氟伏沙明合并氯氮平治疗强迫症的疗效比较

目的探讨氟伏沙明合并氯氮平治疗强迫症的疗效。方法45例强迫症患者随机分为氟伏沙明合并氯氮平治疗组和单独氟伏沙明治疗组。疗程8周。采用强迫症量表（Y—BOCS）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评定疗效。结果治疗结束时两组Y—BOCS、HAMA、HAMD的评分均显著降低,更以合并氯氮平组明显。结论氟伏沙明合并氯氮平治疗强迫症可以增加疗效。     

心理护理对慢性精神分裂症患者强迫症状的效果研究

目的探讨心理护理对慢性精神分裂症患者强迫症状的干预效果。方法将85例伴有强迫症状的慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组（42例）和对照组（43例）,研究组接受共6个月的心理护理,并在基线、干预后3月末、干预后6月末应用耶鲁-布朗强迫量表（Y—BOCS）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评定疗效。结果干预后6月末,研究组和对照组的Y—BOCS评分以及HAMA评分较干预前均有显著性降低（P〈0．05）。而在干预后3月末、6月末,干预组的Y—BOCS评分和HAMA评分均显著低于对照组,且差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论心理护理可有效改善慢性精神分裂症患者的强迫症状。     

氯氮平致药源性强迫症状的调查

目的：了解在应用抗精神病药物治疗精神分裂症过程中出现的强迫症状,是否为药物所致。方法：对上海市精神卫生中心分部某一病区所有正在应用抗精神病药物治疗的住院精神分裂症病人,以Y－BOCS及MSCPOR量表评定,凡发现有强迫症状,予以减药直至停药,观察强迫症状的变化,以期证其与抗精神病药物的关系。结果：共调查430名,发现确实系抗精神病药物所强迫症状者4例,均为服用氯氮平者,占服氯氮平病例总数,发现确实系抗精神病药所致强迫症状者4例,均为服用氯氮平者,占服氯氮平病例总数1．41％。结论氯凿可产生强迫症状,在临床应用时应予注意。     

氯丙咪嗪治疗强迫症和强迫症状及Y—BOCS的应用

本文介绍了Y—BOCS量表,并用该量表对35例强迫症和41例有强迫症状的精神分裂症病人,在单独使用氯丙咪嗪治疗前作了症状严重程度评定,在疗后作了药物疗效评定,结果提示量表中“造成病人痛苦”和“病人对症状主动对抗”二项,两组病人有显著性差异(P<0.01),其余各项无显著性差异(P>0.05)。疗后的疗效评定提示,单独使用氯丙咪嗪对精神分裂症伴有的强迫症状疗效甚差,对强迫症疗效亦不够理想。作者认为Y—BOCS比以往有关量表在评定症状严重程度和评定药物疗效方面更简便更有效。     

心理剧治疗对强迫症患者焦虑、抑郁及生活质量的影响

目的探讨心理剧治疗对强迫症患者焦虑、抑郁及生活质量的影响。方法将100例强迫症患者随机均分为研究组和对照组，在两组均给予足量足疗程的药物治疗及接受一般健康教育的基础上，仅对研究组辅以心理剧治疗，4周为一个疗程。生活质量测评工具SF-36量表、Yale—Brown强迫症量表（Y—BOCS）、17项汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD17）、汉密顿焦虑量表（HAMA）对两组患者进行治疗前后效果评定。结果干预后研究组患者的Y—BOCS总分和HAMD17HAMA总分值均显著低于对照组（P〈0．01），而疗效显著高于对照组（P〈0．01），研究组患者的显效率显著高于对照组（P〈0．01），研究组患者的SF-36量表各维度分值显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论心理剧治疗可巩固患者的疗效，并改善其焦虑、抑郁情绪，能显著提高患者的心理健康水平及生活质量，可作为一种有效的心理治疗手段应用于临床。     

西酞普兰与氯米帕明治疗强迫症对照研究

目的：比较西酞普兰与氯米帕明治疗强迫症的疗效和不良反应。方法：以西酞普兰和氯米帕明治疗强迫症各30例,疗程8周。应用Yale—Brown强迫症量表（Y—BOCS）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAUD）及汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评定疗效。结果：西酞普兰组与氯米帕明组治疗后Y-BOCS、HAMD、HAMA分值均显著下降,两组间差异无显著性。西酞普兰组不良反应明显少于氯米帕明组。结论：西酞普兰治疗强迫症疗效与氯米帕明相仿,不良反应较轻,值得推广。     

三种不同情况强迫症状的临床特点及全血5-羟色胺浓度的比较研究

目的比较强迫症、精神分裂症伴有的强迫症状和精神分裂症经氯氮平治疗导致的强迫症状等3组不同患者在症状学和全血5-羟色胺(5-HT)浓度方面的差异,探讨强迫症状与5-HT异常间的关系。方法对强迫症、伴强迫症状的及氯氮平治疗导致强迫症状的精神分裂症各15例,不伴强迫症状的(19例)以及氯氮平治疗未导致强迫症状的精神分裂症组(15例)使用Yale-Brown强迫量表(YBOCS)、汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)及阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)进行临床症状评定;采用高效液相色谱法检测上述5组和正常组(15例)的全血5-HT浓度。结果强迫症和精神分裂症伴有的强迫症状中强迫思维和行为均多见,而氯氮平导致的强迫症状则以强迫行为为主。有无强迫症状的精神分裂症组比较,后者的PANSS阳性量表分低,HAMA评分高(P<0.05)。有强迫症状的3组患者的全血5-HT浓度均低于无强迫症状的3组(正常组,精神分裂症不伴强迫症状组和氯氮平治疗未导致强迫症状组)(P<0.05),并且全血5-HT浓度和这3组的YBOCS分,强迫思维评分及强迫行为评分均无显著相关性。结论强迫症状在强迫症和精神分裂症中存在着症状学差异;5-HT功能低下可能是这三种强迫症状产生的共同生化机制之一。     

阿立哌唑与氯米帕明治疗强迫症的疗效对照分析

目的比较阿立哌唑与氯米帕明治疗强迫症的疗效及不良反应。方法将符合CCMD-3诊断标准的强迫症患者62例，随机分成研究组（阿立哌唑组）29例，对照组（氯米帕明组）33例。分别应用临床疗效评定标准、Yale-Brown强迫症量表（Y—BOCS）和Hamilton抑郁量表（HAMD）、自编不良反应出现频率表，分别评定疗效及不良反应。结果研究结束时，两组自身在治疗前后的临床疗效、Y-BOCS量表及Hamilton量表的减分率均显示有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。阿立哌唑组和氯米帕明组的有效率分别为53％和56％，但是两组之间的疗效则无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。两组不良反应格局略有不同。结论结果显示阿立哌唑在治疗强迫症时，其临床疗效与氯米帕明相当，而不良反应虽有所差异，但不影响治疗。     

利培酮辅助治疗强迫症的临床疗效比较

目的探讨利培酮辅助治疗强迫症的临床疗效和安全性。方法对43例强迫症患者，在服用原抗抑郁药的基础上随机分为合用组和对照组，分别给予合用利培酮和安慰剂，共治疗12周。采用Yale—Brown强迫症量表（Y—BOCS）、Marks恐怖强迫量表（MSCPOR）和不良反应量表（TESS）评定疗效和不良反应。结果合用组Y—BOCS及MSCPOR评分治疗前后比较有显著性差异，对照组则无显著性差异；治疗后两组Y—BOCS及MSCPOR评分比较亦有显著差异。两组TESS评分相近。结论合用利培酮治疗强迫症有一定的辅助作用，不增加不良反应。     

美多巴及舒必利治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的对照研究

目的探讨美多巴、舒必利治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的效果。方法用美多巴、舒必利分别合并抗精神病药物及单用抗精神病药物对各３０例住院精神分裂症病人进行１３周的对照研究，用阴性症状量表（ＳＡＮＳ）、简明精神病量表（ＢＰＲＳ）、副反应量表（ＴＥＳＳ）于治疗前后评定。结果美多巴、舒必舒利与单用抗精神病药物对阴性病状治疗有效率分别为５０％、５３３％和２０％。结论美多巴、舒必利合并抗精神病药均能提高对阴性症状的疗效，提示精神分裂症存在生物学异质性。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.