医疗卫生服务中艾滋病歧视的研究进展

从艾滋病(AIDS)歧视的概念,医疗卫生服务过程中AIDS歧视产生的后果、研究现状以及医疗服务过程中AIDS歧视的启示进行综述,以期为AIDs的防治提供相关参考.     

医疗卫生服务中艾滋病歧视的研究进展

从艾滋病（AIDS）歧视的概念，医疗卫生服务过程中AIDS歧视产生的后果、研究现状以及医疗服务过程中AIDS歧视的启示进行综述，以期为AIDS的防治提供相关参考。     

艾滋病患者感知歧视影响因素及护理干预研究进展

对艾滋病患者的感知歧视影响因素及相关的干预研究进行综述,其影响因素包括人口学因素、疾病因素、心理因素及社会文化因素等,干预措施包括认知行为治疗、社区干预、工作坊干预及小组培训干预等。建议在借鉴国外干预措施的基础之上,探索实施适合中国国情的艾滋病患者感知歧视干预措施,以改善其心理健康状况,促进艾滋病防治工作的开展。     

香港医院康复医疗服务的特点

作者于2 0 0 3年年初赴香港访学,参观了11家医院和2个健康服务机构,收获甚多,体会颇深,特别是香港医院康复治疗与护理的发展规模,是大部分内地医院所不及的。综合大埔医院、明爱医院、根德公爵夫人儿童骨科/复康医院、慈氏护养院康复部门的参观学习情况,认为香港医院的康复医疗     

医院产后延伸服务在预防艾滋病母婴传播中作用的研究

目的:探讨医院产后延伸服务在预防艾滋病母婴传播中作用.方法:对39例艾滋病病毒(HⅣ)感染的产妇通过提供孕期保健、抗病毒治疗、产妇护理及新生儿相关处理和人工喂养等护理措施,以阻止和降低艾滋病病毒(HIV)传播路径和机会.结果:39例产妇产后保健及新生儿护理有效,新生儿HIV抗体检测全部阴性.结论39例艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染的产妇通过产后保健、新生儿人工喂养、药物阻断、定期HIV检测检测等产后延伸服务,有效降低和阻断了HⅣ的母婴垂直传播,达到对HIV感染孕产妇的最佳管理和预防HIV母婴传播的最佳效果.     

男男HIV/AIDS患者自我歧视形成的作用模型研究

目的确立男男HIV/AIDS患者自我歧视形成的作用模型,为自我歧视干预提供依据。方法在北京市2所医院便利选取277例男男HIV/AIDS患者,测量其自我歧视水平、年龄、刻板印象、控制感、信息情绪支持和负性情绪等项目,利用结构方程模型确立这些因素对自我歧视的作用途径,形成模型。结果患者自我歧视评分32.29±7.16,除控制感和信息情绪支持外,年龄、刻板印象和负性情绪均对自我歧视有增强作用,模型可解释自我歧视形成作用的40.90%。结论刻板印象是自我歧视的直接成因之一,控制感和信息情绪支持是自我歧视降低的保护性因素,负性情绪会增加自我歧视的水平并妨碍信息情绪支持。建议在对男男HIV/AIDS患者自我歧视干预中提供充分的信息情绪支持以及认知干预,改善患者的刻板印象和负性情绪,降低其自我歧视。     

医疗勤务中心服务模式研究

通过对医疗勤务中心服务模式和护理服务模式进行满意度问卷调查分析,总满意度分别为97.6%、88.5%.随机谩计两样本均数的比较,得出u=24.27,p<0.01,两者差距存在显著性意义.     

比利时社区医疗护理服务机构见闻

介绍比利时的医疗护理服务机构及服务模式，包括儿童-家庭福利中心、残障儿童教育中心、白黄十字家庭护理站及老年医学心理中心。旨在为我国健全社区医疗卫生服务机构及完善管理机制提供参考。     

医疗服务中心常见安全隐患分析及对策

目的 探讨医疗服务中心工作中常见的安全问题及其对策.方法 对我院医疗服务中心2004年4月至2007年3月存在的护理安全隐患问题进行回顾性分析.结果 发生安全隐患共80次,造成不良后果25次.结论 医疗服务中心工作存在较大的安全隐患,应采取措施优化服务流程,严格遵守操作规程;强化法律意识,做好各项记录;建立不良事件报告系统,加强职业防护意识培训;完善医疗职业保险制度,保障员工利益等措施以保障医疗安全,提高服务质量.     

Women-specific HIV/AIDS services: identifying and defining the components of holistic service delivery for women living with HIV/AIDS

Introduction

The increasing proportion of women living with HIV has evoked calls for tailored services that respond to women''s specific needs. The objective of this investigation was to explore the concept of women-specific HIV/AIDS services to identify and define what key elements underlie this approach to care.

Methods

A comprehensive review was conducted using online databases (CSA Social Service Abstracts, OvidSP, Proquest, Psycinfo, PubMed, CINAHL), augmented with a search for grey literature. In total, 84 articles were retrieved and 30 were included for a full review. Of these 30, 15 were specific to HIV/AIDS, 11 for mental health and addictions and four stemmed from other disciplines.

Results and discussion

The review demonstrated the absence of a consensual definition of women-specific HIV/AIDS services in the literature. We distilled this concept into its defining features and 12 additional dimensions (1) creating an atmosphere of safety, respect and acceptance; (2) facilitating communication and interaction among peers; (3) involving women in the planning, delivery and evaluation of services; (4) providing self-determination opportunities; (5) providing tailored programming for women; (6) facilitating meaningful access to care through the provision of social and supportive services; (7) facilitating access to women-specific and culturally sensitive information; (8) considering family as the unit of intervention; (9) providing multidisciplinary integration and coordination of a comprehensive array of services; (10) meeting women “where they are”; (11) providing gender-, culture- and HIV-sensitive training to health and social care providers; and (12) conducting gendered HIV/AIDS research.

Conclusions

This review highlights that the concept of women-specific HIV/AIDS services is a complex and multidimensional one that has been shaped by diverse theoretical perspectives. Further research is needed to better understand this emerging concept and ultimately assess the effectiveness of women-specific services on HIV-positive women''s health outcomes.     

医学生HIV/AIDS认知研究现状

2005年7月,我国卫生部正式将高校大学生列入艾滋病高危人群。医学专业类大学生是大学生中一个特殊群体,他们既是艾滋病健康教育对象,同时也对预防艾滋病的健康教育负有义不容辞的责任。作为未来医疗工作的主力军,医学生将肩负起预防医源性传播的重任,他们对艾滋病防护知识的掌握及对待艾滋病患者的态度直接影响到艾滋病的防治效果及自身的健康。因此,了解当今医学生对艾滋病相关知识的掌握、态度和行为现状,进而制定相应的政策、规划和措施,对艾滋病防治工作具有十分重要的意义。     

HIV/AIDS相关继发性羞辱和歧视的研究现状

从HIV/AIDS相关羞辱和歧视的概念出发,综述了HIV/AIDS相关继发性羞辱和歧视的概念、研究现状、产生原因、对家庭成员和社会的影响,提出大力加强艾滋病正确知识的宣传教育,提供广泛的社会支持等干预措施,关注HIV感染者和AIDS患者(PLWHA)的同时,更应重视其家庭成员,用实际行动给予他们医疗物质和心理上的支持,促使他们以积极的态度照顾PL-WHA,才能从真正意义上提高PLWHA的生活质量,减少其高危行为,有利于预防和控制艾滋病的流行。     

Combating HIV stigma in health care settings: what works?

The purpose of this review paper is to provide information and guidance to those in the health care setting about why it is important to combat HIV‐related stigma and how to successfully address its causes and consequences within health facilities. Research shows that stigma and discrimination in the health care setting and elsewhere contributes to keeping people, including health workers, from accessing HIV prevention, care and treatment services and adopting key preventive behaviours. Studies from different parts of the world reveal that there are three main immediately actionable causes of HIV‐related stigma in health facilities: lack of awareness among health workers of what stigma looks like and why it is damaging; fear of casual contact stemming from incomplete knowledge about HIV transmission; and the association of HIV with improper or immoral behaviour. To combat stigma in health facilities, interventions must focus on the individual, environmental and policy levels. The paper argues that reducing stigma by working at all three levels is feasible and will likely result in long‐lasting benefits for both health workers and HIV‐positive patients. The existence of tested stigma‐reduction tools and approaches has moved the field forward. What is needed now is the political will and resources to support and scale up stigma‐reduction activities throughout health care settings globally.     

Survey of knowledge and attitude about AIDS among six areas

<正> Objective:To explore the circumstances,influencing factors,and the extent of discrimina-tion and prejudice towards AIDS.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study.One county from each of the six provinces was se-lected.800 respondents were then chosen from each province through cluster sampling.A closed-ended questionnaire was used to study the demographic characteristics,AIDS knowledge,and re-lated attitudes towards AIDS.Results:In this survey,3,095 respondents(64.5%)feared AIDS;66.5% of respondentsthought AIDS patients or HIV infectors should be treated separately;40.1% of respondentsthought that AIDS patients or HIV carriers should have been confined in freedom;and 1,497 re-spondents(31.2%)said that they were not willing to donate to AIDS patients.Discrimination andprejudice towards AIDS among the six regions were different partially(P<0.01).Conclusion:Discrimination and prejudice commonly occur.Gender,characteristics of theregistered residence,educational level,and knowledge about AIDS are the main factors related todiscrimination and prejudice.Many respondents had prejudice against AIDS,because they werelacking correct knowledge about the transmission ways of AIDS.Among the six regions,discrim-ination and prejudice were lowest in a region in Henan province and highest in Jiangsu province.     

医科大学新生生殖健康问题的KAP研究———艾滋病知识、态度的调查及启示

为了解低年级医科大学生的艾滋病知识和态度，以及他们对在大学生中开展预防艾滋病教育的看法，１９９７年６月对２６６名上海某医科大学一年级学生（年龄１６～２３岁，男１３０名、女１３６名）进行了问卷调查。调查显示，由于近年来大众媒体对艾滋病的广泛报道，大学新生对艾滋病有一般性了解，但不能正确判断接种疫苗、被蚊虫叮咬、共用坐厕、共用饮食器皿等途径能否传播艾滋病的比例，约为６９％、４８％、３８％和３０％；知道正确使用避孕套能降低感染艾滋病危险性的占６７％。提示，在一年级大学生中应加强艾滋病预防教育，澄清误解，对保护他们自己免受艾滋病威胁，以及在全社会开展控制艾滋病疫情的活动具重要意义。