手助腹腔镜单纯性肾切除术的临床价值

目的 :探讨手助腹腔镜单纯性肾切除术的临床价值。方法 :采用手助腹腔镜行单纯性肾切除术 7例。结果 :7例手术均获成功 ,无术中和术后并发症发生。手术时间 85～ 30 0min ,平均 2 0 4min ;术中出血 30～2 0 0ml,平均 85ml;肾脏大小为 (14 .0cm× 8.5cm× 7.5cm)～ (2 4 .0cm× 2 0 .0cm× 10 .0cm) ;术后住院时间 6～15d。结论 :对于标准腹腔镜手术有难度的单纯性肾切除术 ,手助腹腔镜单纯性肾切除术 ,是一种可以选择的新的手术方式。     

后腹腔镜及手助腹腔镜肾上腺切除术治疗肾上腺肿瘤(附21例报告)

目的 :探讨腹腔镜微创手术治疗肾上腺肿瘤的适应证及手术方法。方法 :对 18例直径小于 6cm的肾上腺肿瘤患者行后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术 (后腹腔镜组 ) ;对 3例最大直径为 10～ 17cm的肾上腺肿瘤患者行手助腹腔镜肾上腺切除术 (手助腹腔镜组 ) ,并观察手术时间、术中出血量、胃肠功能恢复时间和住院时间。结果 :2 1例患者中 ,2 0例成功。其中后腹腔镜组手术时间 2 5～ 135min ,平均 (82 .8± 31.1)min ,术中出血量 6 5～ 16 0ml,平均 (113.4± 31.8)ml,均未输血。手助腹腔镜组手术时间 180～ 2 10min ,术中出血量 80～ 6 0 0ml。两组患者均于术后 2天排气 ,1～ 3天下床活动 ,术后住院 3～ 7天。结论 :与开放手术相比 ,后腹腔镜肾上腺手术具有创伤小、出血少、恢复快等优点 ;手助腹腔镜为巨大肾上腺肿瘤切除提供了微创手术的新方式。     

后腹腔镜单纯性肾切除术6例报告

目的探讨后腹腔镜单纯性肾切除术的临床价值. 方法采用后腹腔镜行单纯性肾切除术6例,其中输尿管结石致肾积水无功能肾5例,肾结核1例.经后腹腔操作,分离出输尿管显露肾蒂, 肾动脉、肾静脉钛夹夹闭后切断,单纯采用钛夹处理肾蒂切除肾脏. 结果手术均获成功,无手术并发症发生.手术时间130～220 min,平均150 min;术中出血量80～150 ml,平均120 ml;术后住院5～7 d.5例输尿管结石随访3个月,肾功能正常;1例肾输尿管结核抗结核治疗6个月,随访无复发,血肌酐120 μmol/L稍高于正常. 结论腹腔镜单纯性肾切除术创伤小、恢复快,可成为单纯性肾切除的金标准术式.     

手助腹腔镜肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术(附9例报告)

目的：探讨手助腹腔镜肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术的手术技术。方法：采用手助腹腔镜对9例肾盂及输尿管肿瘤患者行肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术,其中肾盂癌5例,输尿管癌4例;男7例,女2例;年龄45～68岁,平均53．5岁。结果：9例手术均成功实施,术后病理检查证实为移行细胞癌。手术时问为150～210min,平均190min,出血量50～200ml,平均150ml。术后恢复快,7～21天后出院,无明显并发症。对所有患者随访2～24个月,无肿瘤复发。结论：采用手助腹腔镜肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术治疗肾盂及输尿管肿瘤具有手术时间短、安全、出血少、损伤小、患者术后恢复快、痛苦小、并发症少等优点。     

手助腹腔镜肝切除术的临床体会

目的:评价手助腹腔镜肝切除术的可行性及安全性,并总结其临床经验。方法:回顾分析2009年9月至2012年5月为17例肝占位患者行手助腹腔镜手术的临床资料,结合文献评价手助腹腔镜肝切除术的可行性及安全性。结果:17例手术均成功完成,无中转开腹及围手术期死亡。手术时间120～230 min,平均180 min;术中出血量100～800 ml,平均300 ml。无气体栓塞、胆漏、切口感染等并发症发生。术后住院7～12 d,平均9 d。术后随访2～18个月,无一例腹腔转移及切口转移。结论:掌握并合理选择手术适应证,预防并发症发生,手助腹腔镜肝切除术是安全有效的。     

手助腹腔镜在上尿路移行细胞癌治疗中的应用

目的：探讨手助腹腔镜在肾输尿管全长切除术加膀胱袖套状切除术中的应用价值。方法：采用手助腹腔镜行肾输尿管全长切除术，加膀胱袖套状切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞肿瘤7例(其中经腹腔途径5例，经腹膜后途径2例)。病理类型均为移行细胞癌(肾盂移行细胞癌5例，输尿管移行细胞癌1例，肾盂和输尿管多发性移行细胞癌1例)。结果：7例手助腹腔镜手术均获成功。手术时间50～150min，平均97．5min；术中出血50～300ml，平均111．4ml；术后住院时间7～53d。结论：采用手助腹腔镜行肾输尿管全长切除术加膀胱袖套状切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌，是一种可选择的新的手术方式，与开放手术相比，具有损伤小、出血少、术后恢复快等优点。     

后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术治疗偶发性肾脏小肿瘤

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术的方法及对肾脏小肿瘤的临床应用价值.方法采用腹腔镜对25例<4 cm的肾脏肿瘤患者施行保留肾单位的肾脏肿瘤切除术. 结果 25例手术均取得成功,无中转开放.手术时间55～150 min,平均87 min;热缺血时间15～35 min,平均24 min;出血量50～350 ml,平均230 ml;术后住院时间7～10 d,平均9 d;术后无肾脏继发出血、漏尿等需要再次手术的并发症.术后随访1～30个月,均无局部肿瘤复发及远处转移. 结论 腹腔镜下保留肾单位的肾脏肿瘤切除术安全可行、疗效肯定,对分期为T1a期的肿瘤具有较好的临床应用价值,但长期的肿瘤控制效果需要进一步证实.     

手助腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症

目的:探讨手助腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症的手术方法及技巧。方法:2009年7月至2011年12月为26例肝硬化门脉高压患者行手助腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术。结果:26例均顺利完成手助腹腔镜手术,手术时间167～237 min,平均187 min;术中出血量467～1 820 ml,平均510 ml;术后住院7～16 d,平均9.7 d;术后无死亡病例及严重并发症发生。结论:手助腹腔镜脾切除术联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症安全、微创、可行,明显降低了复杂腹腔镜手术的难度及风险,手术成功的关键是防止术中大出血。     

手助腹腔镜结直肠切除术21例临床分析

目的探讨手助腹腔镜结直肠切除术的可行性. 方法回顾性分析2003年10月～2004年8月我院行手助腹腔镜结直肠切除手术21例的临床资料. 结果 20例完成了手助腹腔镜下手术,平均手术时间144min,术中平均出血量120 ml,平均清扫淋巴结数量8.5个,术后平均肠功能恢复时间为69 h.术后腹腔内出血1例,经保守治疗痊愈.中转开腹1例. 结论手助腹腔镜大肠癌手术安全、可行、并发症少,手助使镜下操作简单化、安全省时,能达到根治效果.     

手助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术(附31例报告)

目的 探讨手助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术的临床应用价值.方法 采用手助腹腔镜行根治性膀胱切除术31例,其中利用手助操作通道的切口行回肠膀胱术24例,原位回肠新膀胱术7例;并观察围手术期的恢复情况及近期疗效.结果 31例手助腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除均获成功,手术时间245～530 min,平均365.7 min;出血量100～500 ml,平均250.9 ml.其中3例需输血,输血率为9.7%.术后进食时间为2～15 d,平均4.3 d.住院时间平均19.7 d(9～83 d).术后6例发生围手术期并发症,占19.4%.31例患者均获随访,平均18个月(1～38个月),2例回肠膀胱切口疝,1例输尿管新膀胱吻合口狭窄.肺部转移及局部复发并全身转移各1例,带瘤生存.肿瘤转移死亡1例,猝死1例.其余27例无瘤存活.结论 手助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术是安全、可行的,尤其在复杂的根治性膀胱切除术中可以减少手术出血,降低手术难度,有效防止并发症的发生.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.