无蛛网膜下腔出血的破裂脑动脉瘤

目的 总结无蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的破裂脑动脉瘤的诊治经验.方法 对15例在起病后2 d内首次CT或MRI上表现为脑内出血(ICH),和(或)脑室内出血(IVH)、硬脑膜下血肿(SDH)和壁间出血(IMH)而无SAH的破裂脑动脉瘤患者的临床表现、影像学检查结果 、治疗方法 和预后进行回顾性分析.结果 本组首次CT或MRI检查表现为ICH者3例、IVH合并ICH者6例、SDH者1例、IVH者1例、IMH者3例和等高混合密度者1例.其中动脉瘤位于大脑中动脉6例、前交通动脉4例、后交通动脉3例、大脑前动脉1例和小脑后下动脉1例.开颅手术夹闭动脉瘤13例,血管内栓塞2例.出院时GOS评分:恢复良好8例、中残3例、重残3例和植物生存1例.本组15例占同期破裂脑动脉瘤的3.8%.结论 破裂脑动脉瘤首次CT扫描可表现为单纯ICH,和(或)IVH、SDH、IMH而无SAH,与CT扫描时间、动脉瘤的部位和指向以及出血量有关.早期控制颅内高压、及时诊断和有效处理破裂动脉瘤,是改善预后的关键.     

Disparities in diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy based on hospital characteristics

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) categorized as a cerebral small vessel disease can cause lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and ischemic stroke (IS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in the diagnosis of CAA based on hospital characteristics and to assess the discharge outcomes of patients with CAA admitted for IS, ICH and SAH. Adult patients admitted with secondary diagnosis of CAA were identified in National Inpatient Sample in 2016 and 2017. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate outcomes. A total of 16,040 patients had a secondary diagnosis of CAA. Among CAA patients, 1810 (11.3%) patients were admitted for IS, 4765 (29.7%) for ICH and 490 (3.1%) for SAH. Diagnosis of CAA was five-fold higher among patients admitted to urban teaching hospitals (aOR = 5.4;95% CI = 4.1–7.2) compared to rural hospitals and two-fold higher in large bed size hospitals (aOR = 2.3;95% CI = 2.0–2.7) compared to small bed size hospitals. Compared to non-CAA group, patients with history of CAA had lower odds of in-hospital mortality among patients admitted for ICH (10% vs 23%, aOR = 0.35; 95%CI = 0.27–0.44) and SAH (6% vs 19%, aOR = 0.24; 95%CI = 0.10–0.55); and higher odds of discharge to home among patients admitted for ICH (17% vs 18%, aOR = 1.27; 95%CI = 1.05–1.53). CAA diagnosis is less common in rural and small bed size hospitals compared to urban and large bedside hospitals, respectively. Patients with CAA admitted for ICH have better discharge outcomes compared to non-CAA patients admitted for ICH.     

Primary intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage. An approach to diagnosis and therapy.

The diagnosis of primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has become easier with the advent of modern imaging techniques. The incidence of ICH has declined, while SAH has remained relatively constant. The prognosis for both disorders remains dismal and the mortality rate is substantially higher than that observed with ischemic stroke. Early imaging with CT or MRI is important for rapid and accurate diagnosis. General medical management in a skilled nursing facility should be available for patients who are not moribund. Therapy for ICH is predominantly supportive and effective medical and surgical intervention remains elusive. For SAH, calcium channel blockers may reduce cerebral ischemic complications related to vasospasm, but effective medical therapy to prevent rebleeding has not been established. Early surgery after SAH should be considered in clinically stable patients. Many challenges remain regarding the prevention and treatment of both these cerebral hemorrhage subtypes.     

Weekly variation of hospital admissions for stroke in Nis (Serbia)

Objectives

Weekly variability in stroke occurrence could be related to the change in behaviors of patients or medical personnel that occur during certain periods of the week. The aim of the present study was to examine the weekly variation in hospital admissions for stroke in Nis (Serbia), as well as to investigate how the demographic factors influenced these changes.

Patients and methods

The main data source for this study was the Nis Stroke Registry. During the study period (1996–2007) a total of 9675 stroke patients were registered. According to stroke subtypes, all registered patients were divided into three groups: patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) (438 or 4.5%), patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) (1576 or 16.3%) and patients with ischemic stroke (IS) (6946 or 71.8%). Analyses were conducted separately for SAH, ICH and IS. Each stroke type was stratified by gender, age group and education level.

Results

We have showed that there is a significant weekly variability in the number of SAH (p = 0.028) and IS (p < 0.001) admissions, with the minimum number of admissions on Sundays (39.27 and 14.04% less than expected), and the maximum one on Tuesdays (21.46% more than expected) and Wednesdays (10.96% more than expected), respectively. We have also registered more SAH (p = 0.015) and IS (p < 0.001) admissions on weekdays than on weekend days.

Conclusion

Results of this hospital-based study confirm that there is a pattern in the variation of the number of stroke admissions on the weekly level. Reasons for the weekly variation of hospital admissions for stroke cannot be determined from the present study.     

Epilepsy After Stroke

A retrospective follow-up of 200 consecutive stroke patients [ischemic brain infarction (IBI) 157, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) 20, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) 23] who were in need of ambulatory rehabilitation was conducted for a mean period of 40 months after stroke. Epilepsy developed in 33 (17%) patients. The occurrence of epilepsy was 14% in IBI, 15% in ICH, and 35% in SAH. Significantly more patients developed epilepsy in the SAH group than in the IBI group (8 of 23 vs. 22 of 157, p less than 0.05). Of the 33 patients, 15% had their first seizures within the first 2 weeks after stroke, and 55% developed epilepsy in 6 months. Forty-eight percent of the patients had generalized seizures. Antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment was started in 28 of 33 patients, of whom 17 still had seizures during follow-up. Epilepsy was an important consequence of stroke among patients who needed rehabilitation, especially in SAH patients. In most, this was due to arterial spasm leading to IBI.     

Warfarin-Induced Intracerebral Hemorrhage Associated with Microbleeds

Background

Microbleeds (MBs), proposed as a biomarker for microangiopathy, have been suggested as a predictor of spontaneous or thrombolysis-related intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in acute ischemic stroke. However, the relationship between MBs and warfarin-induced ICH is not clear.

Case Report

We describe two patients who developed warfarin-induced ICH at the site of MBs documented in previous MRI.

Conclusions

The presence of MBs might increase the risk of ICH after warfarin use in ischemic stroke patients. A large cohort study is required to confirm the relationship of MBs with warfarin-induced ICH.     

Impact of Off-Hour Hospital Presentation on Mortality in Different Subtypes of Acute Stroke in Korea : National Emergency Department Information System Data

ObjectiveSeveral studies have reported inconsistent findings among countries on whether off-hour hospital presentation is associated with worse outcome in patients with acute stroke. However, its association is yet not clear and has not been thoroughly studied in Korea. We assessed nationwide administrative data to verify off-hour effect in different subtypes of acute stroke in Korea. MethodsWe respectively analyzed the nationwide administrative data of National Emergency Department Information System in Korea; 7144 of ischemic stroke (IS), 2424 of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and 1482 of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), respectively. “Off-hour hospital presentation” was defined as weekends, holidays, and any times except 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM on weekdays. The primary outcome measure was in-hospital mortality in different subtypes of acute stroke. We adjusted for covariates to influence the primary outcome using binary logistic regression model and Cox''s proportional hazard model. ResultsIn subjects with IS, off-hour hospital presentation was associated with unfavorable outcome (24.6% off hours vs. 20.9% working hours, p<0.001) and in-hospital mortality (5.3% off hours vs. 3.9% working hours, p=0.004), even after adjustment for compounding variables (hazard ratio [HR], 1.244; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.106–1.400; HR, 1.402; 95% CI, 1.124–1.747, respectively). Off-hours had significantly more elderly ≥65 years (35.4% off hours vs. 32.1% working hours, p=0.029) and significantly more frequent intensive care unit admission (32.5% off hours vs. 29.9% working hours, p=0.017) than working hours. However, off-hour hospital presentation was not related to poor short-term outcome in subjects with ICH and SAH. ConclusionThis study indicates that off-hour hospital presentation may lead to poor short-term morbidity and mortality in patients with IS, but not in patients with ICH and SAH in Korea. Excessive death seems to be ascribed to old age or the higher severity of medical conditions apart from that of stroke during off hours.     

出血性卒中的脑血流自动调节研究进展

脑血流自动调节 （cerebral autoregulation, CA） 是人体在一定血压或脑灌注压波动范围内维持脑血流量 （cerebral blood flow） 相对稳定的能力, 可避免脑组织发生高灌注或低灌注。 CA在出血性卒中中存在不同程度受损, 且与临床因素及预后密切相关。 对出血性卒中患者行CA监测不仅可评估临床预后, 还可为动脉血压及脑灌注压的管理提供参考信息。 本文主要就脑出血 （intracerebral hemorrhage, ICH） 和蛛网膜下腔出血 （subarachnoid hemorrhage, SAH） 的CA相关进展做一综述, 旨在探讨CA在上述疾病中的改变及其临床应用价值。     

Medical Complications Drive Length of Stay After Brain Hemorrhage: A Cohort Study

Introduction  Longer length of stay (LOS) is associated with higher complications and costs in ICU patients, while hospital protocols may decrease complications and LOS. We hypothesized that medical complications would increase LOS after spontaneous subarachnoid (SAH) and intracerebral (ICH) hemorrhage after accounting for severity of neurologic injury in a cohort of consecutively admitted patients. Methods  We prospectively recorded admission characteristics, hospital complications, and LOS for 122 patients with SAH and 56 patients with ICH from February 2006 through March 2008. A multidisciplinary Neuro-ICU team included a dedicated pharmacist and intensivist on daily rounds. Hospital protocols set glucose control with intravenous insulin, ventilator bundles, pharmacist involvement, and hand hygiene. Associations were explored with univariate statistics (t-tests, ANOVA, or non-parametric statistics as appropriate) and linear regression (repeated after log transformation of ICU and hospital LOS). Results  Factors associated with longer LOS after SAH and ICH were similar. In both SAH and ICH the strongest drivers of LOS were infection, fever, and acute lung injury. For SAH, vasospasm and Glasgow Coma Scale were also significant in some models, while in patients with ICH the volume of the initial bleed was significant in some models. Conclusion  LOS after spontaneous brain hemorrhage is driven by medical complications even after the adoption of dedicated intensive care medical staff, pharmacist involvement, and evidence-based protocols for ICU care. Further alterations in care will be necessary to eliminate “preventable” complications and minimize LOS after brain hemorrhage.     

Association between cerebral microbleeds and prior primary intracerebral hemorrhage in ischemic stroke patients

OBJECTIVE: To investigate association between cerebral microbleeds (CMB) and prior intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) on MRI and topographic correlation of the two types of lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred and sixty consecutive patients (67.0+/-11.1 years) with ischemic stroke were included. CMB and prior ICH were assessed on T2-gradient-echo MRI. The presence and number of CMB as predictors for prior ICH were examined. Topographic correlations between CMB and ICH lesions in patients with prior ICH in the infratentorial, basal ganglionic/thalamic and cortico-subcortical regions were tested. RESULTS: CMB were observed in 113 (43.5%) patients and a total of 50 prior primary ICH lesions were observed in 39 (15.0%) patients. Among the ICH lesions, 39 (78%) were asymptomatic. Presence of CMB (odds ratio 2.53, p=0.015) and number of CMB (odds ratio 1.11, p<0.001) were independent determinants for prior ICH. Topographic correlation between CMB and ICH was significant in the basal ganglionic/thalamic region (p=0.017), but not in the infratentorial (p=0.548) or cortico-subcortical regions (p=0.389). CONCLUSION: CMB were associated with prior ICH on MRI of patients with ischemic stroke. CMB in the basal ganglion or thalamus was associated with prior ICH in the same region.     

Prognostic Value of Serum S100 Protein by Elecsys S100 Immunoassay in Patients with Spontaneous Subarachnoid and Intracerebral Hemorrhages

Objective

The serum S100 protein has been known to reflect the severity of neuronal damage. The purpose of this study was to assess the prognostic value of the serum S100 protein by Elecsys S100 immunoassay in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and to establish reference value for this new method.

Methods

Serum S100 protein value was measured at admission, day 3 and 7 after bleeding in 42 consecutive patients (SAH : 20, ICH : 22) and 74 healthy controls, prospectively. Admission Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, Hunt & Hess grade and Fisher grade for SAH, presence of intraventricular hemorrhage, ICH volume, and outcome at discharge were evaluated. Degrees of serum S100 elevation and their effect on outcomes were compared between two groups.

Results

Median S100 levels in SAH and ICH groups were elevated at admission (0.092 versus 0.283 µg/L) and at day 3 (0.110 versus 0.099 µg/L) compared to healthy controls (0.05 µg/L; p<0001). At day 7, however, these levels were normalized in both groups. Time course of S100 level in SAH patient was relatively steady at least during the first 3 days, whereas in ICH patient it showed abrupt S100 surge on admission and then decreased rapidly during the next 7 days, suggesting severe brain damage at the time of bleeding. In ICH patient, S100 level on admission correlated well with GCS score (r=-0.859; p=0.0001) and ICH volume (r=0.663; p=0.001). A baseline S100 level more than 0.199 µg/L predicted poor outcome with 92% sensitivity and 90% specificity. Logistic regression analyses showed Ln (S100) on admission as the only independent predictor of poor outcome (odd ratio 36.1; 95% CI, 1.98 to 656.3).

Conclusion

Brain damage in ICH patient seems to develop immediately after bleeding, whereas in SAH patients it seems to be sustained for few days. Degree of brain damage is more severe in ICH compared to SAH group based on the S100 level. S100 level is considered an independent predictor of poor outcome in patient with spontaneous ICH, but not in SAH. Further study with large population is required to confirm this result.     

A standardized MRI stroke protocol: comparison with CT in hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diagnostic imaging in hyperacute ischemic stroke has been revolutionized by the introduction of diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI (DWI and PWI). CT, however, is still needed to exclude intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The purpose of our study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of a standardized, multimodal MRI (mMRI) stroke protocol in the qualitative and quantitative assessment of hyperacute ICH (<6 hours). METHODS: We investigated 9 patients with hyperacute ICH with CT followed immediately by a standardized mMRI stroke protocol (DWI, PWI [T2*-WI], FLAIR, T2-WI, and MRA). The time interval between MRI and symptom onset ranged from 3 hours to 5 hours 45 minutes. We analyzed and compared the size of the hematoma on CT and all mMRI images by semiautomatic volumetry. RESULTS: ICH was unambiguously identified on the basis of all mMRI sequences. With increasing susceptibility effect (T2*-WI), the ICH, appearing as an area of hyperintensity with central signal loss, became qualitatively most evident. Regarding quantitation, T2*-WI overestimated (median and mean difference, 18.9%/17.8%; SD final sigma=24.4%) and DWI correlated best (median and mean difference, 3.97%/-4.36%; SD final sigma=37. 42%) with hematoma size on CT. CONCLUSIONS: Multimodal stroke MRI is as reliable as CT in the assessment of hyperacute ICH. Therefore, additional CT is no longer necessary to rule out ICH in hyperacute stroke. The use of mMRI alone in the diagnostic workup of a hyperacute stroke patient saves time and costs while rendering all the critical information needed to initiate an optimal treatment.     

蛛网膜下腔出血继发症状性癫痫的发生率、危险因素及院内结局：来自中国卒中联盟登记数据库的分析

目的调查蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)患者继发症状性癫痫的发生率、相关危险因素及其与院内结局的关系。方法本研究数据来源于中国卒中联盟(China Stoke Center Alliance,CSCA)登记数据库2015年8月1日-2019年7月31日入组的SAH患者。症状性癫痫限定为住院期间发作。依据是否出现继发症状性癫痫,将研究对象分为SAH继发癫痫组和无继发癫痫组,比较组间的人口学特征、入院GCS评分、血管危险因素、手术以及医院级别和地区的差异。采用多因素Logistic回归,分析SAH继发癫痫的危险因素,以及SAH继发癫痫与院内死亡、缺血性卒中、脑出血及肺炎的相关性。结果本研究纳入11 210例SAH患者,女性6623例(59.1%),平均年龄60.0±12.9岁,入院GCS评分的中位数为15分。总计228例(2.0%)继发症状性癫痫。年龄(OR 0.92,95%CI 0.87～0.97)、既往卒中/TIA(OR 1.61,95%CI 1.20～2.17)、颈动脉狭窄(OR 3.17,95%CI 1.27～10.85)、心房颤动(OR 2.64,95%CI 1.12～6.24)、脂代谢紊乱(OR 1.79,95%CI 1.03～3.13)和脑室外分流术(OR 2.30,95%CI 1.31～4.02)是SAH继发症状性癫痫的独立影响因素。SAH继发症状性癫痫可能与更高的院内死亡(OR 1.71,95%CI 0.96～3.05)、缺血性卒中(OR 4.21,95%CI 2.70～6.56)、脑出血(OR 3.87,95%CI 2.81～5.33)及肺炎(OR 2.96,95%CI 2.26～3.86)事件风险相关。结论症状性癫痫是SAH患者较为常见的神经系统并发症,低龄、既往卒中/TIA、颈动脉狭窄、心房颤动、脂代谢紊乱以及脑室外分流术是SAH继发症状性癫痫的独立危险因素。SAH继发症状性癫痫增加院内死亡、缺血性卒中、脑出血以及肺炎的风险。     

Long-term cost of stroke subtypes among Medicare beneficiaries

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The economic impact of hemorrhagic stroke, including subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), has not been well characterized compared to the more prevalent ischemic stroke (IS). METHODS: Patients diagnosed with SAH, ICH or IS in 1997 were identified in a 5% national random sample of all Medicare beneficiaries. Medical care patterns and associated Medicare reimbursements were analyzed from one year prior to the index event through four years following that event. RESULTS: 11,430 patients were identified with SAH (n = 342), ICH (n = 1,957) or IS (n = 9,131). Average Medicare expenditures, from the initial event through four years, were USD 48,327 for SAH, USD 38,023 for ICH and USD 39,396 for IS. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term healthcare costs of SAH and ICH are substantial. With the expected increase in the elderly population over the coming decades, these results emphasize the need for effective preventive and acute medical care.     

The Impact of a Neuro-Intensivist on Patients with Stroke Admitted to a Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit

Introduction  Stroke Units improve the outcome in patients with mild to moderate severity strokes. We sought to examine the role that a full-time neurointensivist (NI) might play on the outcomes of patients with more severe strokes admitted to a Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Methods  Data regarding 433 stroke patients admitted to a 10-bed university hospital NICU were prospectively collected in two 19-month periods, before and after the appointment of a NI. Outcomes and disposition of patients with ischemic stroke (IS), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were compared between the two periods, using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results  One hundred and seventy-four patients with strokes were admitted in the period before and 259 in the period after the NI. Observed mortality did not differ between the two periods. More patients were discharged home in the after period (75% vs. 54% in the before period (P = 0.003). After adjusting for covariates, the NICU and hospital LOS were shorter for each type of stroke in the after period (Cox proportional hazard ratios, 95% CI were 2.37, 1.4–4.1 and 1.8, 1.04–3 for IS, 1.98, 1.3–3 and 1.2, 0.8–1.9 for ICH, and 1.6, 1.1–2.3 and 1.4, 1.01–2 for SAH, respectively) or for all strokes (1.92, 1.52–2.43 and 1.7, 1.28–2.25 for the first 12 days of hospital admission). Conclusion  The direct patient care offered and the organizational changes implemented by a NI shortened the NICU and hospital LOS and improved the disposition of patients with strokes admitted to a NICU.     

Initial Troponin Level as a Predictor of Prognosis in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Objective

It has been suggested that elevated cardiac troponin T (cTnT) level is a marker of increased risk of mortality in acute ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, the association of serum cTnT level and prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been sparsely investigated. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between cTnT level and the outcome in patients with spontaneous ICH.

Methods

We retrospectively investigated 253 patients identified by a database search from records of patients admitted in our department for ICH between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2007. The patients were divided into 2 groups; the patients in group 1 (n=225) with serum cTnT values of 0.01 ng/mL or less, and those in group 2 (n=28) with serum cTnT values greater than 0.01 ng/mL.

Results

The serum cTnT level was elevated in 28 patients. There were significant differences in sex, hypertension, creatine kinase-myocardial band, midline shift, side of hematoma, and presence of intraventricular hemorrhage between the 2 groups. Logistic regression analysis identified the level of consciousness on admission, cTnT and midline shift as independent predictors of hospital mortality.

Conclusion

Theses results suggest that increased serum cTnT level at admission is associated with in-hospital mortality and the addition of a serum cTnT assay to routine admission testing should be considered in patients with ICH.     

Circadian and seasonal occurrence of subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the time of onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with a time of day or season of year. BACKGROUND: Prior studies have suggested that there may be a circadian and seasonal pattern of ischemic stroke occurrence, but this is less certain for hemorrhagic stroke. Population-based data have been unavailable. METHODS: All incident ICH and SAH among residents of Rochester, MN, were ascertained. The medical records of patients were reviewed to determine the time of onset and date of occurrence. The day was divided into 8-hour periods, and the year into seasonal quartiles. Each patient was assigned a period based on the time of onset of symptoms. The data were analyzed by chi(2) analysis to determine whether there was a trend toward increased occurrence based on time period or seasonal quartile of onset. RESULTS: From 1960 to 1989, there were 155 cases (48 men, 107 women) of incident SAH. From 1975 to 1989, there were 137 cases (57 men, 80 women) of incident ICH. There was a significant increase in the time of onset for ICH and SAH in the 8 AM to 4 PM period (p = 0.005 and p = 0.03, respectively). The concomitant occurrence of hypertension, gender, and age did not affect the time of day of occurrence. In the analysis of seasonal variation, there was a significant increase in events during December, January, and February in the combined SAH and ICH group (p = 0.032) and a trend for SAH alone (p = 0.07) but not for ICH (p = 0.34). Hypertension and age had no impact on the association between season and the occurrence of SAH and ICH. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of SAH and ICH is increased from 8 AM to 4 PM. The occurrence of hemorrhage is increased during the winter months, but this is likely limited only to SAH.     

DWI在超急性期脑出血诊断中的临床应用研究

目的:评价磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)对超急性期脑出血诊断的准确性。方法:对卒中样起病,发病时间在6h以内,因怀疑缺血性脑血管病急诊行头部MRI检查,按文献Schellinger描述的超急性期脑出血MRI特征初步诊断脑出血,并随即行头部CT证实。10例患者均进行DWI、ADC图和常规MRI扫描,测算不同序列血肿体积,并与头部CT进行比较。结果:10例MRI初步诊断脑出血的患者均经CT确诊为脑出血,敏感性和特异性均为100%,超急性期脑出血血肿DWI的特征性表现为高低混杂信号,磁共振T2WI?DWI和ADC图显示血肿体积均大于CT,差异有显著性(P<0.01);而T1WI与CT的血肿体积无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:DWI对超急性期脑出血诊断准确,有重要临床应用价值。     

急性脑梗塞与脑出血相关因素的对比研究

目的:探讨不同危险因素在脑卒中发生的情况及不同危险因素在脑梗死与脑出血间的差异。方法:将收治的卒中患者共408例,其中脑梗死281例,脑出血127例,均预先对各项资料进行编码,输入计算机数据库。所有患者均进行系统的临床和辅助检查,生化指标为集体测定,脑卒中诊断经过MRI或CT确诊。结果:1、高血压、吸烟是脑卒中最重要的危险因素。2、脑出血患者首诊舒张压(P=0．014)、缓解期舒张压(P=0．006)、HDL(P=0．034)、较脑梗塞患者高,其差别有统计学意义;其TC(P=0．047)、吸烟(P=0．007)、心脏病病史(P=0．020)、糖尿病病史(0．000)、卒中家族史(P=0．033)、心脏病家族史(P=0．040)较脑梗塞患者低或少,其差别有统计学差异。3、与脑梗塞相比,吸烟(OR=0. 226,95％CI=0．107—1．623)、糖尿病病史(OR=0．094,95％CI=0．023—2．401)、心脏病病史(OR=0．046,95％CI=0．236-0．905)对脑出血危险较小;高血压病史(OR=1．096,95％CI=0．542-0.895)是脑出血唯一危险因素。结论:高血压、吸烟是脑卒中最重要的危险因素;脑梗塞与脑出血的危险因素并不完全一致。     

MRI features of intracerebral hemorrhage within 2 hours from symptom onset.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MRI has been increasingly used in the evaluation of acute stroke patients. However, MRI must be able to detect early hemorrhage to be the only imaging screen used before treatment such as thrombolysis. Susceptibility-weighted imaging, an echo-planar T2* sequence, can show intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in patients imaged between 2.5 and 5 hours from symptom onset. It is unknown whether MRI can detect ICH earlier than 2.5 hours. We describe 5 patients with ICH who had MRI between 23 and 120 minutes from symptom onset and propose diagnostic patterns of evolution of hyperacute ICH on MRI. METHODS: As part of our acute imaging protocol, all patients with acute stroke within 24 hours from symptom onset were imaged with a set of sequences that included susceptibility-weighted imaging, diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging, T1- and T2-weighted imaging, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), and MR angiography using echo-planar techniques. Five patients with ICH had MRI between 23 and 120 minutes from the onset of symptoms. RESULTS: ICH was identified in all patients. Distinctive patterns of hyperacute ICH and absence of signs of ischemic stroke were the hallmark features of this diagnosis. The hyperacute hematoma appears to be composed of 3 distinct areas: (1) center: isointense to hyperintense heterogeneous signal on susceptibility-weighted and T2-weighted imaging; (2) periphery: hypointense (susceptibility effect) on susceptibility-weighted and T2-weighted imaging; and (3) rim: hypointense on T1-weighted imaging and hyperintense on T2-weighted imaging, representing vasogenic edema encasing the hematoma. CONCLUSIONS: MRI is able to detect hyperacute ICH and show a pattern of evolution of the hematoma within 2 hours from the onset of symptoms.