心肺复苏机在心肺脑复苏中的临床应用研究

心肺复苏（CPR）是对呼吸心跳骤停的患者给予呼吸和循环支持。基于胸泵理论和心泵理论,通过挤压胸腔建立人工循环和呼吸,为患者提供基础生命支持,从而为心肺脑复苏创造条件。徒手胸外按压,操作者的熟练程度,按压的位置、频率、深度等都直接影响着CPR的效果,心肺复苏机采用机械按压,克服了人工按压的不足。本研究中我们应用心肺复苏机或徒手胸外按压治疗心搏骤停患者,旨在观察心肺复苏机对心搏骤停患者复苏效果的影响。     

心电监护对心脏骤停时胸外按压复苏效果的分析

目的 探讨心电监护下胸外按压对院内心脏骤停(CA)心肺复苏(CPR)效果的影响.方法 2009-06～2011-02浙江省台州市恩泽医疗中心(集团)路桥医院40例院内心脏骤停患者随机分为常规组与心电监护组.复苏人员均经培训2005年国际心肺复苏指南.常规组复苏人员自行控制胸外按压,心电监护组复苏人员在直视心电监护[主要看心电图(ECG)和脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)波形]下进行胸外心脏按压.两组胸外按压时均2 min轮换按压人员,观察两组复苏人员的每人次胸外心脏按压频率、每人次患者平均动脉压(MAP)、每人次有效按压时间比例.结果 常规组共按压171人次,心电监护组共按压158人次;常规组按压频率、MAP、有效按压时间比例与心电监护组比较差异有统计学意义[(118±16) 次/min vs(108±8)次/min,(78±15)mm Hg vs(86±13)mm Hg,(86±3.6)%vs(94±4.5)%,P均<0.05],心电监护组每人次按压频率低于常规组,且更接近指南中的100次/min,每人次患者MAP及有效按压时间均高于常规组(P<0.05).结论 心电监护下胸外按压可以提高院内心脏骤停患者的按压效果,值得临床推广.     

CCP与ICP用于成人心搏骤停患者院前急救对生存预后的影响对比

目的:对比连续胸外按压(CCP)与间断胸外按压(ICP)在成人心搏骤停患者院前急救中的应用效果及对患者生存预后的影响。方法:选取124例行院前急救心肺复苏(CPR)的心搏骤停患者作为研究对象,根据院前急救胸外按压方式的不同分为两组:连续组(58例)实施CCP,间断组(66例)实施ICP。对两组患者的院前急救情况、临床资料等进行回顾性对照分析。结果:连续组的初期ROSC率、初期复苏成功率均显著高于间断组(P0.05)。连续组与间断组的CPR持续时间、CPR启动时间、气管插管时间比较,均差异无统计学意义(P0.05);连续组的ROSC平均时间显著短于间断组(P0.05)。连续组的24 h存活率、出院存活率、出院后1个月存活率、出院后6个月存活率均显著高于间断组(P0.05)。多因素分析显示CPR启动时间、ROSC时间、胸外心脏按压方式均是心搏骤停患者生存预后的影响因素(P0.05)。结论:在心搏骤停患者的院前急救中,实施CCP进行CPR的效果优于ICP,其能有效提高CPR成功率,心搏骤停到CPR实施时间间隔、CPR到ROSC时间间隔、胸外按压方式是心搏骤停患者生存预后的主要影响因素。     

1007型THUMPER心肺复苏机的临床疗效观察

目的回顾性分析使用心肺复苏机抢救心脏呼吸骤停患者15例及徒手心肺复苏抢救心脏呼吸骤停患者23例疗效, 探讨心肺复苏机临床应用的优缺点。方法心肺复苏机使用1007型THUMPER心肺复苏机,徒手心肺复苏为人工呼吸和胸外心脏按压,两组患者均同时使用电除颤及药物治疗。结果机械复苏组15例,有效率53．3％;徒手复苏组23例,有效率21．7％,P<0．05,有显著性意义。结论临床使用心肺复苏机抢救心脏呼吸骤停患者可以提高疗效,副反应较轻。     

心脏骤停患者采用便携式胸腔按压机和徒手胸外心脏按压疗效探讨

目的:探讨心脏骤停患者采用便携式胸腔按压机和徒手胸外心脏按压的救治效果。方法:汕头大学医学院第二附属医院对汕头市潮阳区大峰医院急诊科医护人员进行便携式胸腔按压机和徒手胸外心脏按压培训考核,统计初考和补考合格率。选取2016年1月至2019年12月汕头市潮阳区大峰医院急诊科接诊的心脏骤停患者60例为研究对象,其中采用便携式胸腔按压机急救的患者38例为A组,徒手胸外心脏按压急救患者22例为B组。比较两组救治效果以及不良反应事件发生率,监测比较两组患者复苏后3 min、5 min、10 min、20 min的心率、血氧饱和度(SPO_2)、血压、呼吸频率等指标水平。抢救后两组患者均进行了血气分析。结果:45名急诊医护人员初次考核合格率为86.67%(39/45),补考合格率为100.00%(45/45)。与B组比较,A组心肺复苏成功率比B组高(P0.05)。两组血气分析指标、气胸、胸壁胸内脏器受损和肋骨骨折等不良反应事件发生率比较,无明显差异(P0.05)。A组心肺复苏后10 min、20 min的SPO_2高于B组(P0.05)。结论:急诊医护人员需要规范培训掌握便携式胸腔按压机和徒手胸外按压的急救方法,对比发现心脏骤停患者急救采用便携式胸腔按压A组,比徒手胸外心脏按压的B组效果好,且安全性高,值得推广应用。     

萨博心肺复苏与徒手心肺复苏临床效果的对比观察

目的比较萨博心肺复苏与徒手心肺复苏的临床效果。方法按照随机分组方法收集符合观察条件的病例222例,分别施行萨博辅助胸外心脏按压复苏(萨博复苏组,n=113)和徒手胸外心脏按压复苏(徒手复苏组,n=109),对比观察两组首次复苏时间、复苏首阶段(≤30 min)平均自主心律存续时间、由复苏首阶段复苏成功进入高级生命支持病例率、超长复苏(复苏30 min)率和复苏出院率。结果 1萨博复苏组平均首次复苏时间10.8±4.1 min,少于徒手复苏组15.6±5.6 min(P0.05);2在复苏初始≤30 min,萨博复苏组复苏后自主心律存续时间7.1±1.8 min明显长于徒手复苏组3.1±1.6 min(P0.01);3在复苏初始≤30 min成功复苏进入高级生命支持的比率,萨博复苏组28.31%明显高于徒手复苏组17.43%(P0.05);4在实施超长复苏方面,萨博复苏组超长复苏率(43.36%)明显高于徒手复苏组(17.31%)(P0.01)。5在出院率方面,萨博复苏组和徒手复苏组分别为7.96%和6.42%,两组间无显著差异(P0.05)。结论除出院率外,萨博器械辅助心肺复苏在首次复苏时间、复苏首阶段≤30 min平均自主心律存续时间、≤30 min内成功复苏进入高级生命支持病例率、超长复苏率方均明显优于徒手心肺复苏,值得临床推广应用。     

CPR初期持续胸外按压与即刻气管插管对患者预后的影响对照

目的:探讨心肺复苏(CPR)初期持续胸外按压与即刻气管插管对CPR患者预后的影响差异。方法:选取166例心跳呼吸骤停患者,根据CPR电除颤前或药物复苏前对患者所采取的不同措施将其分为早期持续胸外按压组和即刻气管插管组。即刻气管插管组患者先行气管插管,用时≤4min,插管成功后再行胸外按压;持续胸外按压组患者早期持续胸外按压,然后实施气管插管,用时平均6~10min;2组其余措施均按CPR常规处理。结果:即刻气管插管组64例,复苏成功24例,成功率为37.5%;出院存活15例,出院率为23.4%。早期持续胸外按压组102例,复苏成功61例,成功率为59.8%;出院存活49例,出院率为48.0%;2组复苏成功率和出院率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:CPR,早期持续胸外按压较即刻气管插管相比更有利于提高患者的预后。     

窒息家兔心肺复苏疗效与血浆内皮素变化的关系

目的探讨窒息家兔心肺复苏(cardiopulmonaryresuscitation,CPR)疗效与血浆内皮素(endothelin,ET)变化的关系。方法对62只家兔均在呼气末夹闭气管8min,造成窒息性心脏停搏模型后,开始人工胸外心脏按压及机械通气,期间不用任何药物,复苏5min内恢复自主循环(restorationof spontaneouscirculation,ROSC)的家兔定义为常规CPR成功;对5min内未能ROSC者再随机分为两组,分别给予肾上腺素(0.2mg kg)和加压素(0.8U kg)静脉注射,并继续行常规CPR。分别在窒息前和CPR15、60、120min采血测血浆ET浓度。结果常规CPR的家兔ROSC率为24.16%(1562),加用肾上腺素和加压素后总的ROSC率提高到48.39%(3062)。对常规CPR失败的家兔而言,肾上腺素疗效明显优于加压素(ROSC率分别为54.16%和8.70%,P=0.001)。但复苏成功组和复苏失败组家兔血浆ET的比较,差异无显著性。结论对窒息性心脏停搏的家兔CPR时应用肾上腺素或加压素可提高ROSC率,但肾上腺素疗效明显优于加压素。窒息家兔CPR疗效与血浆内皮素变化无明显相关关系。     

心肺复苏中自主循环恢复预测及识别方法研究进展

心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)是心搏骤停时最常用的抢救方法.2010年CPR指南强调高质量胸外按压,建议除颤后继续按压2 min后再判断循环以减少按压中断时间.然而,临床中自主循环恢复(return of spontaneous circulation,ROSC)多发生在按压过程中,此时持续按压不利于自主循环稳定.因此在CPR中识别ROSC十分重要.目前临床上可用于CPR中ROSC的预测和识别方法包括:触及脉搏搏动、波幅谱面积、呼气末二氧化碳分压、冠脉灌注压、中心静脉氧饱和度、胸外按压分数、局部脑氧饱和度、光学容积描记图、结膜氧张力、经胸阻抗容积描记术及超声心动图.本文对以上CPR过程中ROSC预测及识别方法做一综述.     

心肺复苏仪胸外心脏按压对心肺复苏成功的影响

目的:探讨心肺复苏仪胸外心脏按压对心肺复苏成功的影响。方法:将42例心跳呼吸骤停患者随机分为徒手胸外心脏按压组(A组)和心肺复苏仪胸外心脏按压组(B组)。二组均进行无创动脉血压、心电、经皮氧饱和度sPO2等监测。结果:B组的自主循环恢复率和24小时存活率均明显高于A组(P<0.05和P<0.01),但二组的出院存活率无显著性差异。B组的经皮氧饱和度明显高于A组(P<0.05),而自主循环恢复时间则明显短于后者(P<0.01);二组的平均动脉压无显著性差异。结论:心肺复苏仪胸外心脏按压在提高自主循环率,缩短自主循环恢复时间,改善患者生存机会等方面明显优于徒手胸外心脏按压。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。