Bedtime uncooked cornstarch supplement prevents nocturnal hypoglycaemia in intensively treated type 1 diabetes subjects

Abstract . Axelsen M, Wesslau C, Lönnroth P, Arvidsson Lenner R, Smith U (Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Sweden). Bedtime uncooked cornstarch supplement prevents nocturnal hypoglycaemia in intensively treated IDDM subjects. J Intern Med 1999; 245 : 229–36. Objectives. The present study tests two interrelated hypotheses: (1) that bedtime ingestion of uncooked cornstarch exerts a lower and delayed nocturnal blood glucose peak compared with a conventional snack; (2) that bedtime carbohydrate supplement, administered as uncooked cornstarch, prevents nocturnal hypoglycaemia without altering metabolic control in intensively treated type 1 diabetes (IDDM) patients. Design  and subjects. The above hypotheses were tested separately (1) by pooling and analysing data from two overnight studies of comparable groups of patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (14 and 10 patients, respectively), and (2) by a double-blind, randomized 4-week cross-over study in 12 intensively treated IDDM patients. Setting. Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden. Interventions. (1) Ingestion of uncooked cornstarch and wholemeal bread (0.6 g of carbohydrates kg^?1 body weight) and carbohydrate-free placebo at 22.00 h. (2) Intake of uncooked cornstarch (0.3 g kg^?1 body weight) and carbohydrate-free placebo at 23.00 h. Main outcome measures. (1) Nocturnal glucose and insulin levels; (2) frequency of self-estimated hypoglycaemia (blood glucose [BG] levels < 3.0 mmol L^?1) at 03.00 h, HbA_1c and fasting lipids. Results. Bedtime uncooked cornstarch ingestion led to a lower (2.9 ± 0.5 vs. 5.2 ± 0.6 m m , P = 0.01) and delayed (4.3 ± 0.6 vs. 2.0 ± 0.0 h, P < 0.01) BG peak, compared with a conventional snack, in NIDDM patients. Four weeks of bedtime uncooked cornstarch supplement, as compared with placebo, led to a 70% reduction in the frequency of self-estimated hypoglycaemia at 03.00 h (P < 0.05), without affecting HbA1c or fasting lipids in IDDM patients. Conclusions. Uncooked cornstarch, ingested at bedtime, mimicked the nocturnal glucose utilization profile following insulin replacement, with a peak in blood glucose after 4 h. In IDDM patients, bedtime uncooked cornstarch supplement diminished the number of self-estimated hypoglycaemic episodes, without adversely affecting HbA1c and lipid levels. Hence, bedtime uncooked cornstarch ingestion may be feasible to prevent a mid-nocturnal glycaemic decline following insulin replacement in IDDM and, based on the nocturnal blood glucose profile, may also be preferable compared with conventional snacks.     

Predictors of glycemic control in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus

The purpose of this study was to investigate which pathophysiological and demographic characteristics of Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus were associated with poor glycemic control and to propose a statistical model for predicting their glycemic control. A total of 220 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled in this study. Frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed to determine the first-phase C-peptide secretion rate (CS1) and insulin sensitivity index. Multiple regression analysis in a stepwise manner was carried out to identify independent regulators of glycemic control. Upon stepwise linear regression analysis with hemoglobin A1c as a dependent parameter, fasting plasma glucose concentration (FPG), CS1, and onset age remained as predictors, explaining 41.0% of glycemic control. The young-onset group (onset age < or =48 years) had significantly higher hemoglobin A1c than the old-onset group (onset age >48 years) (P = .0148), although the present age was significantly older in the old-onset group; and there were no significant differences in duration of diabetes, treatment, body mass index, FPG, fasting insulin level, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, CS1, and log(insulin sensitivity index) between them. Worsening factors of glycemic control in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus were elevated FPG, impaired first-phase insulin secretion, and young age of onset of the disease. Because glycemic control in the subjects with young-onset diabetes tends to be worse, early and aggressive intervention should be required for those with young-onset diabetes to prevent long-term complications.     

Benefits of micronised Fenofibrate in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects with good glycemic control

AIMS: To determine the effects of micronised fenofibrate on lipids and low density lipoprotein (LDL) subfraction in well-controlled diabetic subjects with mild elevations in cholesterol levels. METHODS: Thirty-five male type 2 diabetic subjects with LDL(3) greater than 100 mg/dl and good glycemic control (mean HbA1c 6.7%) were treated with micronised fenofibrate in an open labeled study for 6 months. Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, lipids, glucose, insulin, apolipoprotein A-I and B, and LDL subfraction by density ultracentrifugation were obtained after an overnight fast of 10 h, at the beginning and end of the 6 months treatment period. RESULTS: The blood pressure, waist to hip ratio, body mass index and glycemic control remained unchanged throughout the 6 months study period. Mean serum triglyceride fell from 2.49 to 1.72 mmol/l (33%) whilst HDL cholesterol increased from 0.88 to 0.96 mmol/l (10.8%). There were no significant changes in total or LDL cholesterol. Both LDL(1) and LDL(2) rose significantly whilst the dense LDL(3) fell from a mean of 148 to 85 mg/dl (43% reduction). Fenofibrate changed the LDL subfraction distribution from dense LDL(3) particles towards buoyant LDL(1) and LDL(2) particles in 63% of the subjects. No subjects had elevations in transaminases greater than three-fold or creatine kinase greater than ten-fold from pre-treatment levels. CONCLUSION: Diabetic subjects with mild hypercholesterolemia and good glycemic control may benefit from therapy with micronised fenofibrate because of the reduction in serum triglyceride, elevation in HDL cholesterol and a shift in LDL subfraction towards a non-atherogenic form.     

The effect of real-time continuous glucose monitoring on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background:

Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) improves hemoglobin A1c (A1C) and hypoglycemia in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus and those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on prandial insulin; however, it has not been tested in people with T2DM not taking prandial insulin. We evaluated the utility of RT-CGM in people with T2DM on a variety of treatment modalities except prandial insulin.

Methods:

We conducted a prospective, 52-week, two-arm, randomized trial comparing RT-CGM (n = 50) versus self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) (n = 50) in people with T2DM not taking prandial insulin. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring was used for four 2-week cycles (2 weeks on/1 week off). All patients were managed by their usual provider. This article reports on changes in A1C 0–12 weeks.

Results:

Mean (±standard deviation) decline in A1C at 12 weeks was 1.0% (±1.1%) in the RT-CGM group and 0.5% (±0.8%) in the SMBG group (p = .006). There were no group differences in the net change in number or dosage of hypoglycemic medications. Those who used the RT-CGM for ≥48 days (per protocol) reduced their A1C by 1.2% (±1.1%) versus 0.6% (±1.1%) in those who used it <48 days (p = .003). Multiple regression analyses statistically adjusting for baseline A1C, an indicator for usage, and known confounders confirmed the observed differences between treatment groups were robust (p = .009). There was no improvement in weight or blood pressure.

Conclusions:

Real-time continuous glucose monitoring significantly improves A1C compared with SMBG in patients with T2DM not taking prandial insulin. This technology might benefit a wider population of people with diabetes than previously thought.     

The effect of COVID-19 lockdown on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Turkey

Background and aimsA national lockdown to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Turkey was introduced in March 2020. We think that lockdowns may lead to weight gain and worsening of glycemic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The purpose of this study was to investigate how type 2 DM patients were affected by the lockdown.MethodType 2 DM patients unable to attend regular follow-ups due to lockdown over a 75-day period between March and June 2020 and who again attended polyclinic follow-up when the lockdown was lifted were included in the study. These patients’ glycemic control and weight status were compared with the pre-lockdown period. In addition, patients’ general habits, and adherence to diet and exercise were evaluated, while their general health was assessed using the Short-Form 36-item survey.ResultThe research involved 101 type 2 DM patients, 57 men (56.5%) and 44 women (44.5%), with a mean age of 55 ± 13. Patients’ mean pre-lockdown weight was 84.7 ± 16.4 kg, rising to 85.5 ± 16.8 kg post-lockdown, although the increase was not statistically significant (p = 0.781). In terms of glycemic parameters, Hba1c rose from 7.67 ± 1.76 to 8.11 ± 2.48, and fasting glucose from 157.9 (83–645) mg/dl to 163.2 (84–550) mg/dl, none of which were statistically significant (p = 0.253, p = 0.079, respectively).ConclusionIn addition to weight gain among type 2 DM patients during the Covid 19 lockdown, statistically insignificant increases were also observed in such glycemic parameters. This was a small sample and further studies with larger sample are needed.     

老年2型糖尿病患者1,5-脱水葡萄糖醇与平均血糖及漂移幅度的相关性

目的研究老年2型糖尿病患者1,5-脱水葡萄糖醇（1,5-AG）与平均血糖（MBG）及漂移幅度的关系,探讨1,5-AG是否可作为糖尿病临床观察及治疗监控的指标之一。方法选取95例老年2型糖尿病住院患者,男性65例,女性30例,年龄70～88（80.1±4.3）岁,连续进行3d的动态血糖监测,统一进餐时间,期间记录每日参比血糖、饮食、服药及锻炼等活动事件。在第3天禁食8h以上,抽取空腹静脉血分别测定1,5-AG、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、糖化血清蛋白（GSP）等数值。结果1,5-AG与空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、HbAlc、GSP、3d MBG及平均血糖漂移幅度呈负相关（均P＜0.05）,将1,5-AG与日内不同时段的MBG进行Pearson相关分析,显示其与早餐前1h、早餐后2h、早餐后3h、晚餐后2h、晚餐后3h及2∶00～4∶00的MBG呈负相关（均P＜0.05）,与其他时段MBG相关性不明显。结论1,5-AG能较好地反映短时间内的MBG水平和血糖漂移,可作为糖尿病筛查和治疗监控的指标之一。     

Comorbidity and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND: It is commonly believed that good glycemic control is hard to achieve in patients with diabetes mellitus and concurrent chronic illnesses. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of comorbidity on glycemic control at presentation and subsequent follow-up in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We studied 654 consecutive patients who presented to a diabetes clinic in 1997. Comorbidity was rated using the Chronic Disease Score (CDS) index, which is a validated, weighted score that takes into account the patient's age, sex, and classes of medications. Univariate and multivariate linear regressions were used to determine the contribution of age, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters), diabetes duration, type of therapy, and CDS to initial hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) level. A similar analysis was performed for the 169 patients with follow-up HbA(1c) levels 6 months after presentation. RESULTS: Patients were 90% African American, and 66% female, with average age of 53 years. Average diabetes duration was 5 years; body mass index, 33; HbA(1c) level, 8.8%; and CDS, 1121 (range, 232-7953). At presentation, patients with higher CDSs tended to be older and to have a lower HbA(1c) level, but multivariate linear regression showed that receiving pharmacological therapy, younger age, and having a lower C-peptide level were the only significant contributors to HbA(1c) level. In the 169 follow-up patients, presenting characteristics were not significantly different from those of the full cohort: average initial HbA(1c) level was 8.8%; CDS, 1073. Their HbA(1c) level at 6 months averaged 7.5% and the CDS had no significant impact on their follow-up HbA(1c) level. CONCLUSION: Comorbidity does not appear to limit achievement of good glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.     

Elevated concentrations of C-reactive protein in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus are moderately influenced by glycemic control

The aim of this study was to establish whether glycemic control results in decrease of C-reactive protein (CRP) in Type 2 diabetic subjects. Newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetic subjects were recruited and followed-up by 6-month intensive medical management. All the participants were carefully interviewed, clinically examined, and laboratory tested to exclude conditions likely to provoke an inflammatory response, which was an exclusion criterium. CRP was measured by automated microparticle enzyme immunoassay (IMx, Abbott Laboratories, USA). Two-hundred and forty-eight patients were included in the analysis of data. At baseline, average CRP levels were of 9.6 +/- 6.2 mg/l. Only 14 (5.7%) patients showed a fasting glucose equal or lower than 6.1 mmo/l (5.6 +/- 0.4 mmo/l); of them, 6 (42.8%) had elevated CRP levels (8.8 +/- 6.7 mg/l). The fasting glucose in the 234 (94.3%) non-controlled subjects was 13.1 +/- 4.8 mmol/l; of them 179 (76.5%) subjects showed elevated CRP levels (10.9 +/- 6.5 mg/I). At the end of the 6-month follow-up, the average fasting glucose and HbA1c in the overall group decreased from 12.5 +/- 5.0 to 9.0 +/- 1.6 mmol/l, p < 0.00001, and 13.0 +/- 4.9 to 8.9 +/- 2.9%, p < 0.00001, which resulted in a significant reduction of CRP levels (9.6 +/- 6.2 to 6.3 +/- 3.0 mg/l, p < 0.00001). Seventy-one (28.6%) patients reached glycemic control; however, only 29 (40.8%) of them reduced the CRP levels to 3 mg/l or less (1.3 +/- 1.9 mg/l), and the remaining 42 controlled patients maintained high CRP concentration (4.2 +/- 1.2 mg/I), p < 0.00001. Concentration of CRP is moderately influenced by glycemic control in the Type 2 diabetic subjects.     

吸烟对男性2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的影响

对757例男性2型糖尿病患者进行糖尿病病史、吸烟状况、体力活动、饮食控制和与糖代谢有关的实验室检查，发现每日吸烟数量与空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPBG)、HbAic正相关。     

2型糖尿病患者的睡眠质量对血糖控制达标的影响

目的分析2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的睡眠质量对血糖控制达标的影响及相关因素。方法选取2011年6月至2012年2月在中日友好医院内分泌科住院的T2DM患者200例为研究对象,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）量表调查T2DM患者的睡眠质量。以糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）〈7．0％作为血糖控制达标;以Zung氏抑郁自评量表（SDS）了解患者精神状况,SDS≥50分为抑郁状态;以PSQI≥7分为睡眠障碍,将患者分为无睡眠障碍组（88例）和睡眠障碍组（112例）;并结合临床资料进行分析和比较。计量资料采用独立样本t检验,计数资料采用卡方检验,与睡眠障碍、血糖达标的相关性分析采用多元logistic回归分析。结果与无睡眠障碍组相比,睡眠障碍组年龄、HbAlc、血糖（空腹、0．5h,2h）、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、PSQI评分、SDS评分、抑郁发生率明显升高（t=-19．49～-1．99,,=9．931,均P〈0．05）;C肽（空腹、0．5h）、体质指数（BMI）明显偏低（t=2．07、2．14、2．35,均P〈0．05）。PSQI评分〈5分组、5～7分组、7—9分组和≥9分组的血糖达标率分别为27．9％、19．6％、10．0％和8．6％,随着PSQI评分升高,血糖达标率呈逐渐下降的趋势。多元logistic回归分析结果显示：睡眠障碍与年龄、男性、HbAlc≥7．0％及抑郁呈正相关,与BMI负相关（OR=1．04、2．38、2．98、2．14、0．89,均P〈0．05）。HbAlct〉7．0％与睡眠障碍及2h血糖呈正相关,与胰岛素治疗呈负相关（OR=2．81、1．21、0．33,均P〈0．05）。结论T2DM患者普遍存在睡眠障碍,其与高血糖存在着交互影响,并造成心理健康问题。应重视对T2DM患者的睡眠质量管理和血糖控制,以改善睡眠和有效提高血糖达标率。     

Influence of glycemic control on pulmonary function and heart rate in response to exercise in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Conflicting results exist regarding the impact of glycemic control on peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The influence of glycemic control on submaximal oxygen uptake (VO2) in these subjects is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of fasting blood glucose (FBG) (short-term glycemic control) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (long-term glycemic control) on submaximal VO2 and VO2peak during exercise in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus without cardiovascular disease. FBG and HbA1c levels and exercise tolerance in 30 sedentary men with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with oral hypoglycemic agents and/or diet were evaluated. VO2, carbon dioxide production (VCO2), heart rate, pulmonary ventilation (VE), and the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured throughout the exercise protocol. Subjects were separated into 2 groups of the same age, weight, and body mass index according to median FBG and HbA1c levels (6.5 mmol/L and 6.1%, respectively). Per protocol design, there was a significant difference in FBG and HbA1c levels (P < .001), but not for age, weight, or body mass index. There was no significant difference in peak exercise parameters between the 2 groups according to median FBG or median HbA1c levels. However, the subjects with elevated HbA1c level had lower submaximal V e throughout the exercise protocol (P < .03), and the subjects with elevated FBG concentration had a blunted heart rate pattern during submaximal exercise (P < .03). Although relatively small abnormalities in the control of glycemia do not affect VO2peak in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus without cardiovascular disease, they may influence pulmonary function and the chronotropic response during submaximal exercise in these subjects.     

两种促胰岛素分泌剂对血糖漂移的影响

目的 交叉对比分析瑞格列奈和格列齐特的动态血糖图谱，观察比较血糖波动系数、低血糖发生率和餐后血糖峰值。方法T2DM患者52例，分别应用瑞格列奈或格列齐特，常规检查血糖。采用交叉设计，应用瑞格列奈组患者改用格列齐特，应用格列齐特组患者改用瑞格列奈，改用前后分别予动态血糖监测72h。原有饮食运动及联用口服药物不变。以用瑞格列奈为研究组，用格列齐特为对照组，对比分析两组血糖波动系数、低血糖发生率和餐后血糖峰值。结果经2周洗脱期、8周剂量调整期、2周剂量维持期、3d监测期后的结果显示：应用瑞格列奈比应用格列齐特血糖控制更平稳，动态血糖图谱表现为血糖波动系数小，低血糖次数少，低血糖时间比少（P〈0．01），餐后血糖峰值低（P＜0．05）。结论本研究条件下，应用瑞格列奈比应用格列齐特似可减少血糖漂移幅度。     

Antiproteinuric effect of candesartan cilexetil in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

The effect of the angiotensin II receptor blocker, candesartan cilexetil, on proteinuria was examined in a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind study in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes. This study enrolled diabetic subjects with confirmed proteinuria into four groups for 12 weeks of treatment with placebo or candesartan cilexetil 2, 4, or 8 mg. The contribution of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism to the effect of candesartan cilexetil was also examined. In 127 subjects, candesartan cilexetil showed a dose-related reduction in proteinuria after 12 weeks of treatment (F = 9.45, P = 0.0013), with a 18.1% reduction in the 4-mg group, and a 5.8% reduction in the 8-mg group, in contrast to a 32.2% increase in the placebo group, and a 0.8% increase in the 2-mg group. These results indicate that candesartan cilexetil is useful in reducing proteinuria in diabetic subjects when compared with placebo. In addition, candesartan cilexetil seems to be effective in subjects with both the II and DD genotypes of the ACE gene.