Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression Correlates With Membrane-Type-1 Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression in Colorectal Cancer Tissue

Purpose Elevated expression of cyclooxygenase-2 has been found in colorectal cancer. One of the mechanisms through which cyclooxygenase-2 affects tumorigenesis is through its overexpression, which leads to increased invasiveness of cancer cells. A crucial step in this pathway is thought to be the induction of membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase, which activates matrix metalloproteinase-2. However, to date there have been few clinicopathologic studies concerning cyclooxygenase-2-mediated invasiveness in human colorectal cancer tissues. Methods We performed immunohistochemical analysis of the respective antigens on colorectal cancer specimens obtained by surgical resections from 96 patients with colorectal cancer. Results Cyclooxygenase-2 and membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase expression was positive exclusively in cancer cells in 88 cases (92 percent) and 23 cases (24 percent), respectively. All 23 cases expressing membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase also expressed cyclooxygenase-2. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression was positive in cancer cells in 20 cases (21 percent) and stromal cells in 52 cases (54 percent). Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in cancer cells correlated with lymphatic invasion and local recurrence. Statistically, a significant correlation was found between cyclooxygenase-2 and membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase expression, and membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression in cancer cells. There was no association between cyclooxygenase-2 expression and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression. However, immunostaining of serial sections revealed that in the majority of cases examined, nearly 100 percent of cancer cells expressing matrix metalloproteinase-2 also coexpressed cyclooxygenase-2. Conclusions This study indicates strong association between both cyclooxygenase-2 and membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase expression, and membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase and matrix metalloproteinase-2 in colorectal cancer. These results support our thesis of a direct correlation between cyclooxygenase-2 and membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase expression—with consequent association between cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 activation, and tumor invasiveness andrecurrence in certain cases of colorectal cancer. Presented at the meeting of the American Gastroenterological Association, Digestive Diseases Week, May 14 to 19, 2005, Chicago, Illinois. Reprints are not available.     

Coeliac Disease Candidate Genes: No Association with Functional Polymorphisms in Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 and 3 Gene Promoters

Background: Coeliac disease is polygenic with a large genetic component. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and MMP-3 degrade extracellular matrix; expression levels are increased in the coeliac lesion where tissue damage is observed. Polymorphisms associated with elevated expression ( MMP-3 -1171 allele 5A; MMP-1 -1607 2G), at 11q22.2, a region repeatedly showing evidence of linkage in coeliac disease, are associated with other chronic inflammatory disorders which may share a common molecular pathology. We tested for an association between these candidate gene polymorphisms and coeliac disease. Methods: Two independent collections of 225 and 102 combined (Norwegian and Swedish) simplex families, and 160 independent healthy controls from the Norwegian Bone Marrow Donor Registry were used. Each individual was genotyped by PCR and fragment length analysis on an automated sequencer. The transmission/disequilibrium test was applied. Odds ratios were calculated employing probands or affected sibs where available, as cases versus independent controls. Results: MMP-1 allele 2G did not show evidence of association in any tests undertaken. Neither did we find evidence for association of MMP-3 allele 5A, except among the combined family data: a non-significant tendency toward reduced risk was observed among males carrying MMP-3 allele 5A (40.2% transmission, P c = 0.2). Further testing to clarify this observation did not reveal a significant association (odds ratio = 0.67 (95% confidence interval: 0.42-1.07), P = 0.08). Conclusions: We did not find significant evidence to support an association of MMP-3 allele 5A or MMP-1 allele 2G with coeliac disease in Norwegian and Swedish populations.     

基质金属蛋白酶-9基因多态性与我国广东地区胃癌的关系

背景:基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)能有效降解细胞外基质和基底膜中的Ⅳ型胶原,在恶性肿瘤的发生、发展中起关键作用。目的:探讨MMP-9基因非同义单核苷酸多态性位点R279Q(Gln279Arg)与我国广东地区人群胃癌易感性的关系。方法:纳入550例经术后病理检查确诊的广东籍胃癌患者和同期匹配的550名健康人进行病例对照研究。以PCR-RFLP方法行R279Q基因分型,应用logistic回归模型、Kaplan-Meier生存曲线和Cox回归模型分析该位点多态性对胃癌风险、不同临床病理特征胃癌亚型以及患者预后的影响。结果:与QQ基因型相比,RR和RQ基因型的胃癌风险显著增加(OR=2.86,95%CI:1.67～4.90,P0.001;OR=1.88,95%CI:1.08～3.26,P=0.025)。进一步根据胃癌临床病理特征进行分层分析,R等位基因可增加肠型胃癌、非贲门癌和低分化胃癌的风险,而与弥漫型/混合型胃癌、贲门癌和中/高分化胃癌无相关性。不同R279Q基因型胃癌患者的生存率无明显差异(P=0.716),R279Q基因型未进入预后相关因素Cox回归模型。结论:MMP-9 R279Q位点多态性与我国广东地区人群的胃癌易感性,尤其是肠型胃癌的易感性相关,但不是影响患者预后的独立危险因素。     

Plasma Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 Correlate With Disease Stage and Survival in Colorectal Cancer Patients

PURPOSE The matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors are known to be involved in the process of tumor invasion and progression. Our objective was to investigate the potential diagnostic and prognostic value of plasma matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in colorectal cancer.METHODS Gelatinase bioactivity and immunoreactivity of pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and carcinoembryonic antigen were determined simultaneously in preoperative plasma and serum of colorectal cancer patients (n = 94) and in healthy controls (n = 51).RESULTS Plasma pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels were lower in colorectal cancer patients (P < 0.0001) than in controls, and its gelatinolytic activity revealed an inverse correlation with adverse clinicopathologic parameters, such as lymph node involvement (P = 0.017), stage (0, I, II vs. III, IV; P = 0.012), and the carcinoembryonic antigen level (P = 0.016). Pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels did not differ between patients and controls. Pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 gelatinolytic activity showed potential value in colorectal cancer diagnosis, identifying patients with 70 percent sensitivity at 95 percent specificity. Pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and carcinoembryonic antigen all showed lower sensitivities. Combining pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 measurements increased the sensitivity significantly to 84 percent. With respect to prognosis, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 showed value in predicting disease outcome in our patient group, whereas pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 did not. The combination of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and carcinoembryonic antigen was better in predicting three-year survival than tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 alone, but it remains to be determined if the combination would be a better marker for survival than carcinoembryonic antigen alone.CONCLUSIONS Low pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels and high tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 levels correlate with parameters of colorectal cancer disease. These correlations may be used in the search for new markers in colorectal cancer diagnosis and prognosis.This work was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (grant KUN 97-1380).     

Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition Prevents Migration of Colorectal Cancer Cells to Extracellular Matrix by Down-Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Expression

Purpose

Matrix metalloproteinases-2 hydrolyses gelatins and collagens. It has many biologic functions, including cancer cells invasion. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 is known to be involved in colorectal carcinogenesis, although the mechanism is unclear. Up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases-2 expression may be one of the mechanisms, which explains how cyclooxygenase-2 expression promotes migration of colorectal cancer cells to extracellular matrix.

Methods

Colorectal cancer cell lines HT29, CaCO2, and Colo205 were used. By using flow cytometry, their cyclooxygenase-2 expression was determined. These cell lines were modulated with NS398, a selective cyclooxygenase-2-inhibitor, and prostaglandin-E2. Western blot and enzyme-linked inmmunosorbent assay were used to determine these cells’ matrix metalloproteinases-2 expression. These cell lines’ ability to migrate into extracellular matrix was determined by Matrigel® (Millipore, Watford, UK) Invasion Chamber.

Results

HT29 expressed more cyclooxygenase-2 than CaCO2. Cyclooxygenase-2 was not detected in Colo205. Matrix metalloproteinases-2 expression is highest in HT29 and least in Colo205. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition by NS398 showed decreased matrix metalloproteinases-2 expression in HT29 and CaCO2, but not Colo205, reversible with prostaglandin-E2. Prostaglandin-E2 was shown to up-regulate matrix metalloproteinases-2 expression in all cell lines. Matrigel® Invasion Chamber demonstrated that many more HT29 cells migrate across the membrane than CaCO2 and Colo205, and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition reduced cellular migration in the cyclooxygenase-2–positive cell lines. Prostaglandin-E2 promoted migration in all cell lines.

Conclusions

There is a positive relationship between cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinases-2 expression. The latter is modulated by prostaglandin-E2 in all cell lines and NS398 in cyclooxygenase-2–positive cells. Such modulation has a knock-on effect to the cells’ ability to invade into extracellular matrix. Cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinases-2 expression are potential therapeutic targets into prevention of colorectal cancer metastasis.

     

基质金属蛋白酶-9与缺血性脑血管病

基质金属蛋白酶-9与缺血性脑血管病的发生发展、脑缺血后损伤和再灌注、继发性出血等关系密切，控制基质金属蛋白酶-9水平有助于改善缺血性脑血管病的防治。     

Matrix metalloproteinase-9-1562C〉T polymorphism may increase the risk of lymphatic metastasis of colorectal cancer

AIM: To explore the role of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) polymorphism in colorectal cancer (CRC) in a northeast Chinese population. METHODS: Genotyping of MMP-9 -1562C>T and 279R>Q polymorphisms was carried out on blood samples from 137 colorectal cancer patients and 199 controls using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: The distribution of MMP-9 -1562C>T and 279 R>Q genotype was not significantly associated with the risk of CRC. However, the risk of llymph node metastasis of CRC was increased in patients with the -1562T allele (OR = 2.601; 95% CI = 1.160-5.835; P = 0.022). The frequency of MMP-9 279RR RQ genotype was higher than the QQ genotype among CRC patients younger than sixty years old (OR = 0.102; 95% CI = 0.013-0.812; P = 0.012). CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that the MMP-9-1562C>T polymorphism affects lymph node metastasis of CRC. In addition, the MMP-9 279R allele may lead to a younger age of onset of colorectal cancer.     

Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 in Colorectal Adenomas

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degregade and remodel the extracellular matrix. They are known to be overexpressed as normal mucosa progresses to adenomas and carcinomas. In our prospective study we measured the overexpression of MMP-7 immunohistochemically in various types of colonic adenomas. Although MMP-7 has already been shown to be overexpressed in various types of colonic adenomas, tubular versus villous adenomas had not been further seperated to date. Seventy-six patients had either normal mucosa (n=15) or tubular (n=32), tubulovillous (n=16), or villous (n=13) colonic adenoma. MMP-7 expression was classified into three categories, as negative, weakly stained, or strongly stained, depending on the percentage of cells stained. Each adenoma was graded according to the percentage of strongly stained areas in the adenoma as G0, G1, G2, or G3. Sixty-nine percent of villous adenomas showed grade 3 staining of MMP-7, versus none of the tubular adenomas. G0 and G1 staining was not detected in the villous adenomas. The results of the study show that the degrees of overexpression of the three subtypes of colonic adenomas were statistically significantly different. In conclusion, MMP-7 overexpression is thought to be an early event in the adenoma-carcinoma pathway.     

基质金属蛋白酶-9在脑缺血过程中的双重作用

基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)是MMP家庭中的一员,可特异性降解细胞外基质。脑缺血早期(1～3d),MMP-9可通过降解基底膜及内皮细胞紧密连接破坏血脑屏障,导致继发性脑水肿和脑出血。脑缺血后期(7～14d),MMP-9则能促进神经血管再生,有利于损伤脑组织的恢复。     

基质金属蛋白酶-3基因单核苷酸多态性与冠状动脉粥样硬化程度的关联研究

目的 探讨MMP-3基因单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与冠心病患者冠状动脉粥样硬化程度间的相关性.方法 入选经冠状动脉造影证实的汉族冠心病患者1371例及健康对照695例,选择MMP-3-1612 5A/6A、-376C/G、Glu45Lys等SNPs位点,采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性内切酶片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法确定基因型.X2检验用于单因素分析时检验SNP位点与冠状动脉粥样硬化程度间的关联.结果 (1)-1612 5A/6A多态性位点在冠心病患者单支病变、双支病变、三支病变组中5A等位基因频率分别是0.185,0.183,0.152;-376C/G多态性位点在以上三组中-376G等位基因频率分别是0.329,0.326,0.325;Glu45Lys多态性位点在以上三组中45Lys等位基因频率分别是0.423,0.417,0.405.(2)-1612 5A/6A多态性位点5A等位基因频率在三支病变组中明显低于单支病变组(OR=0.74,P=0.04);相对于6A/6A基因型,含有5A等位基因的纯合子及杂合子频率在三支病变组明显低于单支病变组(OR=0.74,P=0.04).结论 中国汉族冠心病患者中MMP-3基因-1612 5A/6A多态性位点可能与冠心病患者冠状动脉粥样硬化程度相关,5A等位基因可能对冠状动脉粥样硬化的进展有保护作用.     

基质金属蛋白酶9在动脉粥样硬化中的研究进展

基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)是一种主要表达于巨噬细胞的含锌离子的蛋白酶,参与了细胞外基质的合成与降解、炎症介质的调控,可促进动脉粥样硬化的发生及进展、血管壁的重构,导致严重的心血管事件发生。本文将重点讨论MMP-9在动脉粥样硬化中的研究进展,并就其在急性心肌梗死的预测价值和心肌梗死后心脏重塑方面加以探讨。     

肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子1基因多态性与上海市汉族人群类风湿关节炎患者疾病易感相关性的研究

目的 对肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子1(TRAF1)基因的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)进行检测,分析其与上海市汉族人群类风湿关节炎(RA)的易感相关性.方法 采用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱方法 对汉族RA患者(RA组,100例)和健康人(健康对照组,100名)TRAF1基因的6个SNPs位点进行了基因分型,并使用Haploview软件进行分析.数据分析采用χ2检验和Fisher确切概率法.结果 在中国汉族RA患者中位于TRAF1基因的6个位点中,RA组rs4836834位点A/A、A/T、T/T基因频率分别为:22.22%、49.49%、28.28%,健康对照组rs4836834位点A/A、A/T、T/T基因频率分别为:28.57%、30.61%、40.82%,2组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其他5个位点,包括已有报道与白种人RA易感相关的rs10818488位点,RA组与健康对照组相比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).而连锁不平衡及单倍体型频率分析结果 发现,rs7021049与rs7021880,rs7021049与rs4836834,rs7021880与rs4836834之间存在较强的连锁不平衡,3组连锁不平衡关系单倍体频率RA组与对照组差异均无统计学意义.结论 TRAF1可能是汉族人RA的易感基因,但其SNPs与白种人的表现有所不同.

Abstract：

Objective To detect TRAF1 gene single nucleotide polymorphism in Han population ,and analyze its association with increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Han people. Methods The study group was comprised with 100 healthy Han subjects and 100 Han RA patients. Six SNPs was detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS), and the result was analyzed by Haploview software. Fisher's exact test and χ2 test were used for statistical analysis.Results The rs4836834 A/A, A/T, T/T allele frequencies of RA group were 22.22%, 49.49%, 28.28% respectively. The rs4836834 A/A, A/T, T/T allele frequencies of healthy control group were 28.57%, 30.61%,40.82% respectively. There was significant difference (P<0.05) of rs4836834 between Hah patients with RA and healthy controls. For other five sites, including rs10818488, which had been reported to be associated with increased risk of Caucasians RA patients, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between RA group and the control group. The linkage disequilibrium and haplotype frequency analysis results showed that there was strong linkage disequilibrium between rs7021049 and rs7021880, rs7021049 and rs4836834, rs7021880 and rs4836834, but there was no significant difference between RA group and the control group in the haplo-type frequencies of the three classes of linkage disequilibrium. Conclusion TRAF1 gene may be a susceptible gene associated with Han RA people, but its single nucleotide polymorphisms and performance may be different between Caucasians and Han people.     

湖北汉族人群T淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白-3基因单体型与变应性支气管哮喘的相关性

目的 分析湖北汉族人群T淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白-3(TIM-3)启动子区-1516G/T和外显子3区4259G/T单核苷酸多态性及其连锁不平衡关系,探讨其构成的单体型与支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)易感性之间的关系.方法 2004年6月至2007年10月采用等位基因特异性聚合酶链反应检测湖北汉族175例哮喘患者(哮喘组)和202名健康者(健康对照组)TIM-3-1516G/T和4259G/T的单核苷酸多态性,计算基因型和等位基因频率、两位点间的连锁不平衡系数(D')值及单体型频率.结果 TIM-3基因-1516G/T基因型GG、GT和TT在健康对照组中分布频率分别为82.7%(167/202)、17.3%(35/202)、0(0/202),哮喘组分布频率分别为82.9%(145/175)、17.1%(30/175)、0(0/175);TIM-3基因4259G/T基因型GG、GT和,TT在健康对照组中分布频率分别为0.5%(1/202)、2.5%(5/202)、97.0%(196/202),哮喘组分布频率分别为0.6%(1/175)、5.7%(10/175)、93.7%(164/175).对照组D'值为1.0,哮喘组D'值为0.9.湖北汉族人群中存在3种单体型(G-G、G-T、T-T),这3种单体型频率在健康对照组分别为1.7%(7/404)、89.6%(362/404)、8.7%(35/404),哮喘组分别为3.4%(12/350)、88.0%(308/350)、8.6%(30/350);3种单体型(G-G、G-T、T-T)与哮喘易感性无相关性(x2值分别为2.15、0.47、0.003,P均＞0.05).结论 TIM-3基因-1516G/T与4259G/T之间存在紧密连锁不平衡关系,G-G、G-T、T-T与哮喘易感性无相关性.但不排除是否与其他种族人群中哮喘易感性相关或与其他过敏性疾病和自身免疫性疾病的易感性相关.     

Levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 in gastric cancer

AIM:To evaluate the levels of preoperative serum matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in gastric cancer.METHODS:One hundred gastric cancer patients who underwent gastrectomy were enrolled in this study.The serum concentrations of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in these patients and in fifty healthy controls were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS:Higher serum MMP-1 and TIMP-1 levels were observed in patients than in controls (P < 0.001).Serum M...     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者血小板内皮细胞粘附分子1基因多态性分析

目的为观察血小板内皮细胞粘附分子1基因多态性与急性冠状动脉综合征的关系。方法117例急性冠状动脉综合征患者作为病例组,根据年龄和性别进行1∶1匹配,经冠状动脉造影证实完全正常冠状动脉的患者作为对照组。利用多聚酶链反应-限制性内切酶法分析基因型,部分样本基因型经基因测序核实。结果血小板内皮细胞粘附分子1的125Leu和563Ser等位基因频率在病例组中显著升高(病例组∶对照组分别为51.7%∶39.7%和54.3%∶42.3%,均P<0.05);基因型125Leu/Leu 125Leu/Val和563Ser/Ser 563Ser/Asn病例组较对照组高(P<0.05),回归分析后发现Leu125Leu Leu125Val基因型与急性冠状动脉综合征有相关(P<0.05);两个等位基因有紧密连锁(D’=0.896);冠状动脉病变数目与基因多态性无相关性(P>0.05);急性心肌梗死和不稳定型心绞痛患者基因分布无显著相关性(P>0.05)。结论第3外显子基因多态性可能与急性冠状动脉综合征发病过程中不稳定班块有关。     

基质金属蛋白酶-9及血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅵ基因多态性与急性冠状动脉综合征的相关性研究

目的探讨金属蛋白酶（MMP-9）血浆水平、基因多态性与血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅵ（GPⅥ）基因多态性在急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）发病中的作用及其相关性。方法对179例经冠状动脉造影及临床表现证实为ACS的患者与164例经冠状动脉造影证实无冠状动脉病变的对照者进行研究,采用ELISA法测定血浆MMP-9水平;Clauss法测定纤维蛋白原（Fib）水平;采用多聚酶链反应-限制性内切酶片断长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）分析MMP-9基因中C-1562T、G5564A和GPⅥ T13254C、Fib Bβ链-148C／T基因多态性。结果ACS组血浆MMP-9和Fib水平明显高于对照组,P 〈 0．001;急性心肌梗死组的血浆Fib水平高于不稳定性心绞痛组,P 〈 0．05。ACS组与对照组比较．MMP-9／C-1562T、MMP-9／G5564A和GPⅥ T13254C、Fib Bβ链-148C／T基因型与等位基因频率分布差异无统计学意义。当Fib Bβ链出现T等位基因时,血浆Fib水平明显升高,P 〈 0．05。显示MMP-9及Fib与ACS发病呈明显正相关（ r = 0．289,P 〈 0．01）。结论MMP-9及Fib是ACS发病的独立危险因素,Fib Bβ链T等位基因与血浆Fib水平升高有关,MMP-9 C-1562T、G5564A和GPⅥ T13254C、FibBβ链-148C／T等位基因频率分布在ACS组对照组之间差异无统计学意义。