间充质干细胞构建组织工程化气管的研究与应用

背景：间充质干细胞诸多特有的良好生物学特性使得其在组织工程化气管研究中成为理想的种子细胞来源。 目的：总结间充质干细胞在构建组织工程化气管领域的研究现状、进展、存在的问题及展望。 方法：由作者检索PubMed数据库及CNKI数据库1979至2012年,在英文标题和摘要中以“mesenchymal stem cells, tissue-engineered trachea”和“tracheal chondrocytes, tracheal epithelial cells, tracheal vascular endothelial cells” 检索,中文文献检索中以“间充质干细胞、组织工程化气管、气管软骨细胞、气管上皮细胞和气管血管内皮细胞”为关键词,选择与组织工程化气管相关的文章,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志的文章,共纳入51篇。 结果与结论：组织工程化气管种子细胞研究主要包括软骨细胞、上皮细胞和血管内皮细胞。实验已证实, 间充质干细胞可定向分化为软骨细胞,细胞因子在诱导间充质干细胞分化为软骨过程中起着关键作用。目前尚未发现合适的诱导因子能特异性诱导间充质干细胞定向分化气管上皮细胞。有研究发现间充质干细胞具有向上皮细胞分化的潜能。间充质干细胞在体内或体外特殊条件下可诱导分化为血管内皮细胞,为间充质干细胞作为种子细胞分化血管内皮细胞应用于组织工程化气管起到借鉴作用。     

Comparison of phenotypic characterization between "alginate bead" and "pellet" culture systems as chondrogenic differentiation models for human mesenchymal stem cells

Chondrogenesis involves the recruitment of mesenchymal cells to differentiate into chondroblasts, and also the cells must synthesize a cartilage-specific extracellular matrix. There were two representative culture systems that promoted the chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. These systems were adaptations of the "pellet" culture system, which was originally described as a method for preventing the phenotypic modulation of chondrocytes, and the "alginate bead" culture system, which was used to maintain encapsulated cells at their differentiated phenotype over time, and also it was used to maintain the cells' proteoglycan synthesis at a rate similar to that of primary chondrocytes. We performed test on the differences of phenotypic characterization with the two methods of differentiating human mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes. The typical gene for articular cartilage, collagen type II, was more strongly expressed in the "alginate bead" system than in the "pellet" culture system, in addition, specific gene for hypertrophic cartilage, collagen type X, was more rapidly expressed in the "pellet" system than in "alginate bead" culture system. Therefore, the "alginate bead" culture system is a more phenotypical, practical and appropriate system to differentiate human mesenchymal stem cells into articular chondrocytes than the "pellet" culture system.     

Induction of intervertebral disc-like cells from adult mesenchymal stem cells

The potential of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to differentiate towards cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, or muscle is well established. However, the capacity of MSCs to differentiate towards intervertebral disc (IVD)-like cells is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the molecular phenotype of human IVD cells and articular chondrocytes and to analyze whether mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate towards both cell types after transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta)-mediated induction in vitro. Bone marrow-derived MSCs were differentiated in spheroid culture towards the chondrogenic lineage in the presence of TGF beta(3) dexamethasone, and ascorbate. A customized cDNA-array comprising 45 cartilage-, bone-, and stem cell-relevant genes was used to quantify gene expression profiles. After TGF beta-mediated differentiation, MSC spheroids turned positive for collagen type II protein and expressed a large panel of genes characteristic for chondrocytes, including aggrecan, decorin, fibromodulin, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, although at levels closer to IVD tissue than to hyaline articular cartilage. Like IVD tissue, the spheroids were strongly positive for collagen type I and osteopontin. MSC spheroids expressed more differentiation markers at higher levels than culture-expanded IVD cells and chondrocytes, which both dedifferentiated in monolayer culture. In conclusion, mesenchymal stem cells adopted a gene expression profile that resembled native IVD tissue more closely than native joint cartilage. Thus, these cells may represent an attractive source from which to obtain IVD-like cells, whereas modification of culture conditions is required to approach the molecular phenotype of chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage.     

Laminin,VEGF, and Bone Matrix Protein Expression in Uroepithelial Bone Induction—a Canine Model

A biological and embryological bone induction from epithelial-mesenchymal cell interactions has been noticed in some developing tissues. However, the mechanism for bone formation induced by the epithelial-mesenchymal cell interactions is not clear. The aim of our study was to reveal the role of laminin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and bone matrix proteins in mesenchymal cell differentiation during uroepithelial bone induction using a well-established canine model. In this model, a myoperitoneal muscle flap from the abdominal rectus sheath was transplanted into the bladder wall. After 6 weeks, the bladder samples were removed and assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry. This study demonstrated that bone formation occurred in two different directions with two distinct mechanisms. We noted that bone-forming cells in two types of bone formation derived from mesenchymal stem cell differentiation induced either from uroepithelium or bone autoinduction. Laminin was only expressed in peripheral regions of uroepithelium bone formation. Type II collagen was expressed both intracellularly and extracellularly around hypertrophic chondrocytes, whereas VEGF was mostly expressed in proliferating chondrocytes. This study indicates that components in basement membrane like laminin play a role in transitional epithelium-induced differentiation of mesenchymal cells to chondrocytes in muscle tissue. The sequential expression of bone matrix proteins by differentiated osteogenetic cells indicates a subsequent sequence of bone autoinduction.     

Laminin, VEGF, and bone matrix protein expression in uroepithelial bone induction--a canine model

A biological and embryological bone induction from epithelial-mesenchymal cell interactions has been noticed in some developing tissues. However, the mechanism for bone formation induced by the epithelial-mesenchymal cell interactions is not clear. The aim of our study was to reveal the role of laminin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and bone matrix proteins in mesenchymal cell differentiation during uroepithelial bone induction using a well-established canine model. In this model, a myoperitoneal muscle flap from the abdominal rectus sheath was transplanted into the bladder wall. After 6 weeks, the bladder samples were removed and assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry. This study demonstrated that bone formation occurred in two different directions with two distinct mechanisms. We noted that bone-forming cells in two types of bone formation derived from mesenchymal stem cell differentiation induced either from uroepithelium or bone autoinduction. Laminin was only expressed in peripheral regions of uroepithelium bone formation. Type II collagen was expressed both intracellularly and extracellularly around hypertrophic chondrocytes, whereas VEGF was mostly expressed in proliferating chondrocytes. This study indicates that components in basement membrane like laminin play a role in transitional epithelium-induced differentiation of mesenchymal cells to chondrocytes in muscle tissue. The sequential expression of bone matrix proteins by differentiated osteogenetic cells indicates a subsequent sequence of bone autoinduction.     

自体骨髓间充质干细胞和同种异体软骨细胞共培养优化软骨组织工程种子的细胞源

背景：至今尚无一种细胞能完全满足组织工程对种子细胞的要求。 目的：探讨自体骨髓间充质干细胞和同种异体软骨细胞共培养的可行性。 方法：酶消化分离法获得兔软骨细胞,使用密度梯度离心和贴壁筛选的方法获得骨髓间充质干细胞。取细胞浓度为3×108 L-1的第2代骨髓间充质干细胞和软骨细胞,随机分为3组,共培养组：将骨髓间充质干细胞和软骨细胞按2∶1比例混匀;实验组：取同代同浓度的软骨细胞(浓度与共培养细胞的终浓度相同);对照组：取低浓度软骨细胞1×108 L-1(与共培养组中软骨细胞终浓度相同)。 结果与结论：共培养组、实验组及对照组细胞平均群体倍增时间分别为3,7,8 d;共培养组共培养细胞增殖比其他2组明显增快(P < 0.05);糖胺多糖水平明显多于其他2组(P < 0.05);自体骨髓间充质干细胞与同种异体软骨细胞共培养未见明显排异反应,提示自体骨髓间充质干细胞与同种异体软骨细胞为种子细胞共培养,骨髓间充质干细胞能促进软骨细胞的增殖和细胞外基质合成,缩短软骨细胞培养时间和减少传代次数,同时软骨细胞可促进骨髓间充质干细胞向软骨细胞的定向转化,节省大量软骨细胞。关键词：软骨细胞;共培养;骨髓间充质干细胞;组织工程;种子细胞 缩略语注释：BMSCs：bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,骨髓间充质干细胞 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.14.008     

The differentiation of rat adipose-derived stem cells into OEC-like cells on collagen scaffolds by co-culturing with OECs

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) transplantation is a promising or potential therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI). However, their clinical use is limited because of the availability. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been identified as an alternative source of adult stem cells in recent years. ADSCs could be differentiated into various mesenchymal tissues cells such as chondrocytes, adipocytes, osteoblasts, and myocytes and also could be differentiated into neural lineages. In this study, we examined the feasibility of using ADSCs as a source of stem cells for the differentiation of OECs by co-culture approach. When co-cultured with OECs, the ADSCs on three-dimensional collagen scaffolds were differentiated into OEC-like cells, with similar morphology and antigenic phenotypes (p75NTR+/Nestin+/GFAP-) of OECs. Co-cultured ADSCs were positive for several important functional markers of mature OECs such as neurotrophic factor GDNF, BDNF and myelin protein PLP and the conditioned medium of OEC-like cells could significantly promote DRG neuron growth and axon sprouting without NGF supporting in contrast to that of the ADSCs. Our results showed that ADSCs had the potential to differentiate into OEC-like cells on the three-dimensional collagen scaffolds in vitro.     

两种培养体系条件下人脐带间充质干细胞向软骨细胞的分化

背景：无支架体外诱导间充质干细胞向软骨细胞分化的方法主要包括高密度微团培养、单层细胞培养、与软骨细胞体外共培养等,其中高密度微团培养和体外单层细胞培养因操作简便易行,诱导成功率高受到广泛关注。 目的：寻求一种更佳的无支架体外诱导人脐带间充质干细胞向软骨细胞分化的方法。 方法：组织块法分离人脐带间充质干细胞,流式细胞仪鉴定其表面标志。收集第3代人脐带间充质干细胞分别采用平面诱导培养和离心管聚集成团培养,使其向软骨细胞分化。 结果与结论：人脐带间充质干细胞的细胞表型CD105⁺/CD29⁺/CD44⁺/CD31^-/CD34^-/CD40^-CD45^-/HLA^-DR^-。未诱导的人脐带间充质干细胞表达微弱的软骨细胞标志物,经诱导后葡萄糖胺聚糖和Ⅱ型胶原表达量显著增加,其中聚集成团培养的表达量高于平面培养。实时定量PCR结果显示,诱导后细胞较诱导前均高表达葡萄糖胺聚糖、Ⅱ型胶原和SOX-9 mRNA,其中聚集成团培养的表达量高于平面培养。说明人脐带间充质干细胞在聚集成团培养体系中诱导更有利于其分化成软骨细胞。     

水凝胶三维培养对人羊膜间充质干细胞特性及旁分泌效应的影响

文题释义：水凝胶三维培养：应用安全稳定的天然或合成聚合物材料为细胞提供一个空间、立体的生存环境,可增强细胞的黏附、增殖及分泌细胞因子能力。 旁分泌效应：以往研究认为干细胞应用于创面治疗的潜能是干细胞归巢分化为损伤组织,后来发现移植的干细胞大多停留在肝、脾,很少能到达损伤创面。目前研究证实间充质干细胞通过分泌某些营养因子作用于临近的靶细胞,起到促进创面愈合的作用。 背景：研究表明间充质干细胞在创面愈合中具有减轻炎症反应、促进创面愈合、减轻瘢痕形成的作用,然而以往的普通二维培养环境由于存在细胞间接触性抑制,可能导致细胞的基因表达、信号传导和形态学存在差异。 目的：观察人羊膜间充质干细胞旁分泌创面愈合相关因子的能力是否受二维培养环境与三维培养环境的影响。 方法：利用传统酶消化法获得人羊膜间充质干细胞后,分别接种于普通细胞培养瓶(二维培养)与ShakeGel^TM 3D水凝胶中(三维培养),将水凝胶中的人羊膜间充质干细胞分别进行成脂、成骨、成软骨诱导分化,免疫荧光染色确定细胞分化方向;待两种培养环境中的人羊膜间充质干细胞融合至70%-80%,于倒置相差显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜下观察细胞的生长特点及形态;培养24 h后,应用RT-qPCR技术测定细胞旁分泌创面愈合相关因子的mRNA相对表达量;培养48 h后,利用ELISA试剂盒检测细胞旁分泌创面愈合相关因子的蛋白表达量。 结果与结论：①二维培养组人羊膜间充质干细胞呈扁平状,为典型间充质样细胞形态;三维培养组人羊膜间充质干细胞呈圆形,均匀分散于水凝胶的每一层;②三维培养中的人羊膜间充质干细胞具有3系诱导分化潜能;③三维培养组白细胞介素6、白细胞介素8、表皮生长因子、碱性成纤维细胞因子、透明质酸、肝细胞生长因子、血管内皮生长因子mRNA相对表达量高于二维培养组(P < 0.001,P < 0.05),两组白细胞介素4、白细胞介素10、金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子、基质金属蛋白酶、转化生长因子、角化细胞生长因子mRNA相对表达量比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);④三维培养组白细胞介素6、白细胞介素10、表皮生长因子、碱性成纤维细胞因子、白细胞介素8、肝细胞生长因子、转化生长因子β1、血管内皮生长因子蛋白表达量高于二维培养组(P < 0.001,P < 0.01,P < 0.05),两组白细胞介素4、金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子、基质金属蛋白酶、角化细胞生长因子蛋白表达量比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);⑤结果表明,水凝胶三维培养环境中的人羊膜间充质干细胞可呈现更好的形态及创面修复相关因子旁分泌生物学效应。 ORCID: 0000-0002-9744-2176(王旗) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

Skin-derived precursors differentiate into skeletogenic cell types and contribute to bone repair

Skin-derived precursors (SKPs) are multipotent dermal precursors that share similarities with neural crest stem cells and that can give rise to peripheral neural and some mesodermal cell types, such as adipocytes. Here, we have asked whether rodent or human SKPs can generate other mesenchymally derived cell types, with a particular focus on osteocytes and chondrocytes. In culture, rodent and human foreskin-derived SKPs differentiated into alkaline-positive, collagen type-1-positive, mineralizing osteocytes, and into collagen type-II-positive chondrocytes that secreted chondrocyte-specific proteoglycans. Clonal analysis demonstrated that SKPs efficiently generated these skeletogenic cell types, and that they were multipotent with regard to the osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages. To ask if SKPs could generate these same lineages in vivo, genetically tagged, undifferentiated rat SKPs were transplanted into a tibial bone fracture model. Over the ensuing 6 weeks, many of the transplanted cells survived within the bone callus, where they were morphologically and phenotypically similar to the endogenous mesenchymal/osteogenic cells. Moreover, some transplanted cells adopted a mature osteocyte phenotype and integrated into the newly formed bone. Some transplanted cells also differentiated into chondrocytes and into smooth muscle cells and/or pericytes that were associated with blood vessels. Thus, both rodent and human SKPs generate skeletogenic cell types in culture, and the injured bone environment is sufficient to instruct SKPs to differentiate down an osteogenic lineage, in a fashion similar to the endogenous mesenchymal precursors.     

软骨细胞上清液诱导滑膜间充质干细胞微团培养成软骨

背景：滑膜间充质干细胞在体外具有多向分化的能力,有望成为软骨组织工程中治疗软骨缺损的种子细胞,在其向软骨细胞分化过程中,合适的生长因子起了重要作用。 目的：利用富含生长因子的软骨细胞上清液诱导滑膜间充质干细胞向软骨细胞分化,并对其鉴定。 方法：采用消化法分别获得SD大鼠滑膜间充质干细胞、软骨细胞。收集软骨细胞上清液离心、过滤冻存备用。培养滑膜间充质干细胞至第3代后离心成微团,并用软骨细胞上清液进行成软骨诱导分化,通过形态学观察、免疫组织化学法、RT-PCR检测进行鉴定。 结果与结论：滑膜间充质干细胞使用软骨细胞上清液成软骨诱导21 d后,微团可见似软骨样组织。免疫组化法进行Ⅱ型胶原鉴定,基质能被Ⅱ型胶原染色,细胞染色呈现棕黄色。RT-PCR结果显示诱导后的微团表达软骨特异性基因Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白聚糖。证实软骨细胞分泌的可溶性因子可以诱导大鼠滑膜间充质干细胞向软骨方向分化。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

贴壁和缩短胰酶消化时间培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞

背景：对于骨髓间充质干细胞的分离纯化、培养扩增目前已有几种方法,各自均有不同的优劣性。 目的：观察贴壁法和缩短胰酶消化时间的方法体外分离和培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的特点。 方法：培养初期频繁换液,去除混杂细胞;传代后加入不同诱导剂定向诱导分化,使之分别向脂肪细胞,成骨细胞和软骨细胞方向分化。 结果与结论：该分离培养方法在第3代可以得到纯化的骨髓间充质干细胞。分离培养的细胞纯度高,有良好的增殖和分化潜能。定向诱导培养的细胞能向成脂细胞、成骨细胞和成软骨细胞方向分化。     

骨髓间充质干细胞治疗骨关节病及脊髓损伤的研究现状

背景：目前,骨髓间充质干细胞已应用于临床上治疗骨关节疾病及脊髓损伤,乃至中枢神经系统病变等。 目的：分析骨髓间充质干细胞在骨关节病及脊髓损伤应用的现状。 方法：检索SCI数据库2002/2011有关骨髓间充质干细胞治疗骨关节病及脊髓损伤的文献,检索词为“干细胞(stem cells);骨髓间充质干细胞(bone mesenchymal stem cells, BMSCs);骨细胞(osteocyte or bone cell);软骨细胞(chondrocyte);软骨缺损(cartilage defect);关节软骨(articular cartilage);组织工程(tissue engineering);股骨头坏死(femoral head necrosis);脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury, SCI)”,对骨髓间充质干细胞治疗骨关节病及脊髓损伤的临床文献进行分析。 结果与结论：近年来,随着骨髓间充质干细胞研究的深入,干细胞应用于临床治疗骨科疾病成为可能。骨髓间充质干细胞主要存在于骨髓中并保持干细胞的多项分化潜能,因其在一定条件下在体内外可分化为骨、软骨,加之细胞本身的特性,已经被应用于治疗如骨缺损、骨不连股骨头坏死等一些骨科常见病。由于骨髓间充质干细胞的特性,使其在除组织工程外,创伤修复、细胞替代治疗、支持造血、基因治疗等方面的应用前景也相当广阔。     

骨髓间充质干细胞向软骨细胞的分化

背景：以骨髓间充质干细胞构建组织工程气管尚缺乏理想的特异性表面标志物,对其鉴定主要依赖细胞形态学、细胞表型及诱导分化的功能进行分析。 目的：体外分离培养、鉴定兔骨髓间充质干细胞,观察在特定条件下向气管软骨细胞分化的潜能。 方法：无菌环境取兔骨髓,经全骨髓贴壁筛选法分离培养细胞至第2代,流式细胞术鉴定第1、第2代细胞表面抗原CD44、CD45的表达。无菌环境取气管,经酶消化法分离培养气管软骨细胞,甲苯胺蓝染色鉴定软骨细胞蛋白聚糖的合成。在使用转化生长因子β1的基础上,将骨髓间充质干细胞与气管软骨细胞通过Transwell小室非接触式共培养,倒置显微镜观察细胞形态,甲苯胺蓝染色鉴定蛋白聚糖的合成,荧光实时定量PCR鉴定Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白聚糖 mRNA的表达。 结果与结论：分离、培养的细胞呈长梭形、不规则形聚集生长,传代后细胞生长速度明显增快,呈鱼群状聚集生长。第1代有96.97%的细胞表达CD44、13.72%的细胞表达CD45,第2代有99.11%的细胞表达CD44、8.54%的细胞表达CD45。气管软骨细胞甲苯胺蓝染色阳性。在诱导后,骨髓间充质干细胞形态逐渐由长梭形变为三角形或不规则形,表达软骨细胞特异性Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白聚糖 mRNA基因,甲苯胺蓝染色示阳性。结果表明全骨髓贴壁筛选法可成功分离培养骨髓间充质干细胞,第2代纯度较高,且在特定诱导条件下具有分化为气管软骨细胞的潜能。     

体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向胆管上皮样细胞分化

背景：肝外胆管和胆囊上皮细胞的分离、纯化相对比较容易,但是胆管上皮细胞在体外易失去增殖能力,难以提供基础研究所需的细胞量,限制了胆管修复等基础研究的进程。虽然骨髓间充质干细胞可以转化为肝细胞,但是尚无体外培养骨髓间充质干细胞分化为胆管上皮细胞的报道。 目的：探讨体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为胆管上皮细胞的可行性。 方法：采取全骨髓贴壁筛选法体外分离并纯化大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞后,在第3代骨髓间充质干细胞培养基中加入肝细胞生长因子和表皮生长因子,倒置显微镜下观察骨髓间充质干细胞的形态学变化,免疫荧光检测不同时间CK19的表达情况。 结果与结论：在肝细胞生长因子和表皮生长因子的诱导下,骨髓间充质干细胞由梭形逐渐变为多边形、三角形;免疫荧光检查显示诱导第4周细胞膜开始表达CK19,诱导第6周CK19表达率明显提高。结果表明在两种细胞因子联合诱导下骨髓间充质干细胞能够转化为胆管上皮样细胞,从而为骨髓间充质干细胞修复损伤胆管提供了一个新思路。     

与软骨细胞共培养和条件培养液诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向软骨细胞分化的比较

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞体外转化很大程度上依赖于合适的培养条件。 目的：比较与软骨细胞共培养和条件培养液2种不同的诱导方案诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向软骨细胞分化的特点。 方法：分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞和耳软骨细胞,采用骨髓间充质干细胞与软骨细胞共培养及条件培养液诱导成软骨的方法,诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向软骨细胞分化。以MTT法及流式细胞仪检测细胞活性及周期,糖胺多糖、甲苯胺蓝以及免疫组化染色检测细胞生物学特性,以RT-PCR法检测诱导后的软骨细胞Ⅱ型胶原RNA表达情况。 结果与结论：采用共培养方式诱导的软骨细胞,其生物学特性与采用条件培养液诱导的软骨细胞相比,前者优于后者,如分泌糖胺多糖的能力以及基质分泌量均较高。提示共培养方式诱导的软骨细胞更接近正常软骨细胞,更有利于作为组织工程软骨的种子细胞。     

三维培养诱导人脂肪间充质干细胞微球的成软骨分化能力

背景：关节软骨损伤后修复结果不满意,需要新的手段,而脂肪间充质干细胞较适宜做种子细胞诱导软骨,然而怎么能够使诱导的软骨具有功能需要研究。 目的：采用三维培养体系诱导人脂肪间充质干细胞微球向软骨分化。 方法：无菌切取吸脂术后脂肪组织,分离培养人脂肪间充质干细胞,传至第3代进行流式细胞术分析,成骨成脂肪诱导等鉴定,同时也给予合适的培养条件用三维培养的方式向软骨细胞诱导,并行阿利辛蓝染色鉴定糖胺多糖的合成,苏木精-伊红染色进行组织学分析,免疫荧光检测Ⅱ型胶原表达,称质量测量软骨硬度。 结果与结论：分离的人脂肪间充质干细胞CD105,CD44,CD29均高表达,而 CD45,CD34低表达,并且成骨成脂诱导后细胞茜素红染色和油红O染色均为阳性。三维培养法诱导的软骨细胞可表达大量糖胺多糖及Ⅱ型胶原。结果证实,三维培养法诱导人脂肪间充质细胞向软骨分化后,具有软骨细胞的特性。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

Differentiation of hMSC in Micromass Culture

1 Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotential stem cells which can be expanded in culture while still maintaining their undifferentiated state. They have the potential to differentiate into distinct mesenchymal tissue cells, including chondrocytes. Thus, they are an attractive cell source for cartilage tissue engineering. In vitro high density micromass culture has been widely used for chondrogenesis induction. The objective of our study was to analyze viability and differe…     

人脂肪来源间充质干细胞成骨及成软骨的潜能

背景：人脂肪来源间充质干细胞是种具有较强的体外增殖和多系分化能力的成体干细胞,可以从美容吸脂手术中获得,取材方便,原料来源丰富,在生物治疗应用方面蕴藏着巨大的价值。 目的：体外分离、培养人脂肪来源间充质干细胞,探讨其基本生物学特性及成骨成软骨的潜能。 方法：取美容吸脂获得的脂肪组织,采用Ⅱ型胶原酶消化法分离人脂肪来源间充质干细胞并进行体外培养;观察细胞形态、测定细胞周期、流式细胞仪鉴定细胞表面标志;取第3代细胞,分别加入成骨诱导培养基及成软骨诱导培养基行体外成骨及成软骨诱导。 结果与结论：体外培养人脂肪来源间充质干细胞呈纤维样形态,原代细胞24 h内贴壁,培养5~7 d 后开始形成细胞集落;经细胞周期检测显示G₀/G₁,S和G₂/M所占比例分别为(88±2)%,(12±2)%和0.03%。经流式细胞仪检测CD29和CD105呈阳性表达,CD34和CD45呈阴性表达。RT-PCR检测显示,人脂肪间充质干细胞经成骨诱导分化后细胞中骨桥蛋白mRNA呈阳性表达,经软骨诱导分化后细胞中Ⅱ型胶原mRNA呈阳性表达。结果证实,实验成功体外分离、培养人脂肪来源间充质干细胞,其具有向成骨细胞和软骨细胞分化的潜能。     

Differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into mesangial cells in post-glomerular injury murine model

AIMS: Adult human bone marrow contains a population of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) that contributes to the regeneration of tissues such as bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon, and fat. In recent years, it has been shown that functional stem cells exist in the adult bone marrow, and they can contribute to renal remodelling or reconstitution of injured renal glomeruli, especially mesangial cells. The purpose of this study is to examine the ability of MSC isolated from human bone marrow to differentiate into mesangial cells in glomerular injured athymic mice. METHODS: MSC were isolated from human bone marrow mononuclear cells based on plastic adherent properties and expanded in vitro in the culture medium. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) were characterised using microscopy, immunophenotyping, and their ability to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes. hMSC were then injected into athymic mice, which had induced glomerulonephropathy (GN). RESULTS: Test mice (induced GN and infused hMSC) were shown to have anti-human CD105(+) cells present in the kidneys and were also positive to anti-human desmin, a marker for mesangial cells. Furthermore, immunofluorescence assays also demonstrated that anti-human desmin(+) cells in the glomeruli of these test mice were in the proliferation stage, being positive to anti-human Ki-67. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that hMSC found in renal glomeruli differentiated into mesangial cells in vivo after glomerular injury occurred.