非典型抗精神病药急性期治疗致精神分裂症患者体质量增加的影响因素

目的:探讨非典型抗精神病药(APS)急性期治疗致精神分裂症患者体质量增加的影响因素。方法:158例急性期精神分裂症患者给予APS单药治疗8周;治疗前后测量体质量并计算体质量指数(BMI)及血脂、血糖,以治疗后体质量是否增加≥7%为界将患者分为两组,分析APS致患者体质量增加的相关因素。结果:治疗8周后,有39例(24. 7%)患者较治疗前体质量增加,各种药物发生率依次为氯氮平43. 6%、奥氮平30. 8%、利培酮23. 1%、喹硫平2. 6%;男性发生率(32. 4%)明显高于女性(8%)。单因素分析显示性别、年龄、药物、基线BMI是体质量增加的危险因素(P 0. 05或P 0. 001);多因素Logistic回归分析发现体质量增加与性别(OR=0. 033,95%CI:0. 006～2. 185; P 0. 001)、药物(OR=2. 013,95%CI:1. 405～2. 883; P 0. 001)有关。结论:性别、药物是APS急性期治疗致精神分裂症患者体质量增加的危险因素。     

药源性糖尿病的研究

目的 了解氯氮平与典型抗精神病药引发糖尿病的差异，探讨氯氮平引起血糖增高的相关因素。方法 对中铁五局怀化医院1999～2003年10月收治的328例精神分裂症患进行血糖变化调查，对有关资料进行分析。结果 184例服用氯氮平的患发生糖尿病17例(9．20％)；144例接受典型抗精神病药(氯丙嗪45例，奋乃静40例，舒必利53例，氟哌啶醇6例)治疗，发生糖尿病3例(2．08％)，经Logistic回归分析，提示氯氮平致糖尿病的危险因素包括：体重指数、血脂、年龄、家族史．而与用药时间、剂量、性别等无显差异性。结论 服用氯氮平与典型抗精神病药，前可显增加糖尿病发生率。对于体重指数，血脂浓度增高及年龄较大，有家族史应加强血糖、血脂的监测。     

精神分裂症住院患者糖脂代谢异常的相关因素调查

目的 了解住院精神分裂症患者伴发糖、脂代谢异常的相关因素.方法 采用横断面调查对住院时间1年以上的精神分裂症患者230例进行糖、脂代谢异常的相关因素调查.结果 230例患者中糖尿病发生率9.6%,糖耐量异常发生率25%.有无糖代谢异常患者之间超重、腹型肥胖、高甘油三酯血症的构成比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05), Logistic回归分析显示,患者伴发糖代谢异常的高危因素是高文化程度、高体质量指数(BMI)、高甘油三酯,运动是保护性因素.脂代谢异常的发生率是50.4%.有无脂代谢异常患者间的超重、腹型肥胖、糖代谢异常、使用舒必利等的构成比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05), Logistic回归分析显示,患者伴发脂代谢异常的高危因素是BMI、2h血糖和使用非典型抗精神病药物,住院时间是保护性因素.结论 住院精神分裂症患者糖、脂代谢异常相互影响,危险因素均主要涉及肥胖、非典型抗精神病约物等,应对危险因素进行必要干预.     

住院精神分裂症患者抗精神病药联合治疗的影响因素分析

目的:探讨住院精神分裂症患者抗精神病药联合治疗的影响因素。方法:回顾性分析连续入组住院的801例精神分裂症患者的社会人口学资料、临床疾病相关资料,比较接受单一抗精神病药治疗的患者和接受抗精神病药联合治疗的患者在出院日处方信息资料上的差异,并进行回归分析。结果:364例(45.4%)患者接受抗精神病药联合治疗,其中284例(78.0%)联用氯氮平或奥氮平。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,患者的起病年龄、住院次数、住院天数及有无联用氯氮平或奥氮平治疗进入方程(P0.05),回归模型对患者接受单一抗精神病药治疗或抗精神病药联合治疗具有23.2%的解释度(Nagelkerke R~2=0.232)。结论:精神分裂症患者起病年龄小、住院次数多、住院时间长以及更有可能联用氯氮平或奥氮平是抗精神病药联合治疗的影响因素。     

精神分裂症与糖尿病关系的探讨

目的：了解住院精神分裂症患者中糖尿病的发病情况及其与抗精神病药等因素的关系。方法：回顾性调查符合CCMD－2－R诊断标准的住院精神分裂症患者中的糖尿病发病情况以及抗精神病药的使用情况等相关因素,观察体重、血糖和血脂的变化。糖尿病的诊断按照 WHO关于糖尿病的诊断标准（1980年）作出。将精神分裂症患者中的糖尿病发生率与一般人群中的患病率进行比较,并分析影响糖尿病发生的相关因素。结果：在503例精神分裂症住院患者中,糖尿病的发生率为15．1％,为普通人群（2．5％）的6倍（x^2＝18．10,P＜0．01）。抗精神病药物可引起体重的显著增加(t＝5．45,P＜0．01）。糖尿病的发生与精神分裂症的持续病程、长期住院、患者的年龄以及阳性糖尿病家族史等因素有关。氯氮平对糖尿病的影响与其他抗精神药物无显著差异（x^2＝0．38,P＞0．05）。结论：精神分裂症患者中糖尿病的发生率远高于普通人群,抗精神病药物引起的体重增加可能与此有关,临床上应予以关注。     

抗精神病药物与强迫症状

目的探讨抗精神病药与强迫症状的关系。方法采用自编调查表对659例门诊精神分裂症病人做问卷调查并对病史资料进行统计分析。结果(1)精神分裂症伴强迫症状者122例,占18.5%(122/659),其中63例强迫症状在服用抗精神病药后出现,占9.6%(63/659);(2)非典型抗精神病药诱发强迫症状的比率依次为氯氮平14.2%,利培酮5.1%,奥氮平1.9%,经典抗精神病药诱发强迫症状的比率共计2.8%;(3)氯氮平高剂量者强迫症状的发生率高于低剂量者,约1/3的病人强迫症状出现在服用氯氮平1年以内,半数以上出现在服氯氮平3年以内。结论抗精神病药诱发的强迫症状并不少见,氯氮平是其中的常见药物,强迫症状的发生与用药剂量和时间有关。     

抗精神病药治疗精神分裂症引致糖尿病的相关因素分析

目的　探讨抗精神病药物治疗精神分裂症引致糖尿病的相关因素。方法　回顾性调查住院精神分裂症患者中糖尿病的患病情况 ,观察治疗前后血糖的变化 ,比较各种抗精神病药物对糖代谢异常的影响。结果　本组患者中糖尿病的发生率为 7 84 % ;男女性别比较无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;病程 <10年与≥ 2 0年组比较及年龄<4 0岁与≥ 4 0岁组比较 ,糖尿病发生率均有极显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。抗精神病药引发糖尿病的发生率依次为 :氯氮平 (14 16 % )、氯丙嗪 (7 4 1% )、利培酮 (6 5 4 % )和其它 (5 5 8% )。氯氮平组与利培酮组比较 ,糖尿病发生率和空腹血糖均有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,餐后 2h血糖亦有极显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。结论　精神分裂症合并糖尿病与患病年龄、病程有关系 ,5 0岁以上患者发生糖尿病的危险性更大。氯氮平引发糖尿病的发生率明显高于其它抗精神病药物 ,且餐后血糖控制不良。     

精神分裂症并发糖尿病的相关因素分析

目的了解住院精神分裂症患者并发糖尿病的相关因素。方法回顾性调查符合CCMD-3诊断标准的住院精神分裂症患者中的糖尿病发病情况以及抗精神病药物的使用情况等相关因素,并观察体重、血糖和血脂的变化。结果在302例精神分裂症患者并发糖尿病者为39例(12.91%),其发生与患者的年龄、病程、体重、血脂和阳性糖尿病家族史以及使用抗精神病药物有相关性。结论精神分裂症患者中糖尿病的发生率远高于普通人群,年龄较大、病程较长以及抗精神病药物的长期使用均可增加糖尿病的发生率。     

1277例服用抗精神病药物住院病人心电图变化的资料分析

目的探索抗精神病药物对心电图的影响。方法对1277例住院精神疾病患者服用抗精神病药后ECG变化进行分析,以性别、年龄、不同药物种类进行比较,并对多个危险因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果749例（58.7%）住院患者ECG异常,其中窦性心动过速最常见。26~35岁年龄段ECG异常发生的比例（46.7%）最小。服用氯氮平的患者出现ECG异常的比率最高（69.1%）。年龄作为唯一与心电图异常相关的变量进入了Logistic回归模型。结论抗精神病药物引起ECG异常较常见。用药期间,特别是对老年患者应注意定期检查ECG。     

氯氮平所致已机化的炎性组织再次感染三例报告

氯氮平做为非典型抗精神病药物，于70年代上市后由于其锥外系副作用相对传统抗精神病药物小，对阴性、阳性症状都有效，得到广泛应用.随着临床应用，其副作用也逐渐显示出来，特别是致命的粒细胞缺乏症，严重限制了其临床的应用，新的非典型抗精神病药物出现及临床广泛应用，氯氮平已被列为二线抗精神病药物.但在农村由于经济水平所限，仍占很大比例，现对我院近年来氯氮平所致已机化的炎性组织再次感染三例报道如下：     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.