Clinical diagnosis of HIV infection in patients with acute surgical diseases of the abdominal cavity organs and pulmonary tuberculosis

The results of treatment of 81 patients, suffering tuberculosis and operated in emergency for an acute surgical diseases of the abdominal cavity organs, are adduced, in 29 of them--nonspecific diseases of nontuberculosis genesis were diagnosed. In 52 patients the indication for emergency operation performance were complications of abdominal tuberculosis (perforation of the tuberculosis ulcers of small intestine--in 37, the tuberculosis mesadenitis--in 15), of them in 34--pulmonary tuberculosis was in inactive phase, that's why the HIV presence was supposed. In 26 patients the diagnosis was confirmed, basing on serologic analysis data. The presence of intraabdominal catastrophe, caused by abdominal tuberculosis complications on inactive pulmonary tuberculosis background witnesses with 85.3% probability the HIV-infectioning of the patient.     

Place of laparoscopy in the diagnosis of acute surgical diseases of the organs of the abdominal cavity]

The author reports the results of 76 laparoscopies performed in 75 patients with clinically suspected acute surgical diseases (22), peritonitis (38), injuries to internal organs in a blunt abdominal trauma (16 patients). As a result of laparoscopic studies the precise clinical diagnosis was established in 39 patients, and the necessity of urgent therapy was supported, in 3 cases the operation was postponed. Acute surgical diseases were excluded in 33 of 75 examined subjects. There were no cases of pseudonegative diagnosis.     

The value of ultrasonic and x-ray endoscopic methods in the diagnosis of acute surgical diseases of the abdominal organs

The authors discuss experience in the complex use of ultrasonic and radio-endoscopic methods of examination in 820 patients who were admitted to the hospital with acute surgical diseases of the abdominal organs. Instrumental methods of diagnosis were used, which began with ultrasonic examination. The correct diagnosis of the disease was often established by this method, further examination of the patient was planned, and more concrete indications for invasive radio-endoscopic studies were determined by means of which precise data on the identified pathological process were revealed and, sometimes, adequate therapeutic measures were also ensured. Reduction of the duration of the diagnostic period to 2-3 days was the most important result of the use of these methods in the examination of patients with acute diseases of the abdominal organs.     

以急腹症为首发症状就诊的结肠癌58例临床分析

为探讨以急腹症为首发症状的结肠癌的诊治特点,回顾分析2002年1月至2008年12月以急腹症（急性肠梗阻33例、急性阑尾炎15例、肠穿孔7例、腹腔内出血2例,原因不明探查1例）为首发症状的58例结肠癌患者的资料。结果显示,58例患者术前拟诊结肠癌27例;58例患者均行手术治疗,其中行Ⅰ期吻合42例,分期手术8例,探查活检或捷径手术8例。术后并发症：切口裂开2例,切口感染8例,肺部感染12例,心力衰竭4例,肠瘘1例。术后72h内死亡3例,均为老年患者,其中1例死于肠穿孔合并休克,2例死于多器官功能衰竭。结果表明,结肠癌并发急腹症发生率较高,根据临床特点提高术前诊断水平,通过术前准备和病情评估,采用适合手术方式,加强术后支持治疗、改善预后至关重要。     

Erroneous laparotomy in emergency surgery]

The authors studied the data concerning 101 patients who had undergone erroneous laparotomy for suspected acute surgical disease; these accounted for 0.4% of all the patients who were operated on for emergency indications in the same period. Eleven patients died. The operation was undertaken for an erroneous diagnosis of acute appendicitis (32 patients), acute cholecystitis (18), perforating gastric ulcer (15), peritonitis of unknown etiology (14), acute intestinal obstruction (5), strangulated hernia (3), destructive pancreatitis (3), tumor of the large intestine complicated by obstruction (3), abdominal abscess (2), thrombosis of the mesenteric vessels (1), ovarian apoplexy (1), closed abdominal trauma with injury to the viscera (4 patients). Diseases simulating the clinical picture of "acute abdomen" but not requiring an emergency operation were as follows: female reproductive (20 patients), pancreatic (11), renal diseases (11), hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver (10), cardiovascular (9), pulmonary diseases (5), mesoadenitis (5), Crohn's disease (3), chronic colitis (3), carcinomatosis of the peritoneum (3), herpes zoster (3), and other diseases and injuries (20 patients). The main causes of the diagnostic and tactical errors were objective difficulties in the differential diagnosis due to similar symptomatology, as well as errors in the examination of the patient and haste in making a decision to make an operation.     

破裂腹主动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的探讨急诊腹主动脉瘤切除人工血管移植术治疗破裂腹主动脉瘤的经验。方法总结1999年4月至2005年4月外科手术治疗破裂腹主动脉瘤20例，采用钳夹阻断膈下腹主动脉或Foley氏球囊管腔内阻断瘤颈上腹主动脉后行急诊腹主动脉瘤切除人工血管移植术，应用分叉型人工血管12例，直型人工血管8例。结果急诊腹主动脉瘤切除人工血管移植手术30d围手术期死亡率40％（8例），死亡原因包括急性肾功能衰竭4例，多器官功能衰竭2例，呼吸循环衰竭2例。存活12例，术后合并症包括急性肾功能不全、肺部感染、凝血机制障碍和腹泻等共11例，均经治疗后痊愈。随访观察6～60个月，无人工血管血栓形成和感染等并发症以及随访期死亡发生。结论破裂腹主动脉瘤外科手术治疗死亡率仍然很高，早期确定诊断，紧急外科手术治疗，术后加强围手术期管理是降低破裂腹主动脉瘤死亡率的关键。     

原发性腹茧症16例的诊断与外科治疗

目的提高对腹茧症的术前诊断率，进行合理的外科治疗。方法分析1993年6月至2006年10月四川大学华西医院普通外科收治的16例腹茧症患者的临床资料。结果术前8例经钡剂造影显示受累小肠管形成“扭麻花”状；钡柱前端前进方向呈“M”形；6例显示为不完全性小肠梗阻：2例肠管排空时间延长。CT检查显示肠管扩张、其周围可见一层膜状物。手术中均发现全部或部分小肠被一层灰白色致密坚韧的纤维膜包裹，其中包裹部分小肠（I型）1例；包裹全部小肠（Ⅱ型）2例；包裹全部小肠及其他脏器（Ⅲ型）12例。全组行粘连松解术，2例行小肠排列术．1例慢性幽门梗阻患者行胃造口术。1例在剥离、切除包裹膜的同时行直肠癌根治术，合并回肠克罗恩病的患者同时进行部分回肠结肠吻合术，但术后10d再次出现小肠瘘，予以保守治疗而愈。全部治愈出院。病理诊断均为小肠浆膜面纤维结缔组织。结论腹茧症术前诊断主要依靠钡剂造影和CT．手术应彻底切除包膜、松解粘连及预防小肠梗阻。     

Laparoscopy in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in pregnant women]

Diagnostic laparoscopy in 96 pregnant women with suspected acute appendicitis revealed inflammation of the vermiform process only in two (2.1%) of them. In 81 cases acute surgical diseases of the abdominal organs were not found, extrauterine pregnancy was revealed in 9 and other diseases of the abdominal organs were detected in 4 cases. The threat of abortion was mistaken for acute appendicitis most frequently. Unjustified operation in such cases intensifies still more the signs of the threat of abortion. Analysis allows the assertion that the laparoscopic method should be decisive in the examination of pregnant women with a doubtful clinical diagnosis in suspected acute appendicitis. Laparoscopy is indicated when the reserves of the generally accepted clinical methods and noninvasive instrumental examination do not allow the diagnosis of acute appendicitis to be established or excluded; it is also recommended in establishing the exact diagnosis and determining the approach and volume of an operative intervention when there is a clinical picture of an acute surgical disease of the abdominal cavity.     

Single-stage transthoracic approach for right lung and liver hydatid disease

OBJECTIVE: Human echinococcosis remains a serious health problem for the Mediterranean countries. Synchronous pulmonary and hepatic hydatid disease may occur in 4% to 25% of cases. Our experience on simultaneous surgical treatment of right lung and liver hydatid disease in patients was reviewed. METHODS: Between 1990 and 2000, 48 patients (33 female patients and 15 male patients) with synchronous right lung and liver dome hydatid cysts were operated with a 1-stage procedure. RESULTS: Six patients had previous surgical treatment of hepatic (n = 2) or pulmonary (n = 4) hydatid cyst. The pulmonary cysts were diagnosed with radiography in 18 patients and thoracic computed tomography scan in 30. The pulmonary cysts of 9 patients were bilateral. Seventy-five pulmonary cysts were seen in radiological examinations. The diagnosis of hepatic cysts was established with ultrasonography in 18 patients and upper abdominal computed tomography in 30. The total number of hepatic cysts was 48. In cases with pulmonary cysts, cystotomy and capitonnage were performed in 32 patients, only cystotomy was done in 14 patients, and wedge resection was performed in 2. Liver cysts were approached to transdiaphragmatically after the lung cysts had been dealt with and were managed with evacuation of the cysts. In the remaining cases, marsupialization (n = 2), pericystectomy (n = 1), and enucleation (n = 1) were performed. Major postoperative complications were hemorrhage (n = 1) and biliocutaneous fistula (n = 1). Hepatic recurrence was seen in 3 patients (6.2%) and pulmonary recurrence in 1 (2.1%). CONCLUSION: Transthoracic approach is a useful and a safe surgical management of both pulmonary and upper surface of hepatic hydatid cysts.     

Surgical treatment of human echinococcosis

Hydatid disease may affect several organs in the human body and thus represents a major challenge for the general surgeon. The aim of this study was to analyze the multiple clinical presentations of hydatid disease and the surgical options according to the involved organ. The medical records of 272 adult patients operated on for hydatid disease in our department during the period 1970-1996 were retrospectively reviewed. The most commonly involved organ was the liver (204 patients; 75%), followed by the lung (42 patients; 15.4%) and the spleen (14 patients; 5.1%). In 12 patients, the cysts were located in uncommon sites: in the pancreas (4 patients; 1.5%), the gallbladder (2 patients; 0.74%), the kidney, the thyroid gland, the breast, the pericardium, the supraclavicular region and the thigh (1 patient in each case; 0.37%). Clinical symptomatology varied according to anatomic location and pre-operative diagnosis was accomplished with plain abdominal films, ultrasound, computerized tomography and serological tests. The surgical procedures performed included simple closure with drainage, unroofing of the cyst with omentoplasty (for liver cysts), marsupialization, cyst excision, excision of the involved organ or combinations of procedures. Postoperative morbidity was mainly due to septic complications (n = 41), postoperative bleeding (n = 2), deep vein thrombosis (n = 2) and fistulae (n = 13). Four patients died in the early postoperative period (mortality rate, 1.5%) secondary to septic complications (n = 3) and pulmonary embolism (n = 1). During long-term follow-up, 14 patients developed recurrent disease. In conclusion, hydatid disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of cystic masses in solid organs or other anatomic sites, especially in endemic countries. Since there is not an effective medical treatment, surgery still remains the treatment of choice, offering a good clinical result and an acceptable recurrence rate.     

腹腔镜诊治急慢性腹痛37例分析

目的 :探讨腹腔镜在诊断和治疗不明原因急慢性腹痛中的作用。方法 :回顾分析不明原因急慢性腹痛 37例的临床资料。结果 :急性腹痛 15例中 ,11例行腹腔镜治疗 ,2例未行外科处理 ,2例开腹手术。无误诊及漏诊。治疗患者术后腹痛均明显好转或治愈 ,有效率为 10 0 %。慢性腹痛 2 2例 ,镜下诊断 2 1例 ,其中 1例误诊。 12例行腹腔镜治疗 ,3例行开腹手术 ,6例未进一步手术治疗。 1例腹腔镜下未见异常。手术治疗者近期效果均良好 ,有效率为 93%(14 / 15 )。所有急慢性腹痛患者腹腔镜探查或治疗均无严重并发症。腹腔镜术后 3～ 6d出院。结论 :腹腔镜诊断急慢性腹痛准确率较高 ,腹腔镜治疗减少了患者痛苦 ,缩短了住院时间。腹腔镜应作为外科诊治不明原因急慢性腹痛患者的首选方法。     

Do patients with acute abdominal pain wait unduly long for analgesia?

A prospective audit of 100 emergency admissions was carried out to determine local surgical practice for analgesia administration in patients with acute abdominal pain. The main outcome measure investigated was waiting time for analgesia and how this was influenced by (i) severity of pain, (ii) clinical diagnosis, (iii) clinical setting. The data were correlated with the results of a questionnaire on timing of analgesia. Forty percent of patients received analgesia within 1 h, 17% between 1-2 h, and 43% 2-22 h after admission. Mean waiting time was 2.3 h with severe pain (n = 84) vs. 6.3 h with moderate pain (n = 16, p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney). Clinical diagnosis did not influence timing of analgesia. Fifty-seven per cent received analgesia in the Accident and Emergency (A&E) department with a mean wait of 60 min, whereas 43% admitted to the ward without analgesia in the A&E department waited an average of 5.7 h for pain medication (p < 0.0001; Mann-Whitney U-test). This was at variance with local surgical opinion that favoured early analgesia administration (yes-88%), in the absence of a firm diagnosis (yes-79%), although 38% stated that analgesia might mask physical signs. In conclusion, a substantial cohort of patients with acute abdominal pain (43%) wait too long for analgesia. Delays are due to omission of analgesia in A&E, and reluctance of junior staff to administer analgesia for fear of masking physical signs. Clinical guidelines for pain medication in acute surgical emergencies are warranted.     

Differential diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and acute surgical diseases of abdominal organs

The results of differential diagnosis of hemorrhage fever with renal syndrome and acute surgical diseases of abdominal organs in 1250 patients were analyzed. It was revealed that the course of the disease was similar to acute abdomen in 13.2% of them. The combination of fibrogastroduodenoscopy and diagnostic laparoscopy is optimal for differential diagnosis and permits to reveal typical symptoms of hemorrhage fever with renal syndrome.     

Laparoscopy in acute intestinal obstruction

The results of the use of emergency laparoscopy in 78 patients are presented. Of 25 patients with clinical signs of acute ileus (AI), the diagnosis was confirmed in 12, of 42 with suspected AI--in 14. In 11 cases, AI was a laparoscopic finding. In 18% of the cases, no changes in the internal organs were revealed at investigation, in 30.8%--the other diseases of the abdominal organs were diagnosed. In 6 patients, AI was dynamic, in 8--strangulative, in 23--obstructive. Laparoscopic investigation performed in 94.9% of cases permitted to establish the accurate diagnosis.     

Intravenous digital subtraction angiography in intensive care

Intravenous digital subtraction angiography (IVDSA) was performed in 11 patients aged from 23 to 62 yr to visualize vascular disease that required to be treated without delay: 7 were in shock preceded by a cardiac arrest in 5 of them; 4 suffered from acute renal failure, 8 from acute respiratory failure and one from brain death. 5 pulmonary, 2 thoracic aortic, 3 abdominal aortic, 1 right subclavian and 1 renal arterial angiographies were carried out by this method. In all the cases described, we either confirmed the diagnosis (rupture of thoracic aorta, type I aortic dissection, aneurysm of abdominal aorta, complete occlusion of the distal abdominal aorta, pulmonary embolism) or set aside diagnosis (lesion of the subclavian vessels, pulmonary embolism) or visualized the renal vasculature before removing the organ. No incident was observed. Conventional angiography remained a reference method but it presented risks which were not to be neglected in critically ill patients. Despite the theoretical limits set by the technical demands (absolute motionlessness, apnoea) and few other restrictions found in the literature, IVDSA seemed to offer distinct advantages under such conditions. Only requiring an injection using a catheter placed in a peripheral vein, this method was fast, safe and easy; it gave a close enough approach to the diagnosis to be able to help decide on specific treatment or on orientation towards a specific hospital department.     

Aneurysms of the aorta and its visceral branches as a cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage

From 1993 till 1999 6 patients with aneurysmointestinal fistulas complicated by bleedings were operated. In 4 cases the aneurysmointestinal fistulas were primary, in 2 cases--secondary. Gastroduodenoscopy, ultrasonic examination of abdominal organs, retroperitoneal space and duplex scanning of main vessels were used. Correct diagnosis before operation was made in 5 patients. The following operations on the vessels were performed: suturing of defect of central anastomosis (1), aortobifemoral grafting (1), abdominal aorta grafting (2), suturing of aortal defect (1), resection of peripheral aneurysm (1). Thrombosis of prosthesis branch (1) and suppuration of prosthesis bed with arrhosive bleeding (2) were early postoperative complications. Immediate postoperative lethality was 33.3%. Long-term results are followed in 3 patients. There were no repeated signs of graft infection in remote period. Basic methods of clinical and instrumental examination including ultrasound permit to make correct diagnosis before operation. Active surgical policy saves the life in the majority of patients, but it is necessary to use carefully the synthetic grafts for arterial vessels repair.     

Laparoscopy in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis

The results of diagnosis of acute appendicitis (AA) were retrospectively analyzed in 2403 patients, in 336 of them diagnostic laparoscopy (DLS) was performed. Acute appendicitis was diagnosed in 132 (39.3%) patients, other surgical diseases were found in 102 (20.35%) and acute surgical abdominal diseases of were excluded in 102 (20.35%) patients. AA was also diagnosed in 17 patients suspected for other surgical diseases of the abdomen. This is DLS showed AA in 149 (42.2%) patients and its absence in 204 (57.8%) cases DLS revealed cathartic AA was in 3 (2%) patients, in of 2 of them there was a diagnostic error during morphologic control (no inflammation). The diagnostic error rate was 96% in the group of 163 patients undergone appendectomy for cathartic AA without previous DLS. At DLS destructive AA forms were diagnosed in 111 patients, diagnostic errors were made in 0.9%. In the group of patients undergone appendectomy for destructive AA without previous DLS, the diagnostic errors rate was 1.1%. In 35 cases (23.4%) when the appendix could not be visualized at DLS (including patients with appendiceal infiltrate), the diagnosis was based on indirect criteria, errors being made in 3 cases. There were neither direct nor indirect data on the appendiceal status in 3 (0.9%) DLS. In these cases, the policy was based on clinical manifestations.     

Emergency laparoscopy for acute abdominal conditions: a prospective study

BACKGROUND: Currently, emergency laparoscopic surgery for acute abdominal conditions has become the favored surgical approach; therefore, we investigated the diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic efficacy of laparoscopy in acute abdominal pain in Saudi Arabian patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, 176 patients with acute abdominal pain (113 patients with pain localized to the right iliac region [group A] and 63 patients with generalized abdominal pain [group B] underwent emergency laparoscopy between January 2002 and December 2006. We evaluated the initial clinical diagnosis, the laparoscopic diagnosis, and the outcome in these two groups of patients. RESULTS: In group A, a definitive diagnosis was established at laparoscopy in 89% of patients, and it was therapeutic in 81.4% of the patients, and in 9 patients (8%) a conversion to laparotomy was necessary a to manage their condition. In group B, the diagnosis was accurate in 87% of patients, and it was therapeutic in 79.4% of the patients, and in 5 patients (8%) a conversion to laparotomy was necessary. There was no mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The emergency laparoscopy is a diagnostic and therapeutic option in the majority of acute abdominal pain conditions.     

Abdominal pain. An analysis of 1,000 consecutive cases in a University Hospital emergency room.

In the majority of patients in this series of 1,000, acute abdominal pain was due to conditions that required neither surgical intervention nor hospitalization. Eleven of the 1,000 patients had an early missed diagnosis in the emergency clinic for which a subsequent operation was needed, and twenty underwent an operation which subsequent diagnosis showed was not required. All false-negative evaluations occurred in patients with early appendicitis or small bowel obstruction. Most false-positive results were due to acute infections of the female genitourinary tract in patients operated on to exclude appendicitis or a tubo-ovarian abscess. The following factors help identify the high risk patient with an acute surgical abdomen: (1) pain for less than 48 hours; (2) pain followed by vomiting; (3) guarding and rebound tenderness on physical examination; (4) advanced age; (5) a prior surgical procedure. The presence of these features demands careful evaluation and a liberal policy of admission and observation. White blood cell counts, body temperature, and abnormal abdominal roentgenograms may add confirmatory evidence but are not particularly helpful as screening devices.     

肝移植术后并发症的防治(附39例报告)

目的探讨同种原位肝移植术后并发症发生的常见原因与预防及处理措施。方法回顾性分析39例原位肝移植病人的临床资料。结果术后并发症发生20例次:腹腔内出血8例,肝动脉狭窄1例,胆瘘2例,急性排斥反应1例,肺部感染2例,顽固性胸腔积液2例,术后肾功能不全3例,GVHD1例。结论围手术期纠正凝血功能、预防肾功能不全,控制感染及营养支持能减少术后并发症的发生,手术技术的完善是预防肝移植后血管、胆道并发症的关键。