经肛门内外括约肌间切除直肠的直肠癌根治术疗效评价

目的评价经肛门内外括约肌间切除直肠的超低位直肠癌保肛手术的临床疗效。方法总结31例低位直肠癌患者直肠全系膜切除术（TME）加经肛门内外括约肌同切除术的临床资料。结果31例患者肿瘤下缘距齿状线2cm以内，有18例进展期直肠癌患者术前先进行放、化疗。腹部手术施行全直肠系膜切除，向下切断骶骨直肠韧带和部分肛提肌达肛门外括约肌环上缘，沿外括约肌环和肠壁（内括约肌）之间再向下分离1—2cm。肛门手术组在癌灶下缘2cm之齿状线下方垂直于肛管长轴切开内括约肌全层，然后沿肛门内、外括约肌环间隙向上游离，与腹部手术组会师。将近端结肠或结肠储袋与肛管或肛管．齿状线行端端吻合。全组无手术死亡；术后肛门功能恢复较好。平均随访12个月，29例患者无复发和转移；1例出现复发和转移，另1例癌胚抗原19．9，但未发现转移灶。结论经肛门内外括约肌同切除直肠的超低位直肠癌保肛手术可以达到良好的根治性，并保留较好的肛门功能，是一种可选择的根治性保肛手术方法。     

U形肌袢成型重建原位肛门治疗低位直肠癌和肛管癌

目的在Miles术式的基础上,采用U形肌袢成型重建原位肛门治疗低位直肠癌和肛管癌。方法为72例低位直肠癌和肛管癌患者实施保留耻骨直肠肌双重U形肌袢成型重建原位肛门,同时建立直肠角和直肠瓣的新术式。结果本组72例,于术后4~6d开始出现便意感,1个月左右排便有自控意识,排便次数1~2次/日。1年内,优41例,良19例,差12例。结论本术式是在Miles术式基础上完成重建肛门,能彻底切除肿瘤,重建肛门排便功能良好,生活质量满意。     

套入式结肠直肠黏膜吻合术治疗低位直肠癌86例的临床研究

目的 探讨低位直肠癌保留肛门括约肌功能最理想的治疗术式。方法 对86例低位直肠癌切除后经肛门行套入式结肠直肠黏膜吻合术。肿瘤下缘距肛缘6－7cm 62例，8－10cm 24例。结果 全组无手术死亡，无吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄发生。术后8－12周时排便功能控制良好，排便次数为1－4次／d，18周时肛门排便功能基本恢复正常，排便次数为1－2次／d。术后随访3个月至8年，总的局部复发率为3．7％（3／81），总的5年生存率为66．7％（14／21）。结论 套入式结肠直肠黏膜吻合术可避免腹部结肠造口，并防止吻合口瘘的发生，作为低位直肠癌保肛手术，是一种安全的术式。     

中段直肠癌保留外括约肌结肠套叠肛门重建术：（附112例远期疗 …

本文术式：是在“Ｍｉｌｅｓ根治术后会阴部结肠套叠人工肛门”治低位直肠癌成功的基础上，设计了“上段直肠癌保留外括约肌肌环加结肠套叠式肛门直肠重建”术。目的是以期使保留中段直肠癌的切除范围扩大到接近Ｍｉｌｅｓ术切除范围，降低术后复发率，即能保留自主收缩的外括约肌肌环，又可避免前切除等腹内易发生的吻合口漏等并发症（腹内无吻合口）。手术方法：腹内切除范围内Ｍｉｌｅｓ手术。会阴部：先沿肛缘荷包缝闭肛门，在荷     

支撑捆扎法在超低位直肠癌保留肛门括约肌手术中的应用

目的探讨支撑捆扎法在超低位直肠癌保留肛门括约肌手术中的应用。方法对117例直肠癌患者采用支撑捆扎法完成超低位结肠-直肠(肛管)吻合术。患者均在术前行纤维结肠镜检查和活组织检查,确诊为直肠腺癌,且经直肠腔内B超、盆腔CT及MR I排除肿瘤侵犯肛提肌和盆腔淋巴结广泛转移。结果117例超低位直肠癌保肛手术围手术期呼吸衰竭死亡1例,术后吻合口漏2例,1例局部引流治愈,1例直肠阴道瘘行横结肠造瘘转流手术。未发生吻合口狭窄,术后3月排便功能评价:优29例,良44例,一般31例,差13例,优良率为62.4%(73/117)。结论支撑捆扎法用于直肠癌保留肛门括约肌手术安全、可行,可以完成从肛提肌内口到括约肌间沟的结肠-直肠(肛管)吻合,效果良好。     

重建内外括约肌原位肛门再造术治疗低位直肠癌110例

目的：观察一种新的重建内外括约肌原位肛门再造术治疗治疗治疗位直肠癌的临床效果。方法：11例低位直肠癌患者接受重建内外括约肌原位肛门再造术，原位肛门再造采用结肠折叠重建内括约肌，耻骨直肠肌两断端交叉缝合重建外括约肌，结果：110例行此手术，1例术后死亡（死于冠心病），3例术后再次手术改为腹壁造瘘术，106例完全成功，根据席式再造肛门术后节便功能评定四分法评定节便功能，优69例，良25例。一般12例，结论：采用Mile′s根治术后，重建内外括约肌1期原位肛门再造术，是治疗低位直肠癌较为理想，符合生理的术式，患者乐于接受，值得大力推广。     

低位直肠癌前切除超低位吻合手术应用体会（附23例报告）

目的探讨低位直肠癌前切除超低位吻合手术的应用及效果。方法通过经腹游离至提肛肌后,完整切除直肠系膜,保留盆腔植物神经,分离耻骨直肠肌、外括约肌深部与内括约肌间隙,游离外括约肌全层达齿状线。采用双吻合技术,切除直肠及部分内括约肌,完成吻合。结果 23例低位直肠癌成功的完成了前切除超低位吻合保留肛门的手术,2例吻合口漏,1例局部复发,1例腰椎转移。控便情况：完全自制7例,便频12例,排气失禁2例,偶尔漏稀便2例。结论低位直肠癌前切除超低位吻合,达到了根治的目的,成功保留了肛门及功能,提高了生活质量,效果满意。     

经肛管括约肌间径路切除低位直肠癌保肛手术临床研究

目的探讨经肛门内外括约肌间径路切除超低位直肠癌保肛手术的安全可行性,并评价肿瘤根治效果及术后肛门功能。方法分析2000-2004年华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院经选择的经肛门内外括约肌间径路切除超低位直肠癌保肛手术病人42例的临床资料。结果腹部手术遵循TME原则,肛门手术在直视下距病灶下缘2cm切断直肠黏膜和肛门内括约肌,经括约肌间隙向上游离达肛管外括约肌环上方与腹部手术会合,近端结肠与肛管完成端端吻合。前瞻性随访术后病人肿瘤复发与肛门排便功能状况。37例病人完成手术,并发症包括发生急性肺栓塞并死亡1例,盆底肌肉出血1例,吻合口漏3例。36例病人获得随访,平均随访时间为40(24~60)个月。3例(8.33%)吻合口复发,其中1例死亡;1例同时肺、腹膜转移于术后24个月死亡;2例因肝转移分别于术后16、24个月死亡;1例腹腔内淋巴结、腹股沟淋巴结转移于术后16个月死亡。术后6个月肛门括约肌功能已比较满意。结论经肛门内外括约肌间径路切除术治疗超低位直肠癌的手术方法是一种可选择的安全性高、根治效果好的保肛术式。     

经肛管内外括约肌间行直肠癌切除术的方法和应用

经内外括约肌切除（intersphincteric resection，ISR）最初由Lytfle等介绍，其设计初衷是用于因炎症性肠病而须行全结、直肠切除的病人的肛门切除，手术仅仅切除直肠肛管的内括约肌，保留直肠外括约肌和周围组织，从而达到避免会阴部切口长期不愈的目的。此后，该术式又结合了结肠-肛管吻合技术，发展成为一种保留肛门外括约肌的方法，主要用于低位的没有侵出肛门内括约肌的直肠癌、低恶性度直肠肿瘤和直肠良性肿瘤的保肛治疗，也用于盆腔特别狭窄的位置稍高的直肠癌的保肛治疗 。     

低位直肠癌保留肛门内括约肌捆扎套入法超低位结肠-肛管吻合术

目的介绍用支撑捆扎套入法完整保留齿状线和肛门内括约肌的超低位结肠肛管吻合术。方法87例低位直肠癌在完成全直肠系膜切除后,保留距离齿状线≤1cm的直肠,剥离直肠黏膜,保留齿状线。近端结肠内置入肛门支撑吻合管,经肛门拖出与直肠残端吻合。结果87例保留内括约肌的超低位结肠肛管吻合术无手术死亡及吻合口漏,随访2～60个月,随访率89%,无吻合口复发;盆腔内软组织肿瘤复发3例,闭孔淋巴结复发2例,异时肝转移6例。术后12个月吻合口狭窄6例。术后6个月对79例排便功能进行评价,平均每日排便2～3次,可以区分排气和排便,可以控制半成形便,排便不规律52例。结论低位直肠癌根治术后,支撑捆扎套入法可以完成保留肛门内括约肌的超低位结肠肛管吻合术。     

Elektromyographisches aktivitätsverhalten des M. sphincter ani externus und M. puborectalis im defäkationstest bei patienten mit obstruktiven Entleerungsstörungen

Zusammenfassung In einer prospektiven elektromyographischen und manometrischen Studie wurde die Aktivität des M. sphincter ani externus und M. puborectalis bei Ruhe, Kontraktion und Pressen bei 23 Frauen (Durchschnittsalter 52 Jahre) mit obstruktiven Defäkationsstörungen untersucht. Als Kontrollgruppe dienten 22 gesunde Frauen mit einem durchschnittlichen Alter von 53 Jahren. In erster Linie sollte überprüft werden, wie die beiden Muskeln sich bei einer simulierten Defäkation (maximales Pressen) funktionell verhalten, und wie die Druckverhältnisse sich im Rektum und Analkanal dabei ändern. Ruhe-, Kontraktions- und Preßdruck (Rektum und Analkanal) zeigten zwischen den beiden Gruppen keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Puborectalis und Externus zeigten weitgehend sowohl in der Patienten- als auch in der Kontrollgruppe ein identisches Verhalten. Bis auf die Kontraktionsamplitude des M. puborectalis konnte man keine weitere statistischen Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Gruppen nachweisen. Beim Versuch, die veränderte Aktivität als Anismusindex zu erfassen, konnte eine solche Veränderung weder für den M. sphincter ani externus noch für den M. puborectalis objektiviert werden. Daraus folgern wir, daß eine elektromyographisch nachgewiesene Aktivitätszunahme der willkürlichen Beckenbodenmuskulatur während der Defäkation weniger eine pathologische Situation, sondern vielmehr einen Funktionszustand repräsentiert.

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Electromyographic activity of the external anal sphincter muscle and the puborectal muscle during the defecation test in patients with obstructive defecation disorder

In a prospective electromyographic and manometric study on 23 women (average age 52 years) with obstructive defecation disorder the activity of the external anal sphincter muscle and the puborectal muscle was investigated at rest and during contraction and straining. The control group consisted of 22 healthy women with an average age of 53 years. The main aim of the study was to investigate the functioning of the two muscles during simulated defecation (maximum strain) and to examine any changes in the pressure ratio in the rectum and the anal canal during this stimulation. There were no significant differences in the resting pressure, the contraction pressure and the straining pressure (in the rectum and the anal canal) between the two groups. The functioning of the puborectal muscle and the external anal sphincter muscle was largely the same in both the study group and the control group. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups except in the amplitude of contraction. When we tried to list the change in the activity of the muscle as an index of anism, we were not able to objectify such a change for either the external anal sphincter muscle or the puborectal muscle. We therefore conclude that the increase in the activity of the voluntary muscle of the pelvic floor observed on electromyography during defecation does not indicate a pathologic condition but is a functional state.

     

Our new operative method for high-type anorectal malformations based on the histological studies

From 1971 onwards we have been examining the anatomy and histology of sphincter components in patients with several anorectal malformation who died of associated anomalies. These histological studies demonstrated that not only puborectal muscle but also the superficial and deep external sphincters exist, even in the high type anomalies, and that the mass of external sphincter is located above the anal dimple. Moreover, the inner circular muscle of rectum is thickened at the level of the closest part to the fistula. Based on our histological studies, we devised our new operation to use all the sphincter musculature effectively for the newly reconstructed anal canal. Our new surgical procedure is clearly different from Kiese wetter-Rehbein's method in that the puborectal muscle is penetrated from the outside of rectal wall and might be damaged, since puborectal muscle is attached to the blind pouch of rectum. Moreover, the puborectal muscle and the external sphincters can be easily identified by electrical stimulation under direct vision from extended sacroperineal approach. And the colon can be pulled exactly through the centre of the external sphincters and puborectal muscle under direct vision without causing any damage to these important sphincters, unlike Pena's operation.     

The use of computerized tomography to evaluate anorectal anomalies

Computerized tomography (CT) was applied to various types of anorectal anomalies to directly image the anal sphincters. In normal cases and low type anomalies, CT demonstrated clear images of the puborectal muscle and external sphincters. Among high type anomalies, the distribution of sphincter muscle in patients with rectovesical fistula is totally different from that seen in patients with rectourethral fistula. In the latter, the puborectal muscle is attached not only around urethra, but also around the distal part of the blind rectum; external sphincters are present as a mass beneath the perineum. In the rectovesical fistula, however, the puborectal muscle cannot be identified and the external sphincters exist only as a string-like structure. CT done postoperatively identified two different causes for incontinence. In one type, the pull-through colon missed the sphincteric musculature, and in the other, sphincters were markedly hypoplastic. CT, therefore, provides adequate imaging to determine the type of operation needed to correct the abnormality.     

重建可控性会阴人工肛门72例报告

介绍72例腹会阴切除直肠后．行耻骨直肠肌修复或保留式会阴造口术．取得满意效果．本组3年生存率85．15%，4年生存率69．23%，5年生存率67．39%．8年生存率60%,．对68例排便功能进行随访．按干稀便自制，区别便气，夜间自制，预感，自控时间．括约肌收缩力和便次等情况分类，优49例，良16例，差3例．     

腹膜反折以下直肠癌保肛扩大根治术

报告68例低位直肠癌中，选择54例在扩大根治术基础上采用经肛门秋扎式结肠—直肠(肛管)吻合术．保肛率占低位直肠癌的70．3％．54例保肛手术中上方淋巴结转移率52．4%，侧方转移率20.2%，下方转移率0%．转移度8.7%，吻合口漏1例．吻合口狭窄3例。术后随访1～3年，未见局部复发，术后排便功能良好率占80％，说明低位直肠癌通过实施扩大根治术，保证盆腔无复发可能的前提下，实施保肛手术是可行的．对低位直肠癌保肛手术理论、手术适应证选择，手术操作要点及远期效果加以探讨。     

直肠癌低位吻合术后肛门功能评价

对95例直肠癌低位吻合术后肛门功能进行评定．结果显示肛门功能优良者76例(80%)肛门功能和吻合口平面有关。并讨论以肛门控耐力、便意、感觉，排便次数、排便时间等来评价肛门功能。     

A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. Reversion to normal defecation after combined excision operation and end colostomy for rectal cancer

Twenty-one patients with combined excision operation for rectal cancer were subjected to electromyographic study of the levator ani muscle, the puborectalis muscle, and the external anal sphincter. Myoelectric activity of the puborectalis and levator ani muscles was detected in 12 patients, 6 of whom had normal activity of both muscles. Of the remaining six patients, there was reduced activity of the levator ani muscle in four and of the puborectalis muscle in all six. These patients underwent training and electric stimulation of these muscles. To verify the myoelectric findings, 15 specimens removed at combined excision operation were examined grossly and microscopically for the muscles removed at operation. Eight specimens were found to be free of the levator and puborectalis muscles, which indicated that these muscles were not excised. The 12 patients with myoelectrically active levator and puborectalis muscles were operated on to restore defecation by way of the normal perineal route. The technique comprises freeing of the colostomy and mobilization of the entire left side of the colon. The perineal scar is then excised and the colonic end fixed to the perineal skin and thus is controlled by the levator and puborectalis muscles. Full fecal control was achieved in seven patients and incomplete control in five. It is concluded that excision of the levator ani muscle, the puborectalis muscle, and the external anal sphincter should not be considered a standard part of the radical operation for cancer of the lower or middle third of the rectum, and that a combined excision operation has no place in the treatment of rectal cancer.     

改良联合术在原位肛门重建中的应用

为探讨低位直肠癌根治术后即时行改良联合术重建原位肛门的效果,对38例低位直肠癌患者行Miles术后即时行Ⅰ期改良联合术原位肛门整形重建。改良联合术：（1）肛门内括约肌为双层双环肌套Ⅰ（2）肛门外括约肌重建包括外括约肌的重建和外括约肌浅部与深部的重建;（3）直肠瓣为三个交叉的重建人工直肠瓣;（4）直肠后壁与肛尾韧带缝合固定形成的〈90°的角为重建的直肠角。结果显示,38例患者术后5～6d有便意感,2～3周有控便能力。术后随访总优良率达94．7％I5年生存率达76．3％。结果表明,低位直肠癌根治术后即时行改良联合术原位肛门整形重建效果显著,既能避免腹壁人工肛门的痛苦,又可提高患者的生活质量和远期生存率。     

经肛门外切除低位直肠癌保肛手术68例分析

目的 评价低位直肠癌肛门外切除、保留原位肛门、防止癌组织残留的手术疗效.方法 随访该术式后2年以上的患者68例,回顾分析相应的68份病历资料(2006年3月至2009年9月).结果 68例低位直肠癌患者随访至术后2年无手术死亡,无术后吻合口狭窄、漏、出血等;有肛管部位钛钉异物感、钛钉脱落致微量渗血现象,无局部复发;全组患者大便自控功能满意,无排尿功能障碍,性功能良好.结论 经肛门外直视下操作,能够达到理想的切除范围,单管吻合器钉合严密牢固,无双吻的"危险三角区"、原位肛门术后自控大便功能满意,相对于手工或双吻手术安全,是低位直肠癌患者保肛的一种新选择.     

直肠前壁修补治疗直肠前突的临床观察

为探讨直肠前壁修补治疗直肠前突的临床疗效。采用经肛门直肠前壁切开,黏膜部分切除、肛提肌及直肠纵肌缝合术治疗直肠前突22例,对伴有耻骨直肠肌痉挛及内括约肌失弛缓者均一并处理,取得了良好的疗效。经6个月至2年的随访、复查,结果显示,患者排便通畅、临床症状消失．效果优者15例,良好5例,临床症状改善总有效率95．8％。结果表明,出口梗阻型便秘采用综合术式治疗才能取得良好的疗效。