d,连续服用12周,比较两组治疗前与治疗12周时血压和脉压的变化.结果 与治疗前比较,血脂康组治疗12周收缩压降低,分别为(149±9)mm Hg与(130±8)mm Hg;脉压缩小,分别为(64±11)mm Hg与(48±7)mm Hg(均为P＜0.05);12周时组间比较,血脂康组优于对照组,收缩压分别为(130±8)mm Hg与(144±9)mm Hg,脉压为(48±7)mm Hg与(60±10)mm Hg(均为P＜0.05).结论 老年高血压患者降压治疗中,应用常规剂量血脂康治疗可以起到降低血压的作用效应.     

血压控制不达标患者血压特征及与缺血性脑卒中的关系

目的：了解血压控制不达标高血压患者收缩压、舒张压、脉压、平均动脉压、血压控制不达标类型以及血压分级等血压特点及其与脑卒中患病情况的关系。方法：2012年3月至12月在北京安贞医院门诊及所属社区卫生服务中心门诊筛查血压控制不达标的高血压患者,共收集血压控制不达标高血压患者3909人。结果：研究对象男性占49.4%,女性占50.6%。62.2%患者服用一种降压药,37.8%联合用药。144例患缺血性脑卒中,患病率为3.68%。多因素回归分析发现,和收缩压及舒张压均未控制的患者相比,单纯舒张压控制不达标者脑卒中的患病危险低,OR=0.339(95%CI:0.124-0.923)。和收缩压＜140 mmHg者相比,收缩压高于150mmHg者缺血性脑卒中的患病危险增加,收缩压150~159mmHg以及≥160mmHg者相对危险度分别为2.532 (95%CI:1.266-5.067),和2.004(95%CI:1.010-3.979)。而脉压差、平均动脉压、舒张压以及血压分级在多因素分析中均为显示与缺血性脑卒中的相关关系。结论：单纯舒张压控制不达标类型以及收缩压水平与缺血性脑卒中的患病危险相关。单纯舒张压控制不达标的患者以及收缩压高于150 mmHg者缺血性脑卒中的患病危险增加。     

200例正常中老年人24小时动态血压特征

目的 :动态血压测定值常因地区、种族、时节不同而异。方法 :我们于 1996年～ 1998年对成都地区 2 0 0例中老年人进行了 2 4小时动态血压监测。结果 :平均年龄 5 8.15± 8.19岁 ,昼夜均值 93～ 146 / 5 2～ 93mm Hg,日间均值10 0～ 135 / 5 9～ 92 m m Hg,夜间均值 10 0～ 132 / 5 5～ 83mm Hg,昼夜平均压均值 93± 10 .19mm Hg,血压负荷值 12～ 30 /10～ 15 %。结论 :本组结果可作为成都地区动态血压的参考正常值     

HEM-6000手腕式血压计的可靠性

目的采用美国医疗器械检测协会(AAMI)标准,对HEM-6000手腕式血压计的血压测量精确度进行临床验证研究。方法入选对象为18岁以上成年人,共91人。腕部测压结果与听诊法比较。每位受试者用2种方法同时各进行3次坐位血压测量,对91人的273对血压测量值用以下2种方法进行统计分析:(1)先计算出2种测压方法得到的血压测量值误差,再求得误差的平均值和标准偏差。(2)先计算出每位受试者用2种测压方法得到的血压平均值的差值,再求得该差值的平均值和标准偏差。结果根据方法1得到的收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)的测量误差分别为(0.5±7.1)mm Hg和(-1.6±6.1)mm Hg;根据方法2得到的结果分别(0.5±6.1)mm Hg和(-1.6±5.3)mm Hg。血压值的水平及手腕周长对测量误差无影响。结论HEM-6000手腕式血压计通过AAMI检验标准,可推荐患者用于家庭自我测压。     

Pulmonary venous pressure: relationship to pulmonary artery, pulmonary wedge, and left atrial pressure in normal, lightly sedated dogs.

Because pulmonary venous pressure has never been measured, it is unclear whether pulmonary wedge pressure measures left atrial pressure, as commonly assumed, or pressure more upstream in the pulmonary venous or capillary beds. Fluid-filled mean pulmonary artery and pulmonary wedge pressure were compared with pulmonary venous and left atrial pressure obtained with high-fidelity micromanometer catheters in eight lightly sedated dogs over a physiologic range of filling pressures. In all conditions, mean pulmonary wedge pressure was virtually identical (r = 0.99) to mean left atrial pressure (slope = 0.99; intercept = -0.46 mm Hg). At the same time, mean pulmonary venous pressure (17.1 +/- 6.5 mm Hg) was intermediate between mean pulmonary artery pressure (20.2 +/- 6.2 mm Hg) and mean pulmonary wedge pressure (13.3 +/- 6.2 mm Hg; P < 0.0001) or mean left atrial pressure (13.4 +/- 6.3 mm Hg; P < 0.0001). These relationships were maintained over normal and increased pressure ranges. As measured by conventional flow-directed pulmonary catheters, mean pulmonary wedge pressure accurately reflects left atrial pressure in lightly sedated, spontaneously breathing normal dogs.     

HEM-6000手腕式血压计的可靠性

目的 采用美国医疗器械检测协会(AAMI)标准,对HEM-6000手腕式血压计的血压测量精确度进行临床验证研究.方法 入选对象为18岁以上成年人,共91人.腕部测压结果与听诊法比较.每位受试者用2种方法同时各进行3次坐位血压测量,对91人的273对血压测量值用以下2种方法进行统计分析:(1)先计算出2种测压方法得到的血压测量值误差,再求得误差的平均值和标准偏差.(2)先计算出每位受试者用2种测压方法得到的血压平均值的差值,再求得该差值的平均值和标准偏差.结果 根据方法1得到的收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)的测量误差分别为(0.5±7.1)mm Hg和(-1.6±6.1)mm Hg;根据方法2得到的结果分别(0.5±6.1)mm Hg和(-1.6±5.3)mm Hg.血压值的水平及手腕周长对测量误差无影响.结论 HEM-6000手腕式血压计通过AAMI检验标准,可推荐患者用于家庭自我测压.