伽玛刀在松果体区肿瘤治疗中的应用

的探讨伽玛刀对松果体区肿瘤治疗的有效性。方法２５例共３１个病灶,治疗前肿瘤平均体积为５４ｃｍ３（００９２～２９３ｃｍ３）;ＫＰＳ平均为７９２３分（５０～１００分）;射点数１～８个（平均４２个）;周边剂量１０～２２５Ｇｙ（平均１４８６Ｇｙ）;周边剂量曲线３０％～９０％（平均４３９％）;中心剂量１４４４～５６２５Ｇｙ（平均３６１８Ｇｙ）。结果１９个月内有１４例获得随访,平均随访期为５５个月,治疗后平均肿瘤体积缩小至４４ｃｍ３（０～２６７ｃｍ３）。治疗后肿瘤体积缩小者临床症状有明显好转或改善,ＫＰＳ平均为８６９２分（５０～１００分）。结论定位诊断明确的松果体区占位病变,如果其体积在伽玛刀治疗的允许范围内,首选伽玛刀治疗是明智的,可获得良好的预后。     

复发胶质瘤伽玛刀治疗的初步报告

对４８例经手术治疗、术后放疗和（或）化疗后复发的胶质瘤进行了伽玛刀治疗，肿瘤直径１１．３～６９．８ｍｍ，平均３５ｍｍ；肿瘤中心剂量２２～５５Ｇｙ，平均３２Ｇｙ；肿瘤周边剂量１１～２０Ｇｙ，平均１５Ｇｙ；照射的等中心数１～１５个，平均７个。获得随访４０例，随访时间９～２２个月，平均１４个月。至最后一次随访时，１６例死亡，１２例病情恶化，３例症状好转，９例病情无加重。４０例的存活时间２～２２个月，平均１０．９个月。肿瘤体积小治疗效果好，体积大效果差。     

伽玛刀治疗脑动静脉畸形

目的评估伽玛刀（γ刀）治疗脑动静脉畸形（ＡＶＭ）的疗效。方法用Ｌｅｋｓｅｌγ刀手术治疗脑ＡＶＭ２１６例并随访１２～３４个月。患者年龄１１～８３岁,ＳｐｅｔｚｌｅｒＭａｒｔｉｎ分级：Ⅰ级４２例,Ⅱ级６８例,Ⅲ级９５例,Ⅳ级７例,Ⅴ级４例。ＡＶＭ体积０３～４３．９ｃｍ３,治疗用周边剂量１２～３０Ｇｙ。结果γ刀治疗后的ＡＶＭ闭塞情况和并发症的发生与其体积、分级、定位方法、周边剂量、剂量规划及质量控制等因素有关。对体积≤５．０ｃｍ３或ＳｐｅｔｚｌｅｒＭａｒｔｉｎ分级＜Ⅲ级及周边剂量≥２０Ｇｙ者,其２年闭塞率超过７８５％。本组有４例γ刀术后再出血,９例并发有明显症状的放射性脑水肿。结论γ刀是治疗脑ＡＶＭ的一种安全、有效的方法,特别是ＳｐｅｔｚｌｅｒＭａｒｔｉｎⅠ～Ⅱ级或体积≤５０ｃｍ３的ＡＶＭ及周边剂量≥２０Ｇｙ者疗效较好。数字减影血管造影（ＤＳＡ）结合磁共振血管造影（ＭＲＡ）联合定位对提高ＡＶＭ的闭塞率、降低并发症有帮助     

垂体腺瘤的伽玛刀治疗

目的：评估伽玛刀（γ－刀）手术对垂体腺瘤的治疗效果。方法：对２９２例垂体腺瘤患者,用１．５Ｔ磁共振和γ－ｐｌａｎ计算机联网定位,Ｌｅｋｓｅｌ伽玛刀实施放射外科手术。肿瘤直径３．８～５１．１ｍｍ,平均１６．３ｍｍ,处方剂量９～３５Ｇｙ,平均２１．６Ｇｙ。结果：本组获随访２０４例（１２～３４个月,平均２１个月）,肿瘤消失３９例（１９．１％）,缩小１５６例（７６．４％）;激素值恢复正常１４例（１１．８％）,较术前下降９４例（７９．６％）;临床症状改善１９０例（９３．１％）,９例症状加重,３例肿瘤增大,２例开颅手术,１例死亡。结论：γ－刀是治疗垂体腺瘤安全、有效的一种方法,但要严格掌握适应证,对Ⅲ级以上肿瘤应首选手术治疗,γ－刀治疗后有可能加重垂体功能低下或诱发垂体危象。     

脉络膜黑色素瘤的X—刀治疗

目的探讨Ｘ－刀治疗脉络膜黑色素瘤的疗效及照射剂量。方法采用６０％～８０％等剂量曲线覆盖靶区,肿瘤边界最小剂量１８．４～２７Ｇｙ,平均３７．９Ｇｙ。治疗脉络膜黑色素瘤９例。结果平均随访１８．７个月。眼球保留率８８．９％（８／９）。治疗后１年计算机层摄影（ＣＴ）、磁共振成像（ＭＲＩ）检查结果示：肿瘤消失１例,缩小４例,无变化３例,进展１例。肿瘤周边剂量≤２０Ｇｙ组有效率为２５％（１／４）比＞２０Ｇｙ组     

三叉神经痛伽玛刀治疗（附30例分析）

介绍伽玛刀治疗三叉神经痛３０例。方法：采用１．５ＴＭＢ影像。Ｇａｍｍａ－Ｐｌａｎ定位和治疗计划，γ－刀治疗。治疗靶点在三叉神经感觉根桥脑进入区，用４ｍｍ准真器，最大剂量７２－８０Ｇｙ，５０％等剂量线限定靶点，颅底肿瘤１２－１５Ｇｙ治疗。结果：随访３－２４个月。疼痛１００％缓解占６０％，疼痛缓解〉９０％占２３．３％，疼痛缓解〉５０％占６．３３％，总有效率８９．７％，２例无效，１例５个月后复发。无效和     

三叉神经痛伽玛刀治疗(附30例分析)

目的：介绍伽玛刀治疗三叉神经痛３０例。方法：采用１．５ＴＭＲ影像、Ｇａｍｍａ－Ｐｌａｎ定位和治疗计划，γ－刀（ＬＥＫＳＥＬＬ）治疗。治疗靶点在三叉神经感觉根桥脑进入区，用４ｍｍ准直器，最大剂量７２～８０Ｇｙ，５０％等剂量线限定靶点；颅底肿瘤１２～１５Ｇｙ治疗。结果：随访３～２４个月。疼痛１００％缓解占６０％，疼痛缓解＞９０％占２３．３％，疼痛缓解＞５０％占６．３３％，总有效率８９．７％，２例无效，１例５个月后复发。无效和复发病人经再次治疗后疼痛１００％缓解。全组病人无任何并发症。结论：伽玛刀是治疗三叉神经痛一种安全和有效的方法     

复发胶质瘤伽玛刀治疗的初步报告

对４８例经手术治疗，术后放疗和化疗后复发的胶质瘤进行了伽玛刀治疗，肿瘤直径１１．３－６９．８ｍｍ，平均３５ｍｍ；肿瘤中心剂量２２－５５ＧＹ，平均３２ＧＹ；肿瘤周边剂量１１－２０ＧＹ，平均１５ＧＹ；照射的等中心数１－１５个，平均７个。获得随访４０例，随访时间９－２２个月，平均１４个月。至最后一次随访时，１６例死亡，１２例病情恶化，３例症状好转，９例病情无加重。     

鼠脑胶质瘤近距离放疗的实验研究

目的：探讨铱１９２间质放疗,不同剂量分割对实验性鼠脑胶质瘤的影响。方法：选用种植胶质瘤１７只ＳＤ鼠进行０～１０００ｃＧｙ／２次／天的分割剂量放疗,比较１５０～３００ｃＧｙ组和５００～１０００ｃＧｙ组放疗过程中的影像变化。模式特征和生存期。结果：５００～１０００ｃＧｙ组瘤体出现中央坏死率为１００％（４／４）,１５０～３００ｃＧｙ组为２２．２％（２／９）,两组相比Ｐ〈０．０５。治疗中瘤体中央无坏死组（     

帕罗西汀联合氯丙嗪对精神分裂症阴性症状的治疗

于１９９０年５月～１９９８年１月，随机选择符合ＣＣＭＤ－２－Ｒ精神分裂症诊断标准的住院病人２１例，均以阴性症状为临床主要表现。其中男１２例，女９例；平均年龄４８．５±１０．７岁，平均病程２１．５±５．１年；以往曾经多种抗精神病药治疗无效；ＢＰＲＳ≥３...     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.