陕西姜黄的鉴别及其姜黄素类成分的一测多评法测定

目的 对陕西姜黄药材进行鉴别,并建立一测多评法(QAMS)同时测定其有效成分姜黄素类化合物.方法 按照中国药典2015版(一部)对姜黄药材进行显微鉴别、理化鉴别及薄层鉴别;采用HPLC法同时测定姜黄中3种姜黄素类化合物,以Agilent Eclipse plus C18(4.6 mm×100 mm,3.5μm)为分析柱,柱温25℃;以5％冰醋酸-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速1.0 ml/min,检测波长430 nm.先以外标法(ESM)测定姜黄素含量,再以姜黄素为内参物,利用相对校正因子计算其他姜黄素类化合物的含量,并对比QAMS计算值和ESM实测值,从而考察QAMS的可行性.结果 姜黄的质量分析符合中国药典2015版(一部)规定.姜黄中3种姜黄素类化合物的QAMS法计算结果与ESM法实测结果无明显差异.结论 该研究对陕西姜黄药材的鉴别和建立的QAMS法对姜黄素类化合物的测定简便可行,可为姜黄药材的质量控制提供参考.     

三七与混伪品姜黄的性状显微及薄层鉴别

<正>三七为五加科植物人参三七Panax PseudoginsengWall的干燥根,具有止血、祛淤、消肿、止痛等作用,是一种珍贵药材.笔者在药材市场上发现三七中混有姜科植物姜黄Curcuma longa L.由于两者外形相似.易被混充,我们对三七和姜黄进行了药物性状,显微及薄层色谱的比较鉴别,报道如下.     

管状肠外瘘的分期和影像学表现

目的对管状肠外瘘进行分期并探讨影像学表现。资料与方法对518例管状肠外瘘分别实施瘘管造影、口服造影、置管造影和CT检查。根据病程和瘘管情况,将管状肠外瘘分为瘘管形成期、成熟期和闭合期。结果瘘管形成期的影像学表现以炎症为主;成熟期是管状肠外瘘持续时间最长的一期,可见到各种形态的瘘管;闭合期瘘管的内口封闭,管腔逐渐消失。腹腔脓肿和腹膜后脓肿发生率与瘘管分期有非常显著的关系（P〈0.005）,在瘘管形成期腹腔脓肿发生率最高,而腹膜后脓肿多见于瘘管成熟期。结论瘘管分期与局部炎症的发展有密切的关系。在瘘管形成期和闭合期多用CT检查观察病情,而瘘管成熟期和闭合期,瘘管造影可对瘘管进行准确分辨。     

牛核供体胚发育阶段对核移植卵发育率的影响试验

本试验以体外培养６８、９２、１１６、１４０小时的体外受精卵为核供体胚，以体外培养成熟的卵母细胞为核受体进行了核移植试验。结果获得了８２％－９６％的融合率；将融合后的核民牛输卵管上皮细胞共同培养，７３％－８７％发育至２细胞期胚；２２％－５３％的核移植卵发育至８细胞期胚；以１１６小时组发育率最高，１４０小时组发育率最低；核移植卵发育于囊胚的比率分别为１３％（１３／１０２）、３％（２／７１）、３５％（３     

眼上静脉扩张的MRI表现分析

目的：探讨ＭＲＩ在显示眼上静脉（ＳＯＶ）扩张及病因诊断中的作用。材料和方法：对２２例伴有ＳＯＶ扩张疾病的ＭＲＩ表现进行形态和病因分析。结果：发现颈动脉－海绵窦瘘、眼型Ｇｒａｖｅｓ病、Ｔｏｌｏｓａ－Ｈｕｎｔ综合征、眶尖炎症、眶内炎性假瘤及海绵窦血栓形成等均可致眼上静脉扩张，眼上静脉ＭＲＩ表现为在各加权图像上管状扩张的无信号影，扩张管径３．５～６ｍｍ，同时能发现眼外肌肥大、眶部病变和海绵窦膨大等相关表现。结论：ＭＲＩ能良好地揭示ＳＯＶ扩张，结合ＭＲＩ检查的其他表现，可对导致ＳＯＶ扩张的病因作出诊断     

TGF-β/SMADs信号通路在创伤愈合中的作用

转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）超家族是在脊椎动物和无脊椎动物中高度保守的一类细胞因子,其家族成员参与调节细胞增殖、分化、凋亡、黏附、骨骼形成、发育、炎症反应及创伤愈合等多种生命活动。SMAD家族成员是TGF-β信号的细胞内介导者,负责将TGF-β信号从细胞膜转入细胞核内,并激活靶基因的转录。创伤后TGF-β参与了皮肤愈合的炎症期、肉芽组织形成期和瘢痕形成期全过程。从信号转导通路不同环节干预和阻断,将对创伤愈合过程产生积极的作用。SMAD3在组织修复中的特殊作用可能成为今后探索难愈性创面的治疗热点。     

骨形态发生蛋白诱导成骨过程中转化生长因子β1的mRNA表达

目的：通过观察骨形态发生蛋白（bone morphogenesic protein,BMP)诱导成骨过程中转化生长因子β１（transforming growth factor β,TGF-β1)的基因表达情况,探讨诱导成骨过程中是否有其他生长因子参与,进一步阐述ＢＭＰ诱导成骨的机制,方法：采用日本大耳白兔１６只,手术造成左尺骨中上段１２mm骨缺损实验模型,随机分为实验组及对照组,实验组缺损内植入以牛松质骨基质颗粒（经脱钙,脱蛋白及高温,高压处理）为载体的牛骨形态发生蛋白（bBMP)10mg,对照组缺损内仅植入牛松质骨载体,分别于术后第３,７,１４,２１天取两组缺损内组织冰冻切片,采用原位杂交方法,检测组织中ＴＧＦ－β１的mRNA表达并作图像分析,结果：实验组和对照组早期各时相均有ＴＧＦ－β１的mRNA表达并作图像分析,结果：实验组和对照组早期各时相均有ＴＧＦ－β１的mRNA表达,表达细胞主要为间充质的细胞,。软骨细胞和成骨细胞,表现为在这些细胞胸装内出现此蓝色颗粒,颗粒的大小及颜色的深浅表示基因表达信号的强弱,实验组ＴＧＦ－β１的mRNA表达术在１４天达高峰,此时正为软骨细胞和成骨细胞大量形成期,对照组各时相ＴＧＦ－β１的mRNA表达信号民均明显弱于同期实验组,图像分析结果采用方差分析,显示两组间差异有显著性意义,结论：ＴＧＦ－β１的mRNA表达在ＢＭＰ诱导成骨中明显增强,ＢＭＰ具有促进TGF-β1合成及分泌的作用,ＢＭＰ的诱导成骨需要以ＴＧＦ－β为代表的其他生长因子的协同与参怀,ＢＭＰ的诱导成骨是一个由多因子协同和参与的复杂的生物过程。     

成骨不全新生儿骨痂形成一例

病例资料患者，男，2天，胎龄38周左右，剖宫产分娩，出生体重2．5kg，具体出生史不详。查体：双下肢呈“8”型，右足内翻，垂腕，整个颅骨质软，有囊性感，头增大，面部宽，前额突出，鼻粱扁平，四肢短，特别是上臂和股骨最为明显。X线片示胸部多发肋骨骨质不规则，其中右胸第7、8后肋骨质局限性膨大呈梭形，其内见纵行模糊透亮线（符合Ⅲ期骨折愈合即骨痂形成期）。四肢长管状骨内可见多发囊状透亮区，左侧肱骨、桡骨呈完全性骨折，骨折端呈移位成角、重叠，右侧股骨近端骨质密度不均，可见横行模糊透亮线，     

儿童肾上腺肿瘤的CT诊断：附八例报告

作者报告了８例经手术后病理证实的儿童肾上腺肿瘤。其中肾上腺神经母细胞瘤６例，肾上腺皮质癌２例。作者对它们进行了ＣＴ和临床分析。肾上腺神经母细胞瘤的ＣＴ表现：形态规则２例；形态不规则肿块包绕后腹膜大血管４例；其中有５例存在肿瘤内钙化。其重要的临床表现为ＶＭＡ（３－甲氧－４－羟基杏仁酸）升高。肾上腺皮质癌的ＣＴ表现：肿块大于４ｃｍ，形态规则，有包膜，密度不均。其临床表现为内分泌异常：柯兴综合征１例，男     

肾上腺结核的CT诊断和分期

目的 探讨肾上腺结核患者的肾上腺CT特征与病程长短的关系，并提出新的分期标准。方法 对临床确诊的28例肾上腺结核患者的CT特征进行回顾性分析。按病程长短分A组（10例，病程短于1年）、B组（13例，病程1－4年）和C组（5例，病程长于4年）分析肾上腺大小、形态、钙化及局限性低密度等变化。结果 肾上腺增大：A组10例，B组13例，C组1例；形态：A组可分辨肾上腺轮廓，B组和C组完全失去肾上腺正常形态；钙化：A组2例，B组11例，C组5例；局限性低密度：仅见于A组3例。结论 肾上腺结核的CT特征与病程长短有关。根据CT表现不同将肾上腺结核分为Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期更为合理。     

不同采收期和不同部位茵陈药材滨蒿内酯的含量测定与资源利用建议

目的　为茵陈药材的质量控制、合理采收与资源进一步开发利用提供新的依据。方法　采用高效液相色谱法考察了不同时期、不同部位茵陈药材的滨蒿内酯含量。结果和结论　不同时期、不同部位茵陈药材滨蒿内酯含量差异明显:花期>花前期;带花枝梢>枝干。为此,我们建议:采收茵陈蒿时,最佳时期为9月中上旬;建议《中国药典》将绵茵陈和茵陈蒿区分,作为不同的2种药材处理,并将滨蒿内酯作为鉴别和控制茵陈蒿药材质量的重要指标;从有效性以及野生资源可持续利用等角度考虑,建议在全国推广使用茵陈蒿。     

Median root prior and ordered subsets in Bayesian image reconstruction of single-photon emission tomography

Median root prior allows Bayesian image reconstruction without any a priori knowledge of the final solution. It limits the noise generated by maximum likelihood-expectation maximization, including when the ordered subsets accelerating procedure is used. Therefore the number of iterations can be optimized to obtain the best resolution for cold lesions. Moreover, the higher the number of subsets, the better the contrast, with optimal results for subsets containing between four and eight projections. Received 1 September and in revised form 8 December 1997     

Relative effectiveness of 12-hourly fractionation and a non-uniform x-ray schedule in the optimum fractionation of C3H mouse mammary tumours.

In previous experiments the highest proportions of tumours controlled for 150 days at a particular level of skin reaction were obtained with five or nine fractions of X rays in nine or ten days respectively. Poor results were obtained for the same numbers of fractions given in 4 or 18 days respectively. The present work reports results of three "non-standard" fractionation schedules: two with equal doses given at 12-hour intervals over four or nine days and one with eight decreasing doses given at decreasing intervals over 11 days. The two 12-hour interval schedules gave results which were equal to the best obtained by any other schedule tested. The 8F/11d non-uniform schedule, however, gave mediocre results in spite of being close to the previously optimum overall time. When these results are compared with previously published results from the same tumour system two, phases of optimum fractionation are demonstrated. At short overall times, up to four days, the situation is finely balanced, so that fraction size and interval matter greatly and results of the schedules vary from good to bad. At longer overall times, of nine days or more in these tumours, the response is no longer so variable. Eighteen days (two to three times the average volume doubling time) is too long for any successful treatment with this system, presumably because of proliferation in the tumour.     

Hamartoma of the tuber cinereum: a comparison of MR and CT findings in four cases

Hamartoma of the tuber cinereum is a well-recognized cause of central precocious puberty. We report three patients with an isodense, nonenhancing mass within the interpeduncular cistern identified by CT. In a fourth patient, the CT scan was normal. MR imaging was obtained in all cases and demonstrated a sessile or pedunculated mass of the posterior hypothalamus arising from the region of the tuber cinereum. The smallest mass was 2 mm in diameter and was found in the patient in whom the CT scan was normal. The signal intensity of the masses was generally homogeneous and isointense relative to gray matter on T1- and intermediate-weighted images, and hyper-intense on T2-weighted images. MR imaging accurately diagnoses hypothalamic hamartomas, identifies small hamartomas of the tuber cinereum more sensitively than CT does, and provides optimal imaging for serial evaluation while the patient is being treated medically.     

Growth velocity of breast carcinoma and radiographic "early diagnoses"]

Between 1960 and 1975, 53 mammary carcinomas have been observed in a collective of 15000 women a part of whom, comprising finally 80 per cent, was free from troubles (annual prophylactic examination for breast cancer). Of these 53 cases were available two up to eleven preceding mammographic series made within an observation period of 0.2 to eleven years. A "mean growth curve" was obtained empirically, based on 163 mammographic tumor measurements with tumor sizes between 2 mm and 60 mm. In the course of a development period between two and eleven years, 33 per cent of the carcinomas were seen to accelerate their further growth in comparison with the initial value; 66 per cent revealed an increasing slow-down of growth, and all tumors showed considerable changes in their growth rates. Mammary carcinomas altogether continually decelerated their growth as measured by the duplication time of the tumor volume from Tv = 309 days on the average up to an average of Tv = 381 days after two through eleven years. The mean growth curve exhibited an exponential shape which was completed by biomathematical methods and can be described by means of a Power function. It corresponds well to the rate of incidence of the mammary carcinoma which shows an identical rise in relation to increased old age. The medium growth time from a primary cancerous cell with ten micron in size up to the tumor 2 mm in diameter may be estimated biomathematically only and amounts to ten or twenty years with 23 duplication periods. The further average growth rate between the tumor sizes of two and ten millimeter, stages which can be diagnosed roentgenologically, was empirically six years; the most quickly growing tumor needed almost two years. For the purpose of early cancer detection (tumor size below 10 mm, lymph nodes histologically free from metastases), the serial mammography to be performed every 18 months or two years is the only technique which provides utilizable early recognition marks and besides does allow a simple judgement. Solely the symptoms "suspect desification, partly spiculated" in sixty per cent and "typical cancerous microcalcification" in forty per cent have been observed as the earliest signs. The reliability ("certainty") of mammography is frequently overestimated (false negative rate: 7 to 18%) and should be quoted only for collectives where control mammographies have been made over a period of five or ten years. Roentgenological controls of alterations below three millimeter in size and without an indication for biopsy ought to be performed within six months, and still sooner in case of larger alterations. It is not possible earlier than after five or ten years to judge of the radicality of a therapy, as spread cancerous cells, on he average, reveal similar growth rates as does the primary tumor.     

Paragangliomas of the spinal canal

We report the clinical MRI and histopathological features of five consecutive cases of spinal paraganglioma. Three intradural tumours were found in the typical location (two at the L4, one at the S2 level); one intradural extramedullary tumour arose at an unusual level, from the ventral C2 root, and one extradural tumour growing along the L5 nerve root sheath had an aggressive growth pattern with early, local paraspinal recurrence and, eventually, intradural metastatic spread. This type of growth pattern has not been described previously. Paragangliomas of the spinal canal are more common than previously thought and can be located anywhere along the spine, although the lumbosacral level is the most common. Their appearance on MRI can not disinguish them from other tumours in the spinal canal. Even though paragangliomas in general are benign and slowly growing their growth pattern can vary and be more aggressive, to the point of metastatic spread. Received: 14 December 1998 Accepted: 27 January 1999     

Hamartomas of the tuber cinereum: CT, MR, and pathologic findings

The neuroimaging studies, clinical evaluations, and surgical and pathologic findings in five children with biopsy-proved hamartomas of the tuber cinereum were reviewed. Surgical and/or MR findings showed that patients with precocious puberty had pedunculated lesions while those with seizures had tumors that were sessile with respect to the hypothalamus. The radiologic studies included six MR examinations in four patients and CT studies in all five patients. Three children presented with precocious puberty and two with seizures, one of which was a gelastic (spasmodic or hysteric laughter) type of epilepsy. MR studies were obtained both before and after surgery in two patients, only preoperatively in a third patient, and only postoperatively in the fourth child. MR was superior to CT in displaying the exact size and anatomic location of the hamartomas in all cases. The mass was isointense with gray matter on sagittal and coronal T1-weighted images, which best displayed the relationship of the hamartoma to the third ventricle, infundibulum, and mammillary bodies. Intermediate- or T2-weighted images showed signal characteristics of the hamartoma to be isointense (one case) or hyperintense (two cases) relative to gray matter. The difference in T2 signal intensity did not correlate with any obvious differences in histopathology. CT showed attenuation isodense with gray matter, and no calcium. There was no enhancement on CT. There was no enhancement on MR in the one case in which contrast medium was administered. Preservation of the posterior pituitary bright spot was noted on all pre- and postoperative T1-weighted MR scans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

MRI of middle cerebral artery occlusion

Magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs) of ten patients with angiographically proved middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion were retrospectively reviewed. Eight of the ten patients had cerebral infarcts, one had an intraventricular hemorrhage, and the remaining one had no significant abnormalities. All patients were examined by the 1.5 Tesla SIGNA (GE), using spin-echo pulse sequences. In all patients, occluded MCA could be detected by MRI. All occluded arteries showed absence of flow void and were demonstrated as iso- or hyperintense structures relative to gray matter on T1-weighted images, iso- or hypointense on T2-weighted images. In eight of the ten patients, absence of flow void in the sylvian fissure was observed on T2-weighted images. Thus, MRI was proved to be a pertinent diagnostic modality for evaluating MCA occlusions.     

郁金类中药材的显微鉴别

目的为郁金类中药材鉴别提供参考。方法利用显微镜,对比观察了郁金类中药材的组织形态学结构和特征。结果和结论木栓层细胞有无增厚和木化及排列情况、油细胞色及其分布情况等可作为郁金类中药材的显微鉴别要点,并据此建立了郁金类中药材显微鉴别的分种检索表。     

Cortical tubers without other stigmata of tuberous sclerosis: imaging and pathological findings

There is immense variability in the clinical presentation of tuberous sclerosis and many incomplete forms (formes frustes) exist. To investigate the imaging characteristics of cortical tubers seen in tuberous sclerosis unaccompanied by other stigmata, we reviewed MRI and CT of six patients who met the criteria for a definitive diagnosis of TS, established solely by the presence of a histologically confirmed cortical tuber. Five of the patients had a solitary cortical tuber and the last had three lesions, one of which was resected and confirmed histologically. The other two lesions were included in our study. CT showed five tubers as low density, but three were not identified. No calcified or dense lesions were observed. MRI revealed peripheral components and inner cores of seven cortical tubers in five patients, with differing signal characteristics. The subcortical cores, with T1 and T2 prolongation, were separated from the overlying cortex. Abnormal inhomogeneous high signal was observed in both the cortex and subcortical white matter on proton-density weighted or FLAIR images. A radially orientated white-matter band was observed in one patient, and central depression of the expanded gyri in another. In one patient, a cortical tuber was atypical, with a thick cortex on T1-weighted images and a blurred grey/white matter junction with diffusely increased signal on T2-weighted images. Cortical tubers without other stigmata of tuberous sclerosis are shown to be distinct from focal cortical dysplasia. Received: 18 September 1998 Accepted: 27 November 1998