29种元素含量及比值与大鼠铅蓄积水平及铅暴露时间相关性研究

目的:通过对29种无机元素定量分析,探讨非铅元素含量及比值与铅染毒大鼠体内铅蓄积水平及铅暴露时间之间的关系。方法:选取健康的4周龄雄性SD大鼠75只,随机分成25组,采取"大剂量范围,小浓度间隔"的短、中、长期染毒方法。在实验开始后,第40、80、120天分别从各组随机选取1只大鼠,经乙醚麻醉后股动脉取血,并留发样待测。用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定血和毛发中的29种元素含量。结果:血铅、发铅含量和灌胃剂量呈良好的剂量趋势;血铅和发铅在不同染毒时间有差异,随着染毒时间的延长,含量增加;血铅和发铅存在相关性,但随着时间相关性变差;铅与多种元素之间存在相关性;某些元素对的比值在40,80和120天有统计学差异。结论:血铅和发铅含量均与灌胃剂量和染毒时间呈现良好相关关系;非铅元素浓度及其比值有可能被用作估算生命体铅蓄积水平的综合指标;铅暴露时间延长会导致某些非铅元素对比值的变化;发铅可能更适合用作铅染毒的生物标志物。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱检测尿铅同位素比值

目的建立电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)检测尿铅同位素比值的测定方法。方法取10 ml尿样用浓硝酸及30%过氧化氢消解赶酸后用1%硝酸定容至5 ml测定;利用铅同位素标准物质(GBW04426)测定铅同位素比值校正系数,将铅同位素标准参考物NIST SRM981同样品一起经ICP-MS检测。结果优化检测方法后进行尿铅同位素检测,NIST SRM981同位素测定精密度RSD(204Pb/206Pb)2%、RSD(207Pb/206Pb)1%、RSD(208Pb/206Pb)1%,NIST SRM981检测结果与证书值接近。结论该方法方便简捷、数据可靠,可满足尿铅同位素的测定。     

300名儿童血铅与发铅的调查

检测了江苏省３所中小城市３００名儿童的发铅与血铅。结果显示这批儿童血铅含量男为１０．２±５．１μｇ／ｄｌ，女为１０．２±４．６μｇ／ｄｌ；发铅男７．５±４．１μｇ／ｇ，女６．８±３．８μｇ／ｇ。发铅与血铅的相关性差，男ｒ＝０．０６６３Ｐ＝０．４１５，女ｒ＝０．０１１Ｐ＝０．１８６。调查结果还显示男童中有４７％，女童中有３７％的人血铅浓度大于１０μｇ／ｄｌ，提示环境铅污染已经严重威胁了儿童的健康     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定食品中铀及其同位素比值

目的:建立食品中铀及其同位素比值的分析方法。方法:食品经湿法消化后直接用ICP-MS进行分析。结果:总铀的测定的精密度优于1.5%、检出限小于0.02μg/kg,加标回收为94.8%～101%;235 U/238 U同位素比值测定的精密度优于0.8%,标准物质的分析结果和证书值一致。结论:可采用ICP-MS准确测定食品中的铀及其同位素比值,方法简便、快速、准确。     

同位素稀释电感耦合等离子体质谱测定食物中铅

目的:建立准确测定食物中微量铅的方法。方法:运用同位素稀释电感耦合等离子体质谱(ID-ICP-MS)方法测定FAPAS食物样品中微量铅,优化了仪器方法参数。结果:使用该方法对三种不同基体(混合蔬菜、婴儿米粉、辣椒粉)进行测定后得到的结果准确稳定。该方法可以消除基体效应、信号波动、仪器的不稳定、测定前的样品处理时待测元素的损失和不定量分离等影响。结论:利用该方法能够测定食物中的微量铅,测定结果准确稳定。     

非铅污染地区血铅与发铅水平及相关性分析

目的 研究某非铅污染地区人群中血铅与发铅总体平均水平及两者的相关性.方法 以某非铅污染区域中9个自然村270名健康人群为研究对象,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定其血铅和发铅水平.结果 非铅污染区域人群血铅、发铅水平中位数(M)分别为0.067 μmol/L、3.6μg/g,男性血铅水平高于女性(M分别为0.088、0.050 μmol/L,P＜0.001),女性发铅水平高于男性(M分别为4.0、3.4 μg/g,P＜0.05);人群血铅、发铅水平总体均数的95％可信区间分别为(5.5,7.8)、(3.3,4.1),男性的为(7.3,10.3)、(2.8,4.0),女性的为(2.4,6.0)、(3.4,4.7).血铅水平与发铅水平的spearman等级相关系数为-0.043.结论 非铅污染环境下人群的血铅和发铅总体平均水平都较低,血铅水平与发铅水平无相关性.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定化妆品中的铅、镉、砷

目的:建立同时检测化妆品中的铅、镉、砷的电感耦合等离子体质谱分析法。方法:以微波消解法对化妆品进行消解预处理后,以电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行检测。结果:铅、镉、砷浓度在0μg/ml～0.50μg/ml范围内相关系数r>0.999。铅、镉、砷的最低检出限分别为0.000023μg/ml、0.0000031μg/ml、0.000012μg/ml,以取1 g样品分析计,本法最低检出浓度铅、镉、砷分别为0.0006μg/g、0.00008μg/g、0.0003μg/g。样品加标回收率铅、镉、砷分别是92.7%～104.1%、91.7%～96.0%、95.9%～103.4%,铅、镉、砷的相对标准偏差均<2%。结论:本法具有良好的准确度和精密度,灵敏度高,检出限低,线性范围宽,干扰少,适应于不同样品基体中铅、镉、砷的测定。     

白兰地酒中铅、铜、铁、锰同时测定的电感耦合等离子体质谱测定法

目前 ,测定白兰地酒中的微量元素多采用比色法和原子吸收法等技术 ,但比色法消耗试剂多 ,操作繁琐 ;原子吸收法的基体干扰较严重 ,且必须逐个元素测定 ,检验周期长。电感耦合等离子体质谱法 (ICP -MS法 ) [1] 具有灵敏度高 ,精密度好 ,线性范围宽 ,可同时测定多种元素等优点 ,已广泛应用于多种样品微量元素的分析。由于白兰地酒中微量元素的含量较低 ,基体较复杂 ,为此 ,本文针对白兰地酒的特点 ,用ICP -MS技术 ,建立了一种适合白兰地酒中铅、铜、铁、锰同时测定的ICP -MS方法。1　实验部分1 1　试剂　硝酸为mos级 ,水为 18 2MΩcm的…     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测食品中的铅、镉、砷、汞

电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP—MS）法相比于传统的化学法及原子吸收法具有以下优点：测定金属元素可一次进样同时测定多种金属元素、检出限低、分析速度快、动态范围宽，在实际工作中大大地提高了工作效率，随着此仪器的逐步推广使用，已经越来越广泛应用于水、食品及生物材料等的分析。     

我国不同地域儿童血铅和尿铅稳定同位素比值比较

目的分析国内不同地域的儿童血铅和尿铅同位素比值特征,并探讨同体血液和尿液铅同位素比值间的相关性。方法从山西和云南两区域抽取3~14岁儿童264名,按照国家有关标准和规范的要求采集被调查儿童的血液和尿液样品,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法对采集样品进行铅同位素比值测定。结果山西和云南被调查地区儿童的3个血铅同位素比值(204Pb/206Pb、207Pb/206Pb和208Pb/206Pb)显著不同(P0.01);而同体血铅和尿铅的同位素比值则不具有相关性(r值分别为-0.105、0.052和0.363,P值分别为0.641、0.818和0.097)。结论不同地域儿童血铅同位素比值不同,同一地域内临近城镇的儿童血铅同位素比值特征也有一定差别,同体尿铅和血铅的同位素比值不具有显著相关性。     

职业铅接触者血铅、发铅、尿铅相关性的研究

本文通过对32名铅蓄电池制造工和36名排字工的血铅、发铅、尿铅的相关性研究,发现血铅/发铅(r=0.604),血铅/尿铅(r=0.548)均呈高度显著性相关(P<0.0005),故认为血铅是铅接触工人较好的健康监护指标。文章还进一步探讨了发铅作为铅接触者活体生物检测材料的应用前景。     

Impact of lead transport on children's blood and environmental lead levels

Introduction: A lead monitoring project was established in 1996 to monitor the environmental and health effects of lead being transported through a remote town in tarpaulin‐covered trucks. Methods: Dust samples from sites on the transport route were collected at 3–6 monthly intervals between 1996 and 1999. Annual blood lead testing clinics, offering voluntary testing to children, were conducted from 1997 to 1999. Results: Of the 55 dust samples analysed, only nine contained particles of lead concentrate and these were present at very low levels. During the project 167 children were tested. The geometic mean of blood lead levels in 1997, 1998 and 1999 were 4.5 μg/dL, 5.0 μg/dL and 5.1 μg/dL, respectively (all within the normal range). Residence on the transport route was not associated with higher lead levels (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Lead transport was not associated with any detectable environmental contamination or increase in children's blood lead levels.     

儿童高铅血症及轻度铅中毒的药物干预

铅在人体内是一种具有多系统毒性的重金属元素,铅对儿童的损害更敏感。对于高铅血症及轻度铅中毒的防治尚缺乏公认显著有效的药物,但铅中毒对儿童的智力和身体发育都存在不利影响。近年来,临床使用一些维生素、金属硫蛋白、微量元素和中药等对儿童轻度铅中毒进行治疗,这些药物在减少铅在胃肠道的吸收、降低血铅水平、改善铅中毒症状方面发挥作用。     

儿童高铅血症及轻度铅中毒的药物治疗

铅在人体内没有任何功能,儿童受铅的损害比成人更敏感。对于高铅血症和轻度铅中毒尚没有公认有效的治疗药物,但高铅血症和轻度铅中毒对儿童的智力和身体发育都存在影响。近年来,临床上用微量元素、维生素、金属硫蛋白和中药对高铅血症和轻度铅中毒进行治疗,这些药物可以减少铅在胃肠道的吸收,降低铅的毒性,改善症状。     

Partition of circulating lead between serum and red cells is different for internal and external sources of lead

Serum lead, whole blood lead, and lead in both tibia and calcaneus were measured in each of 49 active lead workers. Serum lead correlated more strongly with both in vivo bone lead measurements than did whole blood lead. The ratio of serum lead to whole blood lead varied from 0.8% to 2.5% and showed a positive correlation with tibia, and an even stronger correlation with calcaneus lead. This implies that lead released from bone (endogenous exposure) results in a higher proportion of whole blood lead being in serum than is the case for exogenous exposure. This observation needs to be confirmed, and the relationships amongst the parameters must be studied further, particularly in former or retired lead workers. If confirmed, since at least a portion of lead in serum is readily diffusible and thus toxicologically more immediately significant than lead bound to red cells, the health implications of endogenous exposure may have to be reassessed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

新生儿脐血及其母血中铅含量的研究

测定了 5 7名产妇及其新生儿脐带血中铅的含量 ,并测定了 2 0例胎儿的肝、肾、脑、脾、肺、心等 6种脏器组织中的铅含量 ,结果显示 ,新生儿脐血铅浓度为 10 0 5 μg/L ,达可接受上限 (10 0 μg/L) ,胎儿脏器铅含量随孕月增加而增加 ,铅在胎儿体内积蓄 ,并从环保和优生优育的角度对其进行了深入探讨。     

Parental occupational lead exposure and lead concentration of newborn cord blood

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of parental occupational lead exposure on the lead levels of newborn cord blood in the Taipei area. From September 1984 to June 1985, 5,000 pregnant women voluntarily participated in the study at the Taipei Municipal Maternal and Child Hospital. Each woman was interviewed regarding her and her husband's occupational exposures; 2,948 successfully delivered healthy newborns, and cord blood samples were obtained using Terumo Venoject, and 242 samples were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using an Instrumentation Laboratory 251 instrument. Nine cord blood samples were from newborns with both parents exposed, 26 samples had maternal exposure only, 105 samples had paternal exposure only, and 102 were nonexposed. The results showed that the average lead level of cord blood with both parents exposed was 8.9 +/- 2.9 micrograms%, maternal exposure 9.0 +/- 3.8 micrograms%, paternal exposure 8.3 +/- 3.4 micrograms%, and 6.9 +/- 3.2 micrograms% in the nonexposed group. There were significant differences between the nonexposed and the maternal exposure groups, and also between the nonexposed and paternal exposure groups. All 26 maternal exposures were from lead soldering operations. Multivariate analysis revealed that, after control of father's exposure status, newborn cord blood lead level increased 0.27 micrograms% for each hour the mother spent on lead soldering during a normal working day, thus suggesting that soldering during pregnancy may be hazardous to newborns. Paternal contribution to the cord blood lead levels seemed to be through either working at home with the pregnant mother also at home or bringing work clothes home for laundering.     

The continuing impact of lead dust on children's blood lead: Comparison of public and private properties in New Orleans

Background

Compared with a maximum collective lead (Pb) estimate of ∼1811 metric tons (MT) in exterior paint on 86,000 New Orleans houses, Pb additives in gasoline were estimated at ∼12,000 MT in New Orleans, yielding ∼9100 MT Pb exhausted as aerosols from vehicles; ∼4850 MT were particles >10 μm and ∼4200 MT were particles <0.25 μm.

Objectives

To evaluate pre-Hurricane Katrina soil Pb and children's blood Pb at public housing and private residential properties in the inner-city compared with the outer city of New Orleans.

Methods

This study includes 224 soil samples from 10 public housing properties and 363 soil samples from residential private properties within an 800 m radius of centroids of public housing census tracts. The Louisiana Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program data from 2000 to 2005 (pre-Hurricane Katrina) was the source for 9807 children's blood Pb (μg/dL) results. Soil and blood Pb data were grouped by public housing census tracts and private residential properties. This study uses Multi-Response Permutation Procedures for statistical analysis.

Results

Brick public properties in the city core had significantly more soil Pb contamination and higher prevalence of elevated children's blood Pb than same-aged brick public properties in the outer areas of the city. The pre-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans concentration of Pb dust in the inner-city soil displayed a median of 438 mg/kg or 3.7 times larger than Pb dust in outlying areas where the median soil Pb was 117 mg/kg (p-value=2.9×10⁻¹⁵). Also, the pre-Hurricane Katrina prevalence of children's blood Pb ≥10 μg/dL was 22.9% within the inner-city compared with 9.1% in the outer areas of New Orleans (p-value=3.4×10⁻⁷⁴).

Conclusions

Comparing the quantities of Pb dust from paint and Pb additives to gasoline, this study supports the later source as a more plausible explanation for the differences in soil Pb and children's blood Pb within public and private housing in the higher traffic congested inner-city core compared with the lower traffic congested outer areas of New Orleans. Similar patterns of environmental Pb dust contamination and childhood Pb exposure are expected in all cities.     

西北典型河谷型城市儿童行为及血铅水平认识调查研究

目的：调查中国西北地区典型河谷型城市儿童行为,了解儿童家长对血铅问题的认识。方法对西北部典型河谷型城市0～6岁儿童及其抚养人进行采访调查,并填写调查问卷。用Excel 2010录入数据库,并用SPSS19．0进行数据统计与分析。结果部分儿童出现血铅超标症状,且经常接触彩色塑料玩偶或电动玩具的儿童出现血铅超标症状的概率较大。不同性别儿童行为差异较大,相较于女童,男童平均每天室外活动时间更长,平均每天洗手次数更少。父母文化水平越高,对孩子血铅水平越重视。不同城市父母对儿童血铅问题认知程度不同。结论西北地区典型河谷型城市,儿童血铅问题父母重视不够,宣传儿童血铅知识和血铅超标预防工作仍待加强。