Fatal and non-fatal machine-related injuries suffered by children in Alberta, Canada, 1990-1997

BACKGROUND: Children raised on farms are exposed to many hazardous types of machinery. The objective of this study was to describe the magnitude of non-fatal and fatal farm machinery injuries in Alberta children and adolescents (0-17 years) for the years 1990-1997. To date, there have been no published studies of pediatric farm injuries in Western Canada. METHODS: Data were collected through the Canadian Agricultural Injury Surveillance Program (CAISP). Death certificates and hospital charts were audited to provide enhanced information about the circumstances of injuries related to farm machinery for farm persons aged 17 years and younger. RESULTS: A total of 302 farm machinery injuries were recorded for the years 1990-1997. Of these, 14 resulted in death. All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) were the most common cause of injury (n = 76), followed by tractors (n = 72), and power take-offs (n = 15). The predominant injury mechanism was entanglement (n = 69), followed by falls from machines (n = 57), and being pinned/struck by a machine (n = 49). The median length of hospital stay for injuries was 2.0 days. Males (median = 2.0 days) had significantly longer hospital stays than females (median = 1.0 days). There were significantly more injuries reported during the summer and autumn than during the winter and spring. Those injured in the autumn were significantly older (median = 13.0 years) than children injured in the spring (median = 9.0 years). Injury rates dropped significantly during the study period from 119.9/100,000 per year in 1990 to 50.7/100,000 in 1997. CONCLUSIONS: While injury rates have dropped, the number of injuries occurring to children on Alberta farms is of concern. The large number of ATV related injuries suggests that preventative strategies need to be focused in this area. Am. J. Ind. Med. 45:177-185, 2004.     

外来民工子弟学校儿童非故意伤害危险因素的病例对照研究

  目的  探讨外来民工子弟学校儿童非故意伤害的危险因素。  方法  采用1:1匹配的病例对照研究,以同班级、同性别和年龄相差不超过两岁为原则,对外来民工子弟学校发生非故意伤害的的332例儿童进行1:1的匹配。调查以问卷为基础,采用EpiData 3.1软件建立数据库,SPSS 23.0软件进行单因素、多因素条件Logistic回归模型分析。  结果  多因素Logistic回归分析模型结果表明,看护人在儿童考试前施加压力、看护人的性格为外向型和中间型、看护人的文化程度为文盲和小学、儿童的神经症行为是外来民工子弟学校儿童发生非故意伤害的危险因素。其调整后的比值比（odd ratio,OR）和95%的置信区间（confidence interval,CI）分别为2.086（95%CI:1.263~3.444）、2.074（95%CI:1.275~3.372）、1.796（95%CI:1.158~2.784）、1.867（95%CI:1.280~2.722）、2.458（95%CI:1.169~5.168）、1.466（95%CI:1.012~2.124）。  结论  外来民工子弟学校儿童非故意伤害与其看护人以及儿童自身的危险行为有关,应及时采取有效措施降低非故意伤害的发生。     

Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Nutritional Status and Physical Activity Levels and a Sports Injury Reported in Children: A Seven-Year Follow-Up Study

Objective: Our aim was to analyze dose–response associations between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and physical activity levels with childhood sports injury rates. Methods: Participants included pre-pregnant mothers (n = 4811) and their children at the age of 7 years (n = 3311). Maternal anthropometry (height, weight, and body mass index), time spent in physical activity, and education level were recorded. All sports injuries were defined as injuries reported in the past year by the children at the age of 7 years. Results: Children whose mothers were overweight/obese in the pre-pregnancy period were 2.04 (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.12–3.71) times more likely to report a sports injury at the age of 7 years. Underweight mothers exhibited a 74% decrease in the odds of their children reporting a sports injury at follow-up (OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.10–0.68). Finally, an increase in maternal physical activity across the last three quartiles was associated with a lower odds of sports injuries. Conclusions: The risk of reporting a sports injury was greater for children whose mothers were overweight/obese in the pre-pregnancy period. However, there was a lower risk with both maternal underweight status and increasing minutes of physical activity.     

New Zealand children's dietary intakes during school hours

Aim:  To describe the dietary habits of New Zealand schoolchildren during school hours.
Methods:  The present study was a secondary analysis of New Zealand's national nutrition survey of schoolchildren (2002 National Children's Nutrition Survey). It includes a subset of 2247 children aged 5–14 years, surveyed to recall a school day. A 24-hour dietary recall was collected in the home of the child. Food or beverage consumption during the morning (9:00 a.m.−11:59 a.m.) and at lunch time (12:00 noon−2:00 p.m.) was based on whether energy intake during these times was above zero. Foods consumed and nutrient intakes during these two time periods were ascertained.
Results:  Approximately 80% of children consumed some food or beverage during the morning and over 90% during lunch time. Older children were less likely than younger children to consume foods or beverages during lunch time. Snack foods, fruit and biscuits were the food groups most consumed during the morning, while sandwiches and fruit were the most popular foods during lunch time. Children obtained approximately one-third of their daily nutrient intakes during school hours. Food and nutrient intakes differed by ethnicity both during the morning and at lunch time.
Conclusions:  Children's food consumption at school could be improved—particularly morning snack quality. Encouraging healthier selections sourced from home is vital as well as ensuring that healthy options are available for purchase, and Pacific children need the most encouragement to choose wisely.     

Short stature: increased in children with severe learning disability

Introduction   'Health for all children' recommends that children should be screened for growth disorders at school entry with a 0.4th centile 'cut-off'. Following the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in four children attending local special schools, our aim was to compare the height distribution of children attending special schools with mainstream schools.
Methods   Children at two local special schools were measured using a Leicester height measurer and values converted to standard deviation scores (SDS). Children were categorized according to whether there were known factors that could affect height. The data were compared with those collected from local mainstream schools.
Results   In total, 242 children were registered at the two special schools and 192 children were measured. The mean height SDS of children in mainstream school ( n  = 2301) was similar to national standards at −0.09 (SD 1.02). The mean height SDS distribution of the 192 children in special schools (age range 3.2–18.4 years; median age 11.3 years) was −0.73; 95%CI −0.9 to −0.5. In those with no established diagnosis to explain altered growth ( n  = 120) this was −0.613; 95%CI −0.8 to −0.4. Both pre-pubertal ( n  = 37) and pubertal ( n  = 83) children were short and eight (6.7%) had a height less than the 0.4th centile.
Conclusions   Children attending special school with severe or profound learning disability were shorter than those attending mainstream school. This is still the case following the exclusion of children with a known cause for abnormal growth. This underlines the importance of each child being assessed by professionals with a refined knowledge of normal and abnormal growth.     

不同性格留守小学生意外伤害认知水平调查

目的了解贫困地区留守小学生意外伤害发生现状及认知水平,为留守儿童意外伤害综合干预措施的制定提供理论依据。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法,抽取甘肃省贫困县Z县4所小学1000名学生进行意外伤害情况调查。结果6~8岁(OR=2.175)、男童(OR=2.469)、父母小学及以下文化程度(OR=2.222)是留守儿童意外伤害发生的危险因素;性格内向(OR=0.246)、独生(OR=0.591)是留守儿童意外伤害发生的保护性因素;不同性格留守小学生对溺水(P=0.006)、烧烫伤(P=0.007)、划割伤(P=0.050)和药品误服(P=0.028)的认知水平均存在统计学差异。结论应根据留守儿童意外伤害发生现状和认知水平制定有效的综合干预措施,对小学生、家长、教师等积极进行有关意外伤害预防与应急处置的教育干预,重点加强外向型小学生的意外伤害综合干预。     

Parental permission for children's independent outdoor activities. Implications for injury prevention. Soori H & Bhopal RS. (2002) European Journal of Public Health, 12, 104–109.

Background   Parental supervision is an important factor related to childhood injuries. However, little research has been done on what outdoor activities children believe they are allowed or their parents allow them to do, parents' ideas about the age children can do activities, and the age they would allow their children to do them. This study described children's independent outdoor activities after school, comparing age groups (school year 5 and 3), boys with girls, and the less socio-economically well off with the better off.
Methods   A cross-sectional study using questionnaires completed by 476 children aged 7 and 9 years and 471 parents in nine primary schools in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England.
Results   Children reported that they were permitted many outdoor activities such as cycling (78.8%), playing (78.6%) and roller-skating in the street (62.7%). Parents of older children, boys, and more socio-economically deprived children were more likely than their comparison groups to allow children to do outdoor activities independently, for example 34% of 9-year-olds were allowed to cross a road without an adult compared with 8% of 7-year-olds. Mostly, parents of boys and socio-economically deprived children perceived that children can do outdoor activities slightly younger than parents of girls and the socio-economically better off.
Conclusion   Children and parents value and support children's independent outdoor activity. Differences in children's and parents' understanding of what activities are permissible and in their judgements about the appropriate age for children's independent activities, may partly underline variations by sex, age and socio-economic status in injury patterns.     

The incidence rates and risk factor of mild injury for two weeks: using Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2001

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to provide the basic data for establishing countermeasures for preventing injury by analyzing the incidence rates, the risk factors, the characteristics of the injury and the utilization of medical care for mild injury that lasted for two weeks. METHODS: We examined the injury survey data among the National Health and Nutrition Survey data. The definition of mild injury that lasted for two weeks was that the injury that caused pain at least once a day for two weeks or the injury for which the usual daily activity of the injured person was severely affected. We used statistical analysis methods such as chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The incidence rate of injury that lasted for two weeks was 4.7 per 1,000 persons. On the multiple logistic regression, the children and adolescents (OR=3.80, 95%CI=1.63-8.84) had higher rates of injuries than the adults, and the middle and high school (OR=0.51, 95%CI=0.31-0.85) and college(OR=0.34, 95%CI=0.17-0.68) students had lower rates of injuries than the elementary school students. The unemployed (OR=0.39, 95%CI=0.20-0.73) and others (OR=0.38, 95%CI=0.21-0.70) had lower rates of injuries than the blue collar workers. The major causes of injuries were found to be falling and slipping, and the most prevalent place of occurrence was near or at home. CONCLUSIONS: A prevention program needs to be developed and continuous education must be offered to the children, adolescents and blue collar workers.     

学龄前儿童非故意伤害与心理行为问题的相关性

  目的  探讨学龄前儿童心理行为问题与非故意伤害发生的相关性,为有针对性开展儿童非故意伤害预防工作提供依据。  方法  2019年9—10月采用分层整群方法抽取合肥市8所幼儿园2 062名3~6岁儿童及其家长,采用自编问卷收集儿童过去1年非故意伤害的发生情况,采用Conners量表父母问卷(PSQ)对儿童心理行为特征进行调查。  结果  合肥市学龄前儿童非故意伤害年发生率为14.55%(300名),心理行为问题检出率为14.21%(293名)。发生非故意伤害儿童的心理行为问题检出率及品德问题、学习问题、心身问题、冲动-多动、焦虑、多动指数检出率分别为32.67%,2.33%,19.67%,15.00%,2.00%,1.00%,5.00%,未发生非故意伤害儿童分别为11.07%,0.45%,6.41%,4.88%,0.40%,0.17%,0.79%,差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为98.11,12.54,58.90,44.12,10.51,6.08,32.68,P值均 < 0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,心身问题(OR=3.13,95%CI=2.11~4.66)、学习问题(OR=2.73,95%CI=1.86~3.99)、多动指数异常(OR=3.16,95%CI=1.40~7.14)与学龄前儿童非故意伤害发生呈正相关(P值均 < 0.01)。  结论  心理行为问题是学龄前儿童非故意伤害的影响因素,在制定学龄前儿童非故意伤害防控措施时,应重视儿童心理行为问题的干预。     

Does maternal knowledge and parent education affect blood phenylalanine control in phenylketonuria?

Background  Metabolic control in phenylketonuria (PKU) may be influenced by parental ability because dietary treatment involves complex food choices. This is an observational study to compare maternal carer (MC) knowledge and parental education with phenylalanine concentrations in children with PKU.
Methods  Children ( n  = 46; 26 boys) aged 1–10 years (median age 6 years) on dietary treatment were recruited. Their median lifetime and median phenylalanine concentrations in the year prior to study were estimated. MC completed a questionnaire to assess dietary knowledge.
Results  Overall maternal knowledge on most aspects of diet was good and there was a correlation between annual median blood phenylalanine concentrations, but at the age of 5–6 years of age only, and higher maternal carer scores on PKU knowledge ( r  = −0.646; P  < 0.0001). Three of only four children (12%) with median phenylalanine concentrations above 500 μmol L⁻¹ in the year prior to study had both parents leave school without educational qualifications. Children who had median phenylalanine concentrations ( n  = 3; 7%) over the recommended ranges at 3 years of age or earlier continued to have poor control.
Conclusions  Blood phenylalanine control within the first 3 years of age, poor parental educational achievement at school level, and unsatisfactory maternal dietary knowledge may all influence longer-term blood phenylalanine control in children.     

Associations Between Adolescent Risk Behaviors and Injury: The Modifying Role of Disability

BACKGROUND:  Adolescents with disabilities are at risk for poor health outcomes including injury. The objective of this study was to examine if disability status modifies the association between risk behavior and injury among adolescents.
METHODS:  The cross-sectional Health Behavior in School-Aged Children Survey was administered to a representative sample of 7235 Canadian students (grades 6-10) in 2002. Students who reported at least 1 functional difficulty due to a health condition were classified as having a disability. Engagement in up to 6 individual risk behaviors and a summative multiple risk behavior score were considered the primary exposures. Primary outcomes included medically attended injury experienced during a 12-month period.
RESULTS:  Sixteen percent of students reported a disability. Almost all risk behaviors and all injury outcomes were more common among students with disabilities than in those without disabilities (eg, older age group's smoking: 17.5% vs 8.9%, p = <.01; medically attended injury: 67.4% vs 51.4%, p = <.01). Clear risk gradients were observed between engagement in multiple risk behavior and all injury outcomes. The association between multiple risk behavior and injury was accentuated by disability status among older students, particularly for students with disabilities who engaged in frequent multiple risk behavior (adjusted risk ratio 1.8, 95% CI: 1.6-1.9).
CONCLUSIONS:  Canadian students with disabilities who engage in risk behaviors experience higher risks for medically attended injury than their nondisabled peers who engage in those same risk behaviors. Injury prevention programs that focus on risk-taking behavior should integrate the needs of this high-risk group of adolescents in order to prevent additional disability.     

Severe traffic injuries to children, Trent, 1992–7: time trend analysis

Objective   To examine trends in hospital admission rates and socio-economic gradients for traffic injuries in children, 1992–97.
Design and location   Analysis of hospital admission data, Trent, UK.
Participants   Children aged 0–14 years admitted to hospital for pedal, pedestrian or other transport-related injury.
Results   Admission rates for severe injuries among cyclists and pedestrians significantly increased during the study period. In 1992–93, admission rates (per 100 000) for severe injuries among child cyclists were 22.5. By 1996–97, these had increased to 28.3. The rates for pedestrians were 9.2 and 11.3, respectively. Other transport-related injuries decreased during the study period. Socio-economic gradients in admission rates did not change significantly.
Conclusions   Hospital admission rates for severe injuries to child cyclists and pedestrians increased in 1992–97, but not the rates for other transport-related injuries.     

云南省某县留守儿童跌落伤影响因素分析

目的:了解云南省某县留守儿童跌落伤发生的流行现况及影响因素,为预防儿童跌落的发生及制定相应干预措施提供理论支撑。方法:采用分层抽样法,在云南省某县5所中小学中随机选取2 909名中小学生为调查对象,采用定性和定量相结合的方法调查其相关信息。结果:留守儿童中跌落伤发生率为23.01%;跌落发生原因排在前3位的依次是平地因推搡碰撞摔倒、滑倒或绊倒(35.4%),上下楼梯(26.4%),爬树或爬山(10.5%);跌落伤发生地点主要在家中(34.7%)、家附近(19.1%)和学校(16.6%);受伤部位多见于下肢(23.2%)、上肢和头面部(19.7%)。留守儿童跌落伤发生的危险因素为:性格外向(OR=1.632,P<0.05)、由祖辈照顾(OR=1.908,P<0.05),保护因素为:年级为中学(OR=0.611,P<0.05)、年龄为18岁(OR=0.424,P<0.05)。结论:云南省某县留守儿童跌落伤的发生率较高,是多因素共同作用的结果。留守儿童跌落伤的发生与性格、监护人类型、年级、年龄、是否寄宿等多因素相关,提示应加强对留守儿童的保护,改变教育方式,以减少儿童...     

Is perceived failure in school performance a trigger of physical injury? A case-crossover study of children in Stockholm County

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether perceived failure in school performance increases the potential for children to be physically injured. SUBJECTS: Children aged 10-15 years residing in the Stockholm County and hospitalised or called back for a medical check up because of a physical injury during the school years 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 (n = 592). METHODS: A case-crossover design was used and information on potential injury triggers was gathered by interview. Information about family socioeconomic circumstances was gathered by a questionnaire filled in by parents during the child interview (response rate 87%). RESULTS: Perceived failure in school performance has the potential to trigger injury within up to 10 hours subsequent to exposure (relative risk = 2.70; 95% confidence intervals = 1.2 to 5.8). The risk is significantly higher among pre-adolescents and among children from families at a higher education level. CONCLUSIONS: Experiencing feelings of failure may affect children's physical safety, in particular among pre-adolescents. Possible mechanisms are perceptual deficits and response changes occasioned by the stress experienced after exposure.     

凤冈县农村学龄儿童运动伤害现况及危险因素分析

目的 了解遵义市凤冈县农村学龄儿童运动伤害现状及危险因素,为制定相关预防措施提供科学依据。方法 采用多阶段整群随机抽样抽取遵义市凤冈县三所中小学四至七年级学生共465名,用自制问卷调查近一年运动伤害发生情况。结果 凤冈县农村儿童运动伤害年发生率为18.71%,男童高于女童（22.63% vs 14.41%）;七年级儿童运动伤害发生率最高为29.28%,五年级最低为7.76%;留守儿童高于非留守儿童（22.26% vs 12.20%）;住校儿童高于走读儿童（24.53% vs 13.83%）;伤害时的主要活动是奔跑（33.33%）;损伤类型主要是擦伤（40.23%）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示:运动前未热身（OR=3.834,95% CI:1.362～10.792）,无人陪护（OR=2.403,95% CI:3.742～30.616）,在水泥地板上运动（OR=4.175,95% CI:1.457～11.964）,穿皮鞋（OR=7.301,95% CI:1.736～30.705）或者凉鞋（OR=4.316,95% CI:1.245～14.966）是伤害发生的危险因素。关于“扭伤后冷敷”,未发生伤害儿童的知晓率高于发生伤害儿童（χ2=5.36,P=0.021）,其它问题的知晓率差异无统计学意义（均有P>0.05）。结论 凤冈县农村儿童运动伤发生的危险因素较为明确,应给予针对性的干预措施,从而降低伤害发生率。     

河北省儿童青少年在外就餐相关因素及与超重肥胖的关系

  目的  分析河北省6~17岁儿童青少年在外就餐现状及其与超重肥胖的关系,为指导儿童青少年建立健康的饮食习惯和遏制肥胖流行趋势提供参考。  方法  调查数据来自2016—2017年中国儿童与乳母营养健康状况监测,通过问卷调查和体格检查收集河北省12个监测点3 330名6~17岁儿童青少年最近1周的就餐情况、家庭基本情况和体检信息等资料。采用多因素Logistic逐步回归的方法,对调查对象在外就餐情况,在外就餐影响因素及与超重肥胖的关系进行分析。  结果  河北省6~17岁儿童青少年在外就餐率为16.19%,超重肥胖率为29.43%。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄较大(初中生:OR=1.36,高中生OR=3.57,P值均＜0.05)和家庭人均收入高的儿童青少年(1~＜2万元:OR=1.48,≥2万元:OR=2.93,P值均＜0.05)在外就餐的可能性更高;居住地为农村(OR=0.20)、非独生子女(OR=0.76)、走读生(OR=0.21)以及主要抚养人为老人的儿童青少年(OR=0.69)在外就餐的可能性更低(P值均＜0.05)。在外就餐与超重肥胖风险增高存在统计学关联(OR=1.31,P＜0.01)。  结论  河北省6~17岁儿童青少年在外就餐现象较为普遍。居住地、年龄段、人均年收入、是否为独生子女、是否住校、主要抚养人是在外就餐的相关因素,在外就餐可能会增加儿童青少年超重肥胖的风险。     

广州市天河区0～14岁儿童伤害流行病学特征及影响因素分析

目的 探讨广州市天河区0～14岁儿童意外伤害流行病学特征及影响因素,为开展伤害预防干预提供依据。方法 以随机整群抽样的方法调查广州市天河区0～14岁儿童及其家长,以问卷方式调查儿童在过去一年意外伤害发生状况以及家长对意外伤害的认知水平。结果 共调查天河区1285名0～14岁儿童,其意外伤害发生率为16．34％,伤害次数发生率为20．47％,男、女性分别为23．46％和17.43％,男性高于女性(P＜0．01)。跌倒／坠落、碰撞／挤压伤、扭伤和交通事故是最常见类型,最常见的伤害地点是家里／宿舍、学校／幼儿园。2．66％的受伤儿童需住院治疗,44．87％的受伤儿童需医院门诊处理,意外伤害医疗费用支出占家庭人均月收入的14．53％。儿童意外伤害的影响因素为父亲职业、家庭经济状况及儿童性格特点等。95．2％的家长表示听说过“意外伤害”;89．4％的家长表示经常或有时担心孩子会发生伤害;13,4％的家长表示接受过有关预防儿童青少年伤害的培训和指导。结论意外伤害严重影响着天河区0～14岁儿童的健康,给家庭和社会造成经济损失。预防重点是培训家长和教师,开展健康教育,以提高其安全知识水平。     

中小学生交通伤害影响因素分析

目的 探讨学生认知行为、道路环境等与道路交通伤害的关系及影响因素.方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,抽取深圳市6个区的27 175名中小学生进行问卷调查,对可能危险因素进行Logistic回归分析.结果 交通伤害发生率为5.2%,男生高于女生(χ2=56.000,P=0.000).10～14岁的儿童步行者交通伤害发生率最高,为6.4%.路上打闹行为(OR=2.123)、过路口方便感(OR=1.565)、路标判断(OR=1.558)、信号灯识别(OR=1.440)、步行路段安全感(OR=1.141)、上学途径路口数(OR=1.036)等是交通伤害发生的重要危险因素.结论 道路交通伤害与学生认知行为、道路环境等因素密切相关,可针对这些危险因素采取相应措施,以降低学生交通伤害的发生.     

广州市中小学生烧烫伤影响因素病例对照分析

目的 探讨广州市中小学生烧烫伤发生的影响因素.方法 采用整群随机抽样方法,在广州市区县中小学按性别、班级1∶1配对原则,选择428对烧烫伤病例和对照组,采用单因素和多因素条件logistic回归分析.结果 广州市中小学生烧烫伤发生主要部位是上肢(57.9%),主要发生地点是家中(58.2%).51.0%烧烫伤是热水导致的;43.9%的烧烫伤需要医疗单位处理;7.7%伤后留下后遗症(活动不如往常、功能受限、致残).多因素分析结果显示,住宿生(OR=2.47)、母亲年龄大(OR=1.03)、非核心家庭(OR=1.25～1.84)等是烧烫伤发生的影响因素.独生子女(OR=0.60)、睡眠时间充足(OR=0.84)、学习成绩好(OR=0.85)、母亲高学历是烧烫伤发生的保护因素.结论 广州市中小学生发生烧烫伤部位以上肢为主,家中是发生烧烫伤的主要场所.